Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T07:42:40.272Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Party Strength and Economic Growth

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2018

Fernando Bizzarro Open the ORCID record for Fernando Bizzarro [Opens in a new window] ,
John Gerring ,
Carl Henrik Knutsen ,
Allen Hicken ,
Michael Bernhard ,
Svend-Erik Skaaning ,
Michael Coppedge  and
Staffan I. Lindberg

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

While a large literature suggests an important role for political parties in development, this article is the first attempt to layout and test a comprehensive theory connecting parties to economic growth. The authors argue that strong parties broaden the constituencies to which policymakers respond and help politicians solve coordination problems. These features help to ensure better economic management, public services, and political stability. And this, in turn, enhances economic growth. Drawing on a novel measure of party strength from the Varieties of Democracy data set, the authors test this theory on data drawn from more than 150 countries observed annually from 1901–2010. They identify a sizeable effect that is robust to various specifications, estimators, and samples. The effect operates in both democracies and autocracies, and is fairly stable across regions and time periods.

Type
Research Article
Information
World Politics , Volume 70 , Issue 2 , April 2018 , pp. 275 - 320
Copyright
Copyright © Trustees of Princeton University 2018 

References

Acemoglu, Daron. 2009. Introduction to Modern Economic Growth. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Johnson, Simon. 2007. “Disease and Development: The Effect of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 115, no. 6: 925–85. doi: 10.1086/529000.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James A.. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review 91, no. 5: 1369–1401. doi: 10.1257/aer.91.5.1369.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Naidu, Suresh, Restrepo, Pascual, and Robinson, James A.. 2014. “Democracy Does Cause Growth.” NBER Working Paper No. 20004. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. At http://www.nber.org/papers/w20004.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2013. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York, N.Y.: Crown Business.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Özler, Sule, Roubini, Nouriel, and Swagel, Phillip. 1996. “Political Instability and Economic Growth.” Journal of Economic Growth 1, no. 2: 189–211. doi: 10.1007/BF00138862.Google Scholar
Amsden, Alice H. 1992. Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ansell, Ben W., and Samuels, David J.. 2014. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arellano, Manuel, and Bond, Stephen. 1991. “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations.” Review of Economic Studies 58, no. 2: 277–97. doi: 10.2307/2297968.Google Scholar
Aspinall, Edward. 2014. “When Brokers Betray: Clientelism, Social Networks, and Electoral Politics in Indonesia.” Critical Asian Studies 46, no. 4: 545–70. doi: 10.1080/14672715.2014.960706.Google Scholar
Balisacan, Arsenio M., and Hill, Hal, eds. 2003. The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bardhan, Pranab. 2005. “Institutions Matter, but Which Ones?” Economics of Transition 13, no. 3: 499–532. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0351.2005.00229.x.Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J., and Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. 1990. “Economic Growth and Convergence across the United States.” NBER Working Paper No. 3419. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. At http://www.nber.org/papers/w3419.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Michael, Hicken, Allen, Reenock, Christopher, and Lindberg, Staffan. 2015. “Institutional Subsystems and the Survival of Democracy: Do Political and Civil Society Matter?” Working Paper No. 4. Gothenburg, Sweden: University of Gothenburg, Varieties of Democracy Institute. At https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/b2/08/b208c64e-53e1-4203-bb34-5f3adc8674c0/v-dem_working_paper_2015_4.pdf.Google Scholar
Besley, Timothy, and Kudamatsu, Masayuki. 2008. “Making Autocracy Work.” In Helpman, Elhanan, ed., Institutions and Economic Performance. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press: 452–510.Google Scholar
Bizzarro, Fernando, Gerring, John, Knutsen, Carl Henrik, Hicken, Allen, Bernhard, Michael, Skaaning, Svend-Erik, Coppedge, Michael, and Lindberg, Staffan I.. 2018a. “Replication Data for: Party Strength and Economic Growth.” Harvard Dataverse, V1. doi: 10.7910/DVN/GHXJYL.Google Scholar
Bizzarro, Fernando, Gerring, John, Knutsen, Carl Henrik, Hicken, Allen, Bernhard, Michael, Skaaning, Svend-Erik, Coppedge, Michael, and Lindberg, Staffan I.. 2018b. Supplementary material for “Party Strength and Economic Growth.” At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887117000375.Google Scholar
Bizzarro, Fernando, Hicken, Allen, and Self, Darin. 2017. “The V-Dem Party Institutionalization Index: A New Global Indicator (1900–2015).” Gothenburg, Sweden: University of Gothenburg, Varieties of Democracy Institute. At https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/00/6d/006dc36d-9497-4d53-95f8-c117fa12c2f6/v-dem_working_paper_2017_48.pdf.Google Scholar
Bizzarro, Fernando, Pemstein, Daniel, and Coppedge, Michael. 2016. “Varieties of Democracy Data: Incorporating Measurement Error.” Manuscript. At https://kellogg.nd.edu/sites/default/files/old_files/imce/vdem/tutorial.pdf.Google Scholar
Blundell, Richard, and Bond, Stephen. 1998. “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models.” Journal of Econometrics 87, no. 1: 115–43. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8.Google Scholar
Bockstette, Valerie, Chanda, Areendam, and Putterman, Louis. 2002. “States and Markets: The Advantage of an Early Start.” Journal of Economic Growth 7, no. 4: 347–69. doi: 10.1023/A:1020827801137.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles, Miller, Michael K., Rosato, Sebastian. 2013. “A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies 46, no. 12: 1523–54. doi: 10.1177/0010414012463905.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles, and Svolik, Milan W.. 2013. “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” Journal of Politics 75, no. 2: 300–16.Google Scholar
Bolt, Jutta, and van Zanden, Jan Luiten. 2014. “The Maddison Project: Collaborative Research on Historical National Accounts.” Economic History Review 67, no. 3: 627–51. doi: 10.1111/1468-0289.12032.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bryce, James. 1896. The American Commonwealth. New York, N.Y.: Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Smith, Alastair, Siverson, Randolph M., and Morrow, James D.. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Carreras, Miguel. 2012. “The Rise of Outsiders in Latin America, 1980–2010.” Comparative Political Studies 45, no. 12: 1451–82. doi: 10.1177/0010414012445753.Google Scholar
Chiocchetti, Paolo. 2016. “Measuring Party Strength: A New Systematic Framework Applied to the Case of German Parties, 1991–2013.” German Politics 25, no. 1: 84–105. doi: 10.1080/09644008.2015.1124090.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 1997. Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael, Gerring, John, Lindberg, Staffan I., Svend-Erik Skaaning, Teorell, Jan, Altman, David, Bernhard, Michael, Fish, M. Steven, Glynn, Adam, Hicken, Allen, Knutsen, Carl Henrik, Krusell, Joshua, Lührmann, Anna, Marquardt, Kyle L., McMann, Kelly, Mechkova, Valeriya, Olin, Moa, Paxton, Pamela, Pemstein, Daniel, Pernes, Josefine, Petrarca, Constanza Sanhueza, von Römer, Johannes, Saxer, Laura, Seim, Brigitte, Sigman, Rachel, Staton, Jeffrey, Stepanova, Natalia, and Wilson, Steven. 2017a. “V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Data set v7.” Varieties of Democracy Project. At https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/data-version-7-1/.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael, Gerring, John, Lindberg, Staffan I., Skaaning, Svend-Erik, Teorell, Jan, Krusell, Joshua, Marquardt, Kyle L., Mechkova, Valeriya, Pemstein, Daniel, Pernes, Josefine, Saxer, Laura, Stepanova, Natalia, Tzelgov, Eitan, Wang, Yiting, and Wilson, Steven. 2017b. “V-Dem Methodology v7.1.” Varieties of Democracy Project. At https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/f2/82/f282f504-c3c8-4fff-8277-e9fda9d54934/methodology_v71.pdf.Google Scholar
Croissant, Aurel, and Völkel, Philip. 2012. “Party System Types and Party System Institutionalization: Comparing New Democracies in East and Southeast Asia.” Party Politics 18, no. 2: 235–65. doi: 10.1177/1354068810380096.Google Scholar
Cruz, Cesi, and Keefer, Philip. 2015. “Political Parties, Clientelism, and Bureaucratic Reform.” Comparative Political Studies 48, no. 14: 1942–73. doi: 10.1177/0010414015594627.Google Scholar
David, Paul Theodore. 1972. Party Strength in the United States, 1872–1970. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, Estévez, Federico, Magaloni, Beatriz. 2016. The Political Logic of Poverty Relief: Electoral Strategies and Social Policy in Mexico. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
de Dios, Emmanuel, and Hutchcroft, Paul. 2003. “Political Economy: Examining Current Challenges in Historical Perspective.” In Balisacan, Arsenio M. and Hill, Hal. eds. The Philippines Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Doner, Richard F. 2009. The Politics of Uneven Development: Thailand's Economic Growth in Comparative Perspective. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter B. 1989. “Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State.” Sociological Forum 4, no. 4: 561–87. doi: 10.1007/BF01115064.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter B., and Rauch, James E.. 1999. “Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of ‘Weberian’ State Structures on Economic Growth.” American Sociological Review 64, no. 5: 748–65. At http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657374.Google Scholar
Finer, Samuel E. 2002. The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Fjelde, Hanne. 2010. “Generals, Dictators, and Kings: Authoritarian Regimes and Civil Conflict, 1973–2004.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 27, no. 3: 195–218. doi: 10.1177/0738894210366507.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 2011. The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. New York, N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gates, Scott, Hegre, Håvard, Nygård, Håvard M., and Strand, Håvard. 2012. “Development Consequences of Armed Conflict.” World Development 40, no 9: 1713–22. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.04.031.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 2005. “Why Parties and Elections in Authoritarian Regimes?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2014. “Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set.” Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 2: 313–31. doi: 10.1017/S1537592714000851.Google Scholar
Gehlbach, Scott, and Keefer, Philip. 2011. “Investment without Democracy: Ruling-Party Institutionalization and Credible Commitment in Autocracies.” Journal of Comparative Economics 39, no. 2: 123–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jce.2011.04.002.Google Scholar
Gehlbach, Scott, and Keefer, Philip. 2012. “Private Investment and the Institutionalization of Collective Action in Autocracies: Ruling Parties and Legislatures.” Journal of Politics 74, no. 2: 621–35. doi: 10.1017/s0022381611001952.Google Scholar
Gerring, John, Bond, Phillip J., Barndt, William T., and Moreno, Carola. 2005. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Historical Perspective.” World Politics 57, no. 3 (April): 323–64. doi: 10.1353/wp.2006.0002.Google Scholar
Gerring, John, and Thacker, Strom C.. 2008. A Centripetal Theory of Democratic Governance. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Greene, Kenneth F. 2007. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico's Democratization in Comparative Perspective. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gulzar, Saad, and Pasquale, Benjamin J.. 2017. “Politicians, Bureaucrats, and Development: Evidence from India.” American Political Science Review 111, no. 1: 162–83. doi: 10.1017/S0003055416000502.Google Scholar
Hadenius, Axel, and Teorell, Jan. 2007. “Pathways from Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 18, no. 1: 143–57. At https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/pathways-authoritarianism.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Tiede, Lydia. 2011. “The Rule of Law and Economic Growth: Where Are We?” World Development 39, no. 5: 673–85. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.10.007.Google Scholar
Hankla, Charles R. 2006. “Party Strength and International Trade: A Cross-National Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 9: 1133–56. doi: 10.1177/0010414005281936.Google Scholar
Hanson, Jonathan K., and Sigman, Rachel. 2013. Leviathan's Latent Dimensions: Measuring State Capacity for Comparative Political Research. Manuscript. At https://ssrn.com/abstract=1899933.Google Scholar
Hanson, Stephen E. 2010. Post-Imperial Democracies: Ideology and Party Formation in Third Republic France, Weimar Germany, and Post-Soviet Russia. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hicken, Allen. 2008. “Politics of Economic Recovery in Thailand and the Philippines.” In MacIntyre, Andrew, Pempel, T. J., and Ravenhill, John, eds., Crisis as Catalyst Asia's Dynamic Political Economy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University-Press: 206–30.Google Scholar
Hicken, Allen. 2013. “Late to the Party: The Development of Partisanship in Thailand.” TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 1, no. 2: 199–213. doi:10.1017/trn.2013.3.Google Scholar
Hicken, Allen. 2016. “Party Systems and the Politics of Development.” In Lancaster, Carol and van de Walle, Nicolas, eds., Oxford Handbook on the Politics of Development. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hicken, Allen, Kollman, Ken, and Simmons, Joel W.. 2016. “Party System Nationalization and the Provision of Public Health Services.” Political Science Research and Methods 4, no. 3: 573–94. doi: 10.1017/psrm.2015.41.Google Scholar
Hicken, Allen, and Kuhonta, Erik Martinez. 2015. “Introduction: Rethinking Party System Institutionalization in Asia.” In Hicken, Allen and Kuhonta, Erik Martinez, eds., Party System Institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies, and the Shadows of the Past. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hicken, Allen, and Selway, Joel. 2012. “Forcing the Genie Back in the Bottle: Sociological Change, Institutional Reform, and Health Policy in Thailand.” Journal of East Asian Studies 12, no. 1: 57–88. doi: 10/1017/S1598240800007621.Google Scholar
Hicken, Allen, and Simmons, Joel W.. 2008. “The Personal Vote and the Efficacy of Education Spending.” American Journal of Political Science 52, no. 1: 109–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00302.x.Google Scholar
Holmøy, Erling, and Stensnes, Kyrre. 2008. “Will the Norwegian Pension Reform Reach Its Goals? An Integrated Micro-Macro Assessment.” Discussion Paper No. 557. Oslo, Norway: Statistics Norway. At http://www.ssb.no/a/publikasjoner/pdf/DP/dp557.pdf.Google Scholar
Honaker, James, King, Gary, and Blackwell, Matt. 2011. “Amelia II: A Program for Missing Data.” Journal of Statistical Software 45, no. 7: 1–47. doi: 10.18637/jss.v045.i07.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchcroft, Paul D. 1998. Booty Capitalism: The Politics of Banking in the Philippines. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2000. “Obstructive Corruption: The Politics of Privilege in the Philippines.” In Khan, Mushtaq H. and Sundaran, Kwame Jomo, eds., Rents, Rent-Seeking, and Economic Development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 207–47.Google Scholar
Hutchcroft, Paul D., and Rocamora, Joel. 2003. “Strong Demands and Weak Institutions: The Origins and Evolution of the Democratic Deficit in the Philippines.” Journal of East Asian Studies 3, no. 2: 259–92. doi:10.1017/S1598240800001363.Google Scholar
Hutchison, Jane. 2001. “Crisis and Change in the Philippines.” In Rodan, Garry, Hewison, Kevin, and Robison, Richard, eds., The Political Economy of South-East Asia. Conflicts, Crises, and Change. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press: 42–70.Google Scholar
Jackson, Robert H., and Rosberg, Carl G.. 1982. Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Keefer, Philip. 2007. “Governance and Economic Growth.” In Allan Winters, L. and Yusuf, Shahid, eds., Dancing with Giants: China, India, and the Global Economy. Washington, D.C.: World Bank International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/Institute of Policy Studies: 189–217.Google Scholar
Keefer, Philip. 2013. “Organizing for Prosperity: Collective Action, Political Parties and the Political Economy of Development.” Policy Research Working Paper No. 6583. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. At http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-6583.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, and Wilkinson, Steven I.. 2007. Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Knack, Stephen, and Keefer, Philip. 1995. “Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures.” Economics & Politics 7, no. 3: 207–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0343.1995.tb00111.x.Google Scholar
Knutsen, Carl Henrik. 2011a. “Democracy, Dictatorship, and Protection of Property Rights.” Journal of Development Studies 47, no. 1: 164–82. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2010.506919.Google Scholar
Knutsen, Carl Henrik. 2011b. “Which Democracies Prosper? Electoral Rules, Form of Government, and Economic Growth.” Electoral Studies 30, no. 1: 83–90. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2010.09.006.Google Scholar
Knutsen, Carl Henrik. 2013. Democracy, State Capacity, and Economic Growth. World Development 43, March: 1–18. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.014Google Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 1994. “Where Do High Growth Political Economies Come From? The Japanese Lineage of Korea's ‘Developmental State.’” World Development 22, no. 9: 1269–93. doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(94)90004-3.Google Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 2004. State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kremer, M. 1993. “The O-ring Theory of Economic Development.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108, no. 3: 551–75. doi: 10.2307/2118405.Google Scholar
Kuhonta, Eric. 2011. The Institutional Imperative: The Politics of Equitable Development in Southeast Asia. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
LeBas, Adrienne. 2011. From Protest to Parties: Party-Building and Democratization in Africa. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leftwich, Adrian. 1995. “Bringing Politics Back In: Towards a Model of the Developmental State.” Journal of Development Studies 31, no. 3: 400–27. doi: 10.1080/00220389508422370.Google Scholar
Levine, Ross, Loayza, Norman, and Beck, Thorsten. 2000. “Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes.” Journal of Monetary Economics 46, no. 1: 31–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven. 2003. Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America: Argentine Peronism in Comparative Perspective. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, Loxton, James, Van Dyck, Brandon, and Domínguez, Jorge I.. 2016. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lucas, Robert E. Jr., 1988. “On the Mechanics of Economic Development.” Journal of Monetary Economics 22, no. 1: 3–42. doi: 10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, Andrew J., ed. 1994. Business and Government in Industrialising Asia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mackie, Jamie, and Villegas, Bernardo. 1999. “The Philippines: Still an Exceptional Case?” In Morley, James, ed., Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe: 142–60.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. “Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule.” Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 4–5: 715–41. doi: 10.1177/0010414007 313124.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz, and Kricheli, Ruth. 2010. “Political Order and One-Party Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science 13: 123–43. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, Bizzarro, Fernando, and Petrova, Ana. 2018. “Party System Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse.” In Mainwaring, Scott, ed., Party Systems in Latin America: Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Scully, Timothy R.. 1995. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Malesky, Edmund, Abrami, Regina, and Zheng, Yu. 2011. “Institutions and Inequality in Single-Party Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam and China.” Comparative Politics 43, no. 4: 409–27. At http://www.jstor.org/stable/23040636.Google Scholar
Malesky, Edmund, and Schuler, Paul. 2011. “The Single Party Dictator's Dilemma: Information in Elections without Opposition.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 36, no. 4: 491–530. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x.Google Scholar
Mankiw, N. Gregory, Romer, David, and Weil, David N.. 1992. “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 107, no. 2: 407–37. doi: 10.2307/2118477.Google Scholar
Manning, Carrie. 2007. “Party-Building on the Heels of War: El Salvador, Bosnia, Kosovo and Mozambique.” Democratization 14, no. 2: 253–72. doi: 10.1080/13510340701245777.Google Scholar
McGillivray, Fiona. 1997. “Party Discipline as a Determinant of the Endogenous Formation of Tariffs.” American Journal of Political Science 41, no. 2: 584–607. doi: 10.2307/2111778.Google Scholar
Miller, Michael K. 2015. “Electoral Authoritarianism and Human Development.” Comparative Political Studies 48, no. 12: 1526–26. doi: 10.1177/001041401558 2051.Google Scholar
Müller, Wolfgang C. 2000. “Political Parties in Parliamentary Democracies: Making Delegation and Accountability Work.” European Journal of Political Research 37, no. 3: 309–33. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.00515.Google Scholar
Murphy, Kevin M., Shleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W.. 1989. “Industrialization and the Big Push.” Journal of Political Economy 97, no. 5: 1003–26. doi:10.1086/261641.Google Scholar
Nelson, Richard R. 2005. Technology, Institutions, and Economic Growth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nielson, Daniel L. 2003. “Supplying Trade Reform: Political Institutions and Liberalization in Middle-Income Presidential Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 47, no. 3: 470–91. doi: 10.1111/1540-5907.00034.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C., and Weingast, Barry R.. 1989. “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England.” Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4: 803–32. At http://www.jstor.org/stable/2122739.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1993. “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.” American Political Science Review 87, no. 3: 567–76. doi: 10.2307/2938736.Google Scholar
Panebianco, Angelo. 1988. Political Parties: Organization and Power. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pascual, C., and Lim, J. 2001. “Corruption and Weak Markets: The BW Resources Stock Market Scam.” In Public Policy 5, no. 1: University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies: 109–29.Google Scholar
Pemstein, Daniel, Marquardt, Kyle L., Tzelgov, Eitan, Wang, Yi-ting, Krusell, Joshua, and Miri, Farhad. 2017. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data.” Working Paper No. 21, 2nd ed. Gothenberg, Sweden: University of Gothenburg, Varieties of Democracy Institute. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2704787.Google Scholar
Pemstein, Daniel, Meserve, Stephen A., and Melton, James. 2010. “Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type.” Political Analysis 18, no. 4: 426–49. doi: 10.1093/pan/mpq020.Google Scholar
Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 2003. The Economic Effects of Constitutions. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Pitcher, M. Anne. 2012. Party Politics and Economic Reform in Africa's Democracies. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, Eleanor Neff, and Tucker, Joshua A.. 2014. “Revisiting Electoral Volatility in Post-Communist Countries: New Data, New Results, and New Approaches.” British Journal of Political Science 44, no. 1: 123–47. doi: 10.1017/S0007123412000531.Google Scholar
Quimpo, Nathan G. 2005. “Review: Oligarchic Patrimonialism, Bossism, Electoral Clientelism, and Contested Democracy in the Philippines.” Comparative Politics 37, no. 2: 229–50. doi:10.2307/20072884.Google Scholar
Randall, Vicky, and Svåsand, Lars. 2002. “Party Institutionalization in New Democracies.” Party Politics 8, no. 1: 5–29. doi:10.1177/1354068802008001001.Google Scholar
Ranney, Austin. 1954. The Doctrine of Responsible Party Government, Its Origin and Present State. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Rodrik, Dani. 1991. “Policy Uncertainty and Private Investment in Developing Countries.” Journal of Development Economics 36, no. 2: 229–42. doi: 10.1016/0304-3878(91)90034-S.Google Scholar
Rodrik, Dani. 2007. One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rodrik, Dani, Subramanian, Arvind, and Trebbi, Francesco. 2004. “Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and Integration in Economic Development.” Journal of Economic Growth 9, no. 2: 131–65. doi:10.1023/B:JOEG.0000031425.72248.85.Google Scholar
Rokkan, Stein, and Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1967. “Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments : An Introduction.” In Lipset, Seymour Martin and Rokkan, Stein, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. New York, N.Y.: Free Press: 1–64.Google Scholar
Romer, Paul. 1993. “Idea Gaps and Object Gaps in Economic Development.” Journal of Monetary Economics 32, no. 3: 543–73. doi: 10.1016/0304-3932(93)90029-F.Google Scholar
Roodman, David. 2009. “A Note on the Theme of too Many Instruments.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 71, no. 1: 135–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00542.x.Google Scholar
Samuels, David J., and Shugart, Matthew S.. 2010. Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behavior. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simmons, Joel W. 2016. The Politics of Technological Progress: Parties, Time Horizons, and Long-Term Economic Development. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simmons, Joel W., Hicken, Allen, Kollman, Ken, and Nooruddin, Irfan. 2017. “Party System Structure and Its Consequences for Foreign Direct Investment.” Party Politics. doi: 10.1177/1354068816644762.Google Scholar
Solow, Robert M. 1956. “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 70, no. 1: 65–94. At http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884513.Google Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 1999. “Political Parties and Democracy.” Annual Review of Political Science, 2: 243–67. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.243.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan W. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit. 2012. “Organizing for Success: Party Organizational Strength and Electoral Performance in Postcommunist Europe.” Journal of Politics 74, no. 1: 83–97. doi: 10.1017/s0022381611001198.Google Scholar
Tommasi, Mariano. 2006. “The Institutional Foundations of Public Policy.” Economía 6, no. 2: 1–36. doi: 10.1353/eco.2006.0022.Google Scholar
Ufen, Andreas. 2012. “Party Systems, Critical Junctures, and Cleavages in Southeast Asia.” Asian Survey 52, no. 3: 441–64. doi: 10.1525/as.2012.52.3.441.Google Scholar
Wade, Robert. 1990. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Well, David N. 2007. “Accounting for the Effect Of Health on Economic Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122, no. 3: 1265–1306. doi: 10.1162/qjec.122.3 .1265.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2008. “Toward a New Theory of Institutional Change.” World Politics 60, no. 2 (January): 281–314. doi: 10.1353/wp.0.0013.Google Scholar
Wilson, Woodrow. [1908] 2001. Constitutional Government in the United States. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Wimmer, Andreas. 2013. Ethnic Boundary Making: Institutions, Power, Networks. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Woo-Cumings, Meredith. 1999. The Developmental State. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 2008. “To Invest or Insure? How Authoritarian Time Horizons Impact Foreign Aid Effectiveness.” Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 7: 971– 1000. doi: 10.1177/0010414007308538.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Bizzarro et al. supplementary material

Bizzarro et al. supplementary material 1

Download Bizzarro et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 2.1 MB
Supplementary material: PDF

Bizzarro et al. supplementary material

Bizzarro et al. supplementary material 2

Download Bizzarro et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 85.5 KB