¹ “Revisionist” critiques of the Cuban crisis are becoming more frequent. But most are rather polemical and thin. For a sample of some of the better ones, see Walton, Richard J, “The Cuban Missile Crisis” in Cold War and Counter Revolution (Baltimore 1972), 103–43;Google ScholarDewart, Leslie, “The Cuban Crisis Revisited,” Studies on the Left, v (Spring 1965), 15–40;Google ScholarGalbraith, John Kenneth, “Storm Over Havana: Who Were The Real Heroes?” (review of Thirteen Days by Kennedy, Robert F.), Book World, January 19, 1969, 16;Google ScholarStone, I. F., “The Brink” (review of The Missile Crisis by Abel, Elie), New York Review of Books, April 1966, 13;Google ScholarSteel, Ronald, “End Game,” New York Review of Books, March (13 1969),Google Scholarreprinted in Steel, Imperialists and Other Heroes (New York 1971), 115Google Scholar; FitzSimmons, Louise, The Kennedy Doctrine (New York 1972), 126–73.Google Scholar

² Hilsman, Roger, To Move A Nation (New York 1967), 48, 157;Google Scholar also cited in Steel, Imperialists and Other Heroes, 115.

³ Morgenthau, , Truth and Power, Essays of a Decade, 1960–1970 (New York 1970), 158.Google Scholar

⁴ A current review of this enormous literature is contained in Hermann, Charles F., ed., International Crises: Insights from Behavioral Research (New York 1972).Google Scholar

⁵ Cited by Bell, Coral, The Conventions of Crisis: A Study in Diplomatic Management (London 1971), 2.Google Scholar

⁶ Alexander George and others, The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy (Boston 1971), 132.Google Scholar

⁷ Pachter, , “J.F.K. as an Equestrian Statue: On Myths and Myth Makers,” Salmajundi (Spring 1966)Google Scholar, cited in George, ibid.

⁸ Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter, “Controlling the Risks in Cuba,” Adelphi Paper No. 17 (London, Institute for Strategic Studies, April 1965), 19.Google Scholar

⁹ Kennedy, , Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (with “Afterword” by Neustadt, Richard and Allison, Graham T.) (New York 1971), 48.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Kennedy (fn. 9), 22; Sorensen, Kennedy (New York 1969), 705Google Scholar; Hermann (fn. 4), 33.

¹¹ See Milburn, Thomas W., “The Management of Crisis,” in Hermann (fn. 4), esp. pp. 263–66.Google Scholar

¹² Kennedy (fn. 9), 48–49.

¹³ Sorensen (fn. 10), 705.

¹⁴ Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., A Thousand Days (Boston 1965), 840–41.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ Abel, Elie, The Missile Crisis (Philadelphia 1969), 155–56Google Scholar. Abel interviewed the witnesses to this episode, some of whom did not agree as to Anderson's exact words. Anderson, Abel reports, could not recall ever having said this.

¹⁷ Hamilton, William A. III, “The Decline and Fall of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,” The Naval War College Review, xxiv (April 1972), 47.Google Scholar

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²⁰ Janis, Irving, Victims of Group Think (Boston 1972), 163Google Scholar; Pachter, Henry, Collision Course (New York 1963), 58.Google Scholar

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²⁴ “Cuban Crisis,” Data Digest (New York 1963), 35,Google Scholar cited by Halper, Thomas, Foreign Policy Crisis: Appearance and Reality in Decision Making (Columbus, Ohio 1971), 132.Google Scholar

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²⁹ Quoted in Steel (fn. 1), 119.

³⁰ Abel (fn. 16), 78.

³¹ Steel (fn. 1), 121.

³² Sorensen (fn. 10), 688.

³³ George (fn. 6), 89.

³⁴ Hilsman (fn. 2), 195.

³⁵ New York Times, November 12, 1962.

³⁶ Wilmington Morning News, January 25, 1974.

³⁷ Layson, Walter W., “The Political and Strategic Aspects of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis,” unpub. Ph.D. diss. (University of Virginia 1969), 18–87;Google ScholarWolfe, Thomas W., Soviet Power and Europe, 1945–1970 (Baltimore 1970), 73–99,Google Scholar 100–194.

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⁴⁰ New York Times, December 6, 1970. According to the authoritative Aviation Week, the Russians also began to schedule regular stops of long-range aircraft at about the same time. December 21, 1970, pp. 16–17.

⁴¹ For a description of the forceful but private insistence that the building of a Soviet base at Cienfuegos be halted, see Marvin, and Kalb, Bernard, Kissinger (Boston 1974), 209–12Google Scholar. Nevertheless, sporadic press reports indicate that Soviet nuclear submarines are putting into Cuba up to this day. See Barry Blechman and Levinson, Stephanie, “U.S. Policy and Soviet Subs,” New York Times, October 22, 1974;Google ScholarWashington Post, October 26, 1974.

⁴² “How U.S. Voters Feel About Cuba,” Newsweek, October 13, 1962, p. 138,Google Scholar Halper (fn. 24), 133.

⁴³ Kennedy (fn. 9), 45, and “Afterword,” 114.

⁴⁴ Reston, “What Was Killed Was Not Only the President But the Promise,” New York Times Magazine, November 15, 1964, p. 126.Google Scholar

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⁵² Sorensen (fn. 10), 699.

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⁵⁵ Schlesinger (fn. 14), 810.

⁵⁶ Sorensen (fn. 10), 714.

⁵⁷ Kennedy (fn. 9), 87.

⁵⁸ Schlesinger (fn. 14), 397; also cited by Stone, I. F., In a Time of Torment (New-York 1968), 23.Google Scholarx

⁵⁹ Walton (fn. 1), 119. The article was by Stewart Alsop and Bartlett, Charles, “In Time of Crisis,” Saturday Evening Post, December 8, 1962.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Gelb and Halperin (fn. 21), 36.

⁶¹ Schlesinger (fn. 14), 831; Neustadt and Allison, in “Afterword,” in Kennedy (fn. 9), 126.

⁶² Ibid., 26.

⁶³ Hilsman (fn. 2), 512–13; McDermott, John, “Crisis Manager,” New York Review of Books, ix, September 14, 1967, 4–10.Google Scholar The fictitious paper, written by James Thompson, also took on the whole Vietnam decision-making team.

⁶⁴ Halberstam, David, The Best and the Brightest (New York 1972), 255.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Washington Post, May 26, 1974.

⁶⁶ Luce, The American Century (New York 1941), 23Google Scholar, and Life, February 17, 1941, p. 63. Actually, Luce had been on record with this message from the age of twenty. See Swanberg, W. A., Luce and his Empire (New York 1972).Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Schlesinger (fn. 14), 840, 841.

⁶⁸ “Background” remarks to a conference for editors and broadcasters May 22, 1967, cited in Morgenthau, Hans J., A New Foreign Policy for the United States (New York 1969), 19Google Scholar. For Brzezinski's edited remarks, see “The Implications of Change for United States Foreign Policy,” Department of State Bulletin, LVII, July 3, 1967, pp. 19–23.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Ibid.

⁷⁰ Wolfe (fn. 37), 134.

⁷¹ Woodward, David, The Russians at Sea: A History of the Russian Navy (New York 1964), 229–30Google Scholar.

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⁷³ Statement by Secretary of Defense Clifford, Clark M., The Fiscal Year 1970–1974 Defense Program and Defense Budget, Department of Defense, January 15, 1969, p. 35.Google Scholar

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⁷⁵ Newhouse, John, Cold Dawn: The Story of SALT (New York 1973), 68.Google Scholar

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⁸¹ Dean Rusk reflected earlier, obligatory American statements about international legal order and American foreign policy when he declared:

Our foreign policy has been reflected in our willingness to submit atomic weapons to international law, in feeding and clothing those stricken by war, in supporting free elections and government by consent, in building factories and dams, power plants and railways, schools and hospitals, in improving seed and stock and fertilizer, in stimulating markets and improving the skills and techniques of others in a hundred different ways. Let these things stand in contrast to a foreign policy directed towards the extension of tyranny and using the big lie, sabotage, suspicion, riot and assassination as its tools. The great strength of the United States is devoted to the peaceful pursuits of our people and to the decent opinions of mankind. But it is not healthy for any regime or group of regimes to incur, by their lawless and aggressive conduct, the implacable opposition of the American people. The lawbreaker, unfortunately in the nature of things, always has the initiative, but the peacemaking peoples of the world can and will make themselves strong enough to insist upon peace.

Cited in Halberstam (fn. 66), 327.

⁸² Mencken, H. L., “Editorial,” American Mercury, ix, November 1926, 287Google Scholar. Cited in Halper (fn. 24), 157.

⁸³ Gerberding, William P., “International Law and the Cuban Crisis,” in Scheinman, Lawrence and Wilkinson, David, eds., International Law and Political Crisis: An Analytic Casebook, (Boston 1968), 209–10.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Barnet, Richard J. and Raskin, Marcus, After Twenty Years (New York 1965), 229n.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Ball, George, “Slogans and Realities,” Foreign Affairs, XLVII (July 1969), 624.Google Scholar

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⁸⁷ Schlesinger (fn. 14), 824.

⁸⁸ For General de Gaulle's analysis, see his Mémoires de Guerre, Vol. II, L'Unité (Paris 1956), 97–98.

⁸⁹ Sokolovsky, Marshal Z. D. (introduction by Raymond Garthoff), Military Strategy: Soviet Doctrine and Concepts (New York 1963)Google Scholar. (Subsequent editions were translated by RAND for internal use by government officials.)

⁹⁰ Abel (fn. 16), 112.

⁹¹ Etzioni, Amitai, Winning Without War (Garden City, N.Y. 1965), 46.Google Scholar

⁹² Ulam, Adam, Expansion and Coexistence (New York 1968), 675Google Scholar. Ulam (pp. 668–70), suggested that Krushchev aimed at precluding both Chinese and German acquisition of nuclear weapons.

⁹³ Ibid., 691.

⁹⁴ Remarks by William P. Bundy, University of Delaware, October 16, 1973.