Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-24T08:03:36.129Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Genetics and selection of mule ducks in France: a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 June 2008

C. MARIE-ETANCELIN ,
H. CHAPUIS ,
J.M. BRUN ,
C. LARZUL ,
M.M. MIALON-RICHARD  and
R. ROUVIER
C. MARIE-ETANCELIN*
Affiliation:
INRA – SAGA, UR 631, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
H. CHAPUIS
Affiliation:
SYSAAF, 37 380 Nouzilly, France
J.M. BRUN
Affiliation:
INRA – SAGA, UR 631, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
C. LARZUL
Affiliation:
INRA - SGQA, UR 337, 78 350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
M.M. MIALON-RICHARD
Affiliation:
INRA - URH, UR 1213, 63122 Saint Genes-Champanelle, France
R. ROUVIER
Affiliation:
INRA – SAGA, UR 631, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
*
Corresponding author: Christel.Marie@toulouse.inra.fr
Get access

Abstract

Duck breeding in France is directed mainly towards ‘foie gras’ (duck fatty liver) production. Nowadays the roasted duck, produced from the pure Muscovy, is economically a less important industry. About 95% of foie gras production comes from force-fed mule duck, the remaining 5% being from the Muscovy duck. After an overview of the French economical and technical context of this production, the paper will focus on the genetic aspects of the mule duck, at the level of theoretical knowledge and considering practical applications for selection. As the mule duck is an infertile hybrid between a female common duck (Anas Platyrhynchos) and a Muscovy drake (Cairina moschata), selection approaches are carried out on both parental strains. But to implement selection, genetic parameters (heritability and genetic correlations) and cross-breeding parameters (direct and maternal additive genetic effects, heterosis effect) need to be known. Our review covers both the reproductive mule parental traits, either in pure strain or in cross-breeding, with main results on the dam side for laying, fertility and hatchability and also considers the mule productive traits, such as growth, feather colour, behaviour, feed efficiency, body composition, force-feeding ability and products quality. Genetic variability of mule duck traits can be established from estimates on either the dam's side, on the sire's side, or on both sides simultaneously. This review represents a comparison of fatty duck selection, which is operated by three major private French companies, with outlines of the breeding scheme specificity.

Keywords

duckgeneticselectionmuleMuscovycommon
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 64 , Issue 2 , June 2008 , pp. 187 - 208
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BABILÉ, R. (1989) La production de foie gras de canards de Barbarie (Cairina moschata): aspects génétiques, nutritionnels et technologiques, Ph. D. Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Toulouse.Google Scholar
BAÉZA, E. (1995) La viande de canard: production et principales caractéristiques. INRA Productions Animales 8: 117-125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BAÉZA, E., DE CARVILLE, H., SALICHON, M.R., MARCHE, G. and LECLERCQ, B. (1997) Effects of selection over three and four generations on meat yield and fatness in Muscovy ducks. British Poultry Science 38: 359-365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BAÉZA, E., RIDEAU, N., CHARTRIN, P., DAVAIL, S., HOO-PARIS, R., MOUROT, J., GUY, G., BERNADET, M.D. and HERMIER, D. (2005) Canards de Barbarie, Pékin et leurs croisements: aptitude à l'engraissement. INRA Productions Animales 18(2): 131-141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BÉNARD, G., BÉNARD, P., PREHN, D., BENGONE, T., JOUGLAR, J.Y. and DURAND, S. (1998) Démonstration de la réversibilité de la stéatose hépatique obtenue par gavage de canards mulards. Etude réalisée sur 3 cycles de gavage-dégavage. Proceedings des 3èmes Journées de la Recherche sur les Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, Bordeaux, France, pp 49-52.Google Scholar
BOUILLIER-OUDOT, M., CAZEILS, J.L., BABILÉ, R. and AUVERGNE, A. (2000) Relation entre la composition de la membrane plasmique des hépatocytes de foies gras d'oies et leurs caractéristiques technologiques et organoleptiques. Proceedings des 4èmes Journées de la Recherche sur les Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, Arcachon, France, pp 139-142.Google Scholar
BRODY, S. (1945) Bioenergetics and growth. Reinhold Publication Corporation, New-York, pp 484-494.Google Scholar
BRUN, J.M., SELLIER, N., HU, Y.H. and ROUVIER, R. (1999) Fertility and embryonic mortality in the intergeneric cross between the common duck and the Muscovy duck: candling vs. opening the eggs. Proceedings of the 1st World Waterfowl Conference, Taichung, Taiwan, pp 193-198.Google Scholar
BRUN, J.M. and LARZUL, C. (2003) Inheritance of reproductive traits of female common ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in pure-breeding and in inter-generic crossbreeding with Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata). British Poultry Science 44: 1-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BRUN, J.M., SELLIER, N., RICHARD, M.M., BATELLIER, F. and BRILLARD, J.P. (2004) Effects of sperm storage duration and age of the common duck (Anas platyrhynchos) on fertility and embryonic survival in pure- or cross-breeding with Muscovy drakes (Cairina moschata). Proceedings of the 22nd World Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turquie, Com. O2. Waterfowl.Google Scholar
BRUN, J.M., RICHARD, M.M., MARIE-ETANCELIN, C., ROUVIER, R. and LARZUL, C. (2005) Le canard mulard: déterminisme génétique d'un hybride intergénérique. INRA Productions Animales 18(5): 295-308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BRUN, J.M., RICHARD, M.M., SELLIER, N. and BRILLARD, J.P. (2006) Genetic architecture of duration of fertility of the common duck (Anas Platyrhynchos). Proceedings of the 8th World Congress Genetics Applied Livestock Production, Belo Horizonte, Brésil, Com.07-22.Google Scholar
BRUN, J.M., RICHARD, M.M., SELLIER, N., BATELLIER, F. and BRILLARD, J.P. (2008) Duration of fertility and hatchability of the common duck (Anas Platyrhynchos) in pure- or crossbreeding with Muscovy drakes (Cairina Moschata). Theriogenology (accepted in January 2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BURT, D.W., PATON, I.R., MARTIN, D. and WILSON, B. (1999) The isolation and characterisation of microsatellite genetic markers from Pekin duck. Proceedings of the 1st World Waterfowl Conference, Taichung, Taiwan, pp 70-75.Google Scholar
CAREFOOT, W.C. (1996) Chocolate: a sex-linked recessive plumage colour mutant of the domestic fowl. British Poultry Science 37: 867-868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHAPUIS, H. and LARZUL, C. (2006) How to estimate simultaneously genetic parameters in parental Pekin and Muscovy duck lines using overfed mule ducks performances. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress Genetics Applied Livestock Production, Belo Horizonte, Brésil, Com. 07-08.Google Scholar
CHARTRIN, P., BERNADET, M.D., GUY, G., MOUROT, J., DUCLOS, M.J. and BAÉZA, E. (2006a) The effects of genotype and overfeeding on fat level and composition of adipose and muscle tissues in ducks, Animal Research 55: 231-244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHARTRIN, P., BORDEAU, T., MÉTEAU, K., JUIN, H., BERNADET, M.D., GUY, G., LARZUL, C., MOUROT, J., DUCLOS, M.J. and BAÉZA, E. (2006b) Foie gras de canards: Canards de Barbarie, mulard et hinny: quelles sont les particularités sensorielles de leur foie gras? Viandes et Produits Carnés 25: 13-17.Google Scholar
CHARTRIN, P., METEAU, K., JUIN, H., BERNADET, M.D., GUY, G., LARZUL, C., RÉMIGNON, H., MOUROT, J., DUCLOS, M.J. and BAÉZA, E. (2006c) Effect of Intramuscular Fat Level on Sensory Characteristics of Duck Breast Meat. Poultry Science 85: 914-922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHEN, B.J. (1992) Nutrient requirements of laying Brown Tsaiya ducks. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Waterfowl, Pise, Italy, p.146.Google Scholar
CHENG, Y.S., ROUVIER, R., POIVEY, J.P. and TAI, C. (1995) Genetic parameters of body weight, egg production and shell quality traits in the Brown Tsaiya laying ducks. Genetics Selection Evolution 27: 459-472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHENG, Y.S., ROUVIER, R., POIVEY, J.P., TAI, J.J.L., TAI, C. and HUANG, S.C. (2002) Selection response for the number of fertile eggs of the Brown Tsaiya duck (Anas platyrhynchos) after a single insemination with pooled Muscovy (Cairina moschata) semen. Genetics Selection Evolution 34: 597-611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHENG, Y.S., ROUVIER, R., HU, Y.H., TAI, J.J.L. and TAI, C. (2003) Breeding and Genetics of waterfowl. World's Poultry Science Journal 59: 509-519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHENG, Y.S., ROUVIER, R., POIVEY, J.P., HUANG, H.L., LIU, H.L. and TAI, C. (2005) Selection responses in duration of fertility and its consequences on hatchability in the intergeneric crossbreeding of ducks. British Poultry Science 46: 1-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CLAYTON, G.A. and POWELL, J.C. (1979) Growth, food conversion, carcass yields and their heritabilities in ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). British Poultry Science 20: 121-127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DAVAIL, S., RIDEAU, N., GUY, G., ANDRÉ, J.M. and HERMIER, D., HOO-PARIS, R. (2003) Hormonal and metabolic responses to overfeeding in three genotypes of ducks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 134: 707-715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DENJEAN, B., DUCOS, A., DARRÉ, A., PINTON, A., SEGUEL, A.A., BERLAND, H., BLANC, M.F., FILLON, V. and DARRé, R. (1997) Caryotypes des canards commun (Anas platyrhynchos), Barbarie (Cairina moschata) et de leur hybride. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 148: 695-704.Google Scholar
DICKERSON, G. (1969) Experimental approaches in utilizing breed resources. Animal Breeding Abstract 37: 191-202.Google Scholar
FARHAT, A. and CHAVEZ, R. (2001) Metabolic studies on lean and fat Pekin ducks selected for breast muscle thickness measured by ultrasound scanning. Poultry Science 80: 85-591CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FAURE, J.M., VAL-LAILLET, D., GUY, G., BERNADET, M-D. and GUÉMENÉ, D. (2003) Fear and stress reactions in two species of duck and their hybrid. Hormones and Behavior 43: 568-572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GENET, C., VIGNAL, A. and LARZUL, C. (2003) Isolation and characterisation of microsatellite genetic markers from Pekin and Muscovy ducks. British Poultry Science 44(5): 794-795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GILLE, U. and SALOMON, F.V. (1994) Heart and body growth in ducks. Growth Development and Aging 58: 75-81.Google ScholarPubMed
GOMOT, L. and BONIN, D. (1965) L'hybridation canard pékin x cane de Barbarie. Etude comparée des canards mâles Pékin, Barbarie et hybride. Annales Scientifiques de l'Université de Besançon 3: 19-38.Google Scholar
GORSKI, J., WITAK, B., BIESSIADA-DRZAZGA, B., PIETKIEWICZ, M. and GORSKA, A. (2001) Comparison between growth of muscular tissue, fatty tissue and liver weight of Pekin ducks muscovy ducks and crossbred ducks. Supplement to Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Science 10(3): 111-112.Google Scholar
GUÉMENÉ, D., FOURNEL, E., FAURE, J.M. and GUY, G. (2003) Effets génotype, phénotype, âge et mode d'élevage sur les réponses comportementales et endocriniennes de canards mulards mâles. In: BAUDOUIN C. (Ed) L’éthologie appliquée aujourd'hui, Vol. 1, pp. 65-72 (Paris).Google Scholar
GUÉMENÉ, D., LARZUL, C., BOUY, S., BERNADET, M.D., GUY, G. and FAURE, J.M. (2004) Couleur du plumage et déterminisme génétique des comportements de peur chez le canard mulard. Proceedings des 6èmes Journées de la Recherche sur les Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, Arcachon, France, pp 99-104.Google Scholar
GUÉMENÉ, D, GUY, G, NOIRAULT, J., DESTOMBES, N. and FAURE, J.M. (2006a) Rearing conditions during the force-feeding period in male mule ducks and their impact upon stress and welfare. Animal Research 55: 443-458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GUÉMENÉ, D., BERNADET, M.D., RICHARD-MIALON, M.M., VAL-LAILLET, D., BOUY, S., ARNAUD, I., GOBIN, E., GARDIN, E., COUTY, M., GARREAU-MILLS, M., GOURAUD, P., MEYER, I., LARZUL, C., GRASTEAU, S., DUBOS, F., COUDURIER, B., FAURE, J.M. and GUY, G. (2006b) Le « nervosisme » chez le canard mulard. Proceedings des 7èmes Journées de la Recherche sur les Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, Arcachon, France, pp 66-73.Google Scholar
GUY, G., ROUSSELOT-PAILLEY, D. and ROUVIER, R. (1998) Description de la croissance de canettes mulardes. Annales de Zootechnie 45: 303-310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GUY, G., HERMIER, D., DAVAIL, S., BELY, M. and ANDRÉ, J.P., HOO-PARIS, R. (1999) Meat production and force-feeding ability of different type of ducks. Proceedings of the 1st World Waterfowl Conference, Taichung, Taiwan, pp 462-468.Google Scholar
HERMIER, D., GUY, G., GUILLAUMIN, S., DAVAIL, S. and ANDRÉ, J.M., HOO-PARIS, R. (2003) Differential channelling of liver lipids in relation to susceptibility to hepatic steatosis in two species of ducks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 135: 663-675.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HETZEL, D.J.S. (1983) The egg production of intensively managed Alabio and Tegal ducks and their reciprocal crosses. World Review of Animal Production Vol 19, N°4.Google Scholar
HETZEL, D.J.S. (1984) Comparative performance of intensively managed Khaki Campbell and Native Indonesian ducks. Tropical Animal Health Production 16: 39-85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HOFFMAN, E. (1992) Hybrid progeny from Muscovy and domestic ducks. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Waterfowl, Pise, Italy, pp 64-66.Google Scholar
HOLLANDER, W.F. (1970) Sex-linked chocolate coloration in the Muscovy duck. Poultry Science 49: 594-596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HSIAO, M.C., HSU, Y.C., HU, Y.H., LI, S.H., LEE, S.R. and LIU, S.C. (2006) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in Tsaiya duck. Proceedings of the Symposium of scientific cooperation in Agriculture between COA (Taiwan) and INRA (France), Tainan, pp. 221-226.Google Scholar
HU, Y.H. (1999) Variabilité génétique des performances de croissance et de ponte dans une lignée de canards de Barbarie sélectionnée à Taïwan; Viabilité embryonnaire précoce dans le croisement intergénérique des canards. Ph. D. Thesis, Institut National Polytechnique, Toulouse.Google Scholar
HU, Y.H., POIVEY, J.P., ROUVIER, R., WANG, C.T. and TAI, C. (1999) Heritabilities and genetic correlations of body weights and feather length in growing Muscovy selected in Taïwan. British Poultry Science 40: 605-612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HUANG, H.H. (1985) Selection of white mule ducks. Journal of the China Society of Animal Science 14: 111-122.Google Scholar
HUANG, Y., TU, J., CHENG, X., TANG, B., HU, X., LIU, Z., FENG, J., LOU, Y., LIN, L., XU, K., ZHAO, Y. and LI, N. (2005) Characterization of 35 novel microsatellite DNA markers from the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) genome and cross-amplification in other birds, Genetics Selection Evolution 37: 455-472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HUANG, C.W., HUANG, M.C., LIU, H.L., CHENG, Y.S., HU, Y.H and and ROUVIER, R. (2006) Quantitative trait locus (QTL) detection for duration of fertility in common duck (Anas platyrhynchos) bred for mule ducks. Proceedings of the Symposium of scientific cooperation in Agriculture between COA (Taiwan) and INRA (France), Tainan, pp.227-232.Google Scholar
HUANG, Y., ZHAO, Y., HALEY, C.S., HU, S., HAO, J., WU, C. and LI, N. (2006a) A genetic and cytogenetic map for the duck (Anas platyrhynchos), Genetics 173: 287-296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HUANG, Y., HALEY, C.S., WU, F., HU, S., HAO, J., WU, C. and LI, N. (2006b) Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting carcass and meat quality traits in Beijing ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), Animal Genetics 38: 114-119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KLEMM, R., REITER, K. and PINGEL, H. (1994) Results and effects of direct selection for feed efficiency in the domestic ducks: 2. Report: Methodical aspects. Archive für Geflügelkunde 58: 176-181.Google Scholar
KLEMM, R. (1995) Selection on feed conversion ratio in ducks. Proceedings of the 10th European Symposium on Waterfowl, Halle, Allemagne, pp. 433-438.Google Scholar
KNIZETOVA, H., HYANEK, J., KNIZE, B. and PROCHATZOVA, H. (1991) Analysis of growth curve of fowl. II. Ducks. British Poultry Science 22: 1027-1038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KNIZETOVA, H., HYANEK, J., HYANKOVA, L. and BELICEK, P. (1995) Comparative study of growth curves in poultry. Genetics Selection Evolution 27: 365-375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LARZUL, C., ROUVIER, R., GUY, G. and ROUSSELOT-PAILLEY, D. (1999) Influence of female Pekin body size on overfed mule ducks performances. Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on Waterfowl, Taichung, Taiwan, pp. 122-126.Google Scholar
LARZUL, C. (2002) Genetic parameters for overfed mule duck traits. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress Genetics Applied Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, Com. 04-08.Google Scholar
LARZUL, C., GUY, G. and BERNADET, M.D. (2004) Feed efficiency, growth and carcass traits in female mule ducks. Archive für Geflügelkunde 6: 265-268.Google Scholar
LARZUL, C., IMBERT, B., BERNADET, M.D., GUY, G. and REMIGNON, H. (2006) Meat quality in an intergeneric factorial crossbreeding between Muscovy (Cairina moschata) and Pekin (Anas platyrhynchos) ducks. Animal Research 55: 1-11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LAVALLEE, S., CHAVEZ, E.R. and TOUCHBURN, S.P. (1998) Ultrasound measurements for maximum breast muscle thickness of Pekin breeder ducks at market age and progeny response. WPSA Israel Branch, Proceedings of the 10th European Poultry Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, pp. 664-668.Google Scholar
LEE, S.R. and KANG, C.L. (1997) Improving the percentage of white plumage in Mule ducks. Journal of Taiwan Livestock Research 30: 293-299.Google Scholar
LECLERCQ, B. (1990) Croissance et composition corporelle du Canard de Barbarie. In: SAUVEUR, B. and De CARVILLE, H. (Eds), Le Canard de Barbarie, pp. 23-39 (INRA, Paris).Google Scholar
LUTZ-OSTERTAG, Y. (1965) Le croisement canard Khaki-Campbell x Cane Barbarie. Archives d'Anatomie, d'Histologie et d'Embryologie 48: 300-327.Google ScholarPubMed
MAAK, S., NEUMANN, K., LENGERKEN, G. and GATTERMANN, R. (2000) First seven microsatellites developed for the Pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Animal Genetics 31: 228-241.Google Scholar
MARIE-ETANCELIN, C., FEVE, K., GENET, C., CARDINET, G., VIGNOLES, F., PITEL, F. and VIGNAL, A. (2006) Microsatellite markers for duck (Anas platyrhynchos and Cairina moschata). Proceedings of the Symposium of scientific cooperation in Agriculture between COA (Taiwan) and INRA (France), Tainan, pp. 165-168.Google Scholar
MARUYAMA, K., AKBAR, M.K. and TURK, C.M. (1999) Growth patterns and carcass development in male ducks selected for growth rate. British Poultry Science 40: 233-239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MIGNON-GRASTEAU, S., BEAUMONT, C., POIVEY, J.P. and DE ROCHAMBEAU, H. (1998) Estimation of the genetic parameters of sexual dimorphism of body weight in "label" chickens and Muscovy ducks. Genetics Selection Evolution 30: 481-491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OLVER, M.D., PREEZ, J.J., KUYPER, M.A. and MOULD, D.J. (1977) The carcass composition and growth of the “mule” ducklings compared to purebred ducklings. Agroanimalia 9: 7-12.Google Scholar
PINGEL, H. (1990a) Genetics of egg production and reproduction in waterfowl. In: CRAWFORD, R.D. (Ed), Poultry breeding and genetics, pp. 771-780 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands).Google Scholar
PINGEL, H. (1990b) Genetics of growth and meat production in waterfowl. In: CRAWFORD, R.D. (Ed), Poultry breeding and genetics, pp. 691-704 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands).Google Scholar
POIVEY, J.P., CHENG, Y.S., ROUVIER, R., TAI, C., WANG, C.T. and LIU, H.L. (2001) Genetic parameters of reproductive traits in Brown Tsaiya ducks artificially inseminated with semen from Muscovy ducks. Poultry Science 80: 703-709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
POUJARDIEU, B., GUICHARD, F. and LAVENTURE, P. (1994) Paramètres génétiques de croissance et de gavage de la cane commune. Genetics Selection Evolution 26: 463-472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
POWELL, J.C. (1984) Selection for improved feed conversion ratio in the domestic ducks. Proceedings of the 17th World Poultry Congress, Helsinki, pp. 108-109.Google Scholar
RETAILLEAU, B. (1999) Comparison of the growth and body composition of 3 types of ducks: Pekin, Muscovy and mule. Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on Waterfowl, Taichung, Taiwan, pp. 597-602.Google Scholar
RICARD, F.H., DE CARVILLE, H. and MARCHÉ, G. (1988) Etude comparative de la composition anatomique des canards de Barbarie, Pékin et mulard. In: ROUVIER, R. (Ed), La génétique du canard de Barbarie (Cairina moschata) et du mulard, Les colloques de l'INRA, 42: 75-99.Google Scholar
ROBIN, N., LARROUDE, P., PEYHORGUE, A. and CASTAING, J. (2002) Etude comparative de quatre types génétiques pour une production de canards lourds. Proceedings des 5èmes Journées de la Recherche sur les Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, Pau, France, pp. 41-45.Google Scholar
ROUVIER, R., TAI, J.J.L. and TAI, C. (1984) L'insémination artificielle des canes communes pour la production de mulards à Taïwan. La situation actuelle. In: Insémination artificielles et amélioration génétique: bilan et perspectives critiques. Les colloques de l'INRA, 29: 360-367.Google Scholar
ROUVIER, R., MIALON, M.M., SALZMANN, F. and POUJARDIEU, B. (1988) Fertilité et éclosabilité des œufs d'une souche de cane Pékin (Anas platyrhynchos) en croisement interspécifique avec le Barbarie (Cairina moschata) par insémination artificielle. Annales de Zootechnie 37: 73-86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROUVIER, R., GUY, G., ROUSSELOT-PAILLET, D. and POUJARDIEU, B. (1994) Genetic parameters from factorial cross breeding in two duck strain (Anas platyrhynchos) brown Tsaiya and Pekin, for growth and fatty liver traits. British Poultry Science 35: 509-517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SALICHON, M.R., GUY, G., ROUSSELOT, D. and BLUM, J.C. (1993) Composition de trois types de foies: oie, canard mulard et canard de barbarie. Proceedings des 1ères Journées de la Recherche sur les Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, Bordeaux, France, pp. 13-21.Google Scholar
SELLIER, N. (2000) Incidence de la photopériode en élevage sur la ponte de canes I44. Proceedings des 4èmes Journées de la Recherche sur les Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, Arcachon, France, pp. 13-16.Google Scholar
SELLIER, N., BRUN, J.M., RICHARD, M.M., BATELLIER, F., DUPUY, V. and BRILLARD, J.P. (2005) Comparison of fertility and embryo mortality following artificial insemination of common duck females (Anas platyrhynchos) with semen from common or Muscovy (Cairina moschata) drakes. Theriogenology 64: 429-439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SNAPIR N., RULF J., MELTZER A., GVARYAHU G. and ROZENBOIM I., ROBINZON B. (1998) Testosterone concentrations, testes weight and morphology of mule drakes (Muscovy drake x Khaki Campbell). British Poultry Science 39: 572-574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SORENSEN, P. and JENSEN, J.A. (1992) Use of ultrasonic techniques to detect breast muscle proportion in live ducks. Proceedings of the 19th World's Poultry Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 3.Google Scholar
STEELE, M.G. and WISHART, G.J. (1992) Evidence for a species-specific barrier to sperm transport within the vagina of the chicken hen. Theriogenology 38: 1107-1114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TAI, C. and ROUVIER, R. (1998) Crossbreeding effect on sexual dimorphism of body weight in intergeneric hybrids obtained between Muscovy and Pekin duck. Genetics Selection Evolution 30: 163-170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TAI, C., POIVEY, J.P. and ROUVIER, R. (1994) Heritability for duration of fertility traits in Brown Tsaiya female ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) by artificial insemination with pooled Muscovy (Cairina moschata) semen. British Poultry Science 37: 571-577.Google Scholar
VELEZ, A., BRUN, J.M. and ROUVIER, R. (1996) Crossbreeding effects on reproductive traits in two strains of duck (Anas platyrhynchos): Brown Tsaiya and Pekin. British Poultry Science 37: 571-577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VINOO, R., THANGARAJU, P. and NAINAR, A.M. (1999) Karyological studies on domestic fowl, Japanese quail and domestic duck using embryo culture technique. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 34: 135-139.Google Scholar
WATANABE, M. (1959) Partial infertility of intergeneric hybrid eggs between the Muscovy drake and the common duck. Journal of Faculty of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry 2: 330-373.Google Scholar
WATANABE, M. (1961) Experimental studies on the artificial insemination of domestic ducks, with special references to the production of the mule ducks. Journal of Faculty of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry 3: 439-485.Google Scholar
WILLIAMS, C.L., BRUST, R.C. and RHODES, O.E. (2002) Microsatellite polymorphism and genetic structure of Florida Mottled Duck populations. Condor 104: 424-431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar