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Level of respiratory protection for healthcare workers caring for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: A survey of hospital epidemiologists

Part of: SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2021

Winston L. McCormick Open the ORCID record for Winston L. McCormick [Opens in a new window] ,
Michael P. Koster ,
Geetika N. Sood  and
Leonard A. Mermel
Winston L. McCormick
Affiliation:
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
Michael P. Koster
Affiliation:
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology & Infection Control, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
Geetika N. Sood
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology & Infection Control, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
Leonard A. Mermel*
Affiliation:
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology & Infection Control, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
*
Author for correspondence: Dr Leonard Mermel, E-mail: lmermel@lifespan.org
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Abstract

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Type
Letter to the Editor
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 43 , Issue 5 , May 2022 , pp. 681 - 683
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Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

To the Editor—Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not yet been completely elucidated nor universally standardized. In areas where severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) community transmission is moderate or substantial, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends at least N95 respirator protection, eye protection, gowns, and gloves for patient-facing HCWs. The lack of a centralized national process for the acquisition and stockpiling of PPE has resulted in severe shortages across the United States, forcing competition among hospital systems and leading to extreme measures to procure PPE for HCWs. Reference Artenstein1,Reference Woolley, Smith and Arumugam9

Infection control departments have developed triage plans for PPE use in the face of uncertain and insufficient supplies in an effort to mitigate COVID-19 risk among HCWs and hospitalized patients. Recommendations were often based on intuition and extrapolation of data from other respiratory viral infections, especially as it relates to respiratory protection. Studies of influenza and seasonal coronavirus virus have revealed that surgical masks are not inferior to N95 respirators for source control. Reference Bartoszko, Farooqi and Alhazzani2,Reference Leung, Chu and Shiu4,Reference Mermel5,Reference Seto, Tsang and Yung7,Reference Sickbert-Bennett, Samet and Clapp8 Studies of SARS-CoV-1 have demonstrated no significant difference between surgical masks and N95 respirators with respect to protection of exposed HCWs. Reference Doremalen, Bushmaker and Morris3,Reference Seto, Tsang and Yung7 Surgical masks for patient source control and worn by HCWs, especially coupled with HCW use of face shields, protect HCWs involved in routine COVID-19 patient care who are not participating in aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs). Reference Mermel5,Reference Ng, Poon and Puar6 Given that N95 respirators are superior to surgical masks in protecting the user from inhalation of small-particle aerosols, their use has been typically reserved for AGPs. Reference Bartoszko, Farooqi and Alhazzani2,Reference Leung, Chu and Shiu4,Reference Mermel5

Methods

On October 6, 2020, we performed an online survey of infection control leaders regarding their respiratory PPE policies for general routine patient care, general care of patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19, and care for patients undergoing AGPs. In addition, we asked whether routine retesting of admitted patients was performed at some interval after admission.

Results

Of the 56 hospitals or health systems, 29 responded (52% response rate); 5 were with the Department of Veterans’ Affairs (VA) (Table 1). The sites were located in or included Providence, Rhode Island; Omaha, Nebraska; Denver, Colorado; Charlottesville, Virginia; Charlotte, North Carolina; Royal Oak, Michigan; Chicago, Illinois; Boston, Massachusetts; Ann Arbor, Michigan; St. Louis, Missouri; Salt Lake City, Utah; Baltimore, Maryland; Pittsburgh, Ohio; Cleveland, Ohio; San Francisco, California; New York City, New York; Iowa City, Iowa; Dallas, Texas; Buffalo, New York; San Antonio, Texas; Montreal, Quebec, Canada; the VISN-10 network of VA hospitals; as well as VA systems in Texas, Connecticut, and New York.

Table 1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Use Among Respondent Hospitals and Hospital Systems

Note: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2; APGs, aerosol-generating procedures.

Variability in respiratory PPE was reported in the care of patients with proven or suspected COVID-19. Overall, 63% of non-VA hospitals or health systems used N95 respirators when caring for such patients. There was greater consistency among VA respondents, with 80% using N95 respirators when caring for patients with proven or suspected COVID-19. Not all hospitals or hospital systems used N95 respirators during AGPs. Some (33% of VA respondents and 8% of non-VA respondents), adopted a strategy for use of surgical masks during AGPs in patients negative for SARS-CoV-2. Notably, 27 of 29 respondents to a question about eye protection affirmed such use when caring for patients with COVID-19. There was no consistency in the recommendations reported regarding the retesting of patients.

Discussion

Definitive data are still lacking regarding the necessary and sufficient PPE when caring for patients with COVID-19, during AGPs, and while providing routine patient care in a pandemic fraught with high asymptomatic case loads. As such, the variability we found in PPE use suggests that more data are required to fully understand SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes to inform appropriate universal PPE recommendations. A limitation of this survey is that we did not ask what PPE would be recommended if resource limitations did not exist. Every hospital and hospital system had to develop local guidance based on local resources, and our survey does not capture this. We do know that supplies have yet to meet demands.

Transmission risk is also dependent on source control of suspected and asymptomatic patients, and unfortunately, we did not ask about this important infection prevention strategy in our survey. We did ask about retesting of admitted patients as an infection control practice, and we found wide variability, likely reflecting both limitations of testing resources as well as lack of data for utility of this practice.

December 2020 ushered in a new phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two vaccines were given FDA emergency use authorization, and the new, more highly transmissible B117 variant was discovered on American shores. Reference Galloway, Paul and MacCannell10 The B117 strain appears to be more contagious, and while we wait on official CDC and World Health Organization (WHO) guidance, current COVID-19 guidelines for PPE and vaccinations appear to be sufficient. Reference Galloway, Paul and MacCannell10 Hospital epidemiologists will need to continue to assimilate evolving evidence to best protect HCWs from contracting COVID-19 in the face of a continuing pandemic and ongoing supply-chain shortages. Further elucidation of transmission dynamics will assist infection control departments facing ongoing PPE shortages and emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutant strains of this RNA virus.

In conclusion, most hospitals and hospital systems responding to our survey use N95 respirators when caring for patients with proven or suspected COVID-19 and when aerosol-generating procedures are performed. While we await WHO and CDC guidance on how vaccines and highly transmissible mutant strains will affect PPE recommendations, the 2 opposing forces will likely draw out the need for enhanced PPE in healthcare settings.

Acknowledgments

We thank the colleagues who kindly responded to our survey with institution-specific or system-wide data.

Financial support

No financial support was provided relevant to this article.

Conflicts of interest

All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

References

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Figure 0

Table 1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Use Among Respondent Hospitals and Hospital Systems