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Oxytocin Reduces Face Processing Time but Leaves Recognition Accuracy and Eye-Gaze Unaffected
- Kelly Hubble, Katie Daughters, Antony S.R. Manstead, Aled Rees, Anita Thapar, Stephanie H.M. van Goozen
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 23 / Issue 1 / January 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2016, pp. 23-33
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- Article
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Objectives: Previous studies have found that oxytocin (OXT) can improve the recognition of emotional facial expressions; it has been proposed that this effect is mediated by an increase in attention to the eye-region of faces. Nevertheless, evidence in support of this claim is inconsistent, and few studies have directly tested the effect of oxytocin on emotion recognition via altered eye-gaze Methods: In a double-blind, within-subjects, randomized control experiment, 40 healthy male participants received 24 IU intranasal OXT and placebo in two identical experimental sessions separated by a 2-week interval. Visual attention to the eye-region was assessed on both occasions while participants completed a static facial emotion recognition task using medium intensity facial expressions. Results: Although OXT had no effect on emotion recognition accuracy, recognition performance was improved because face processing was faster across emotions under the influence of OXT. This effect was marginally significant (p<.06). Consistent with a previous study using dynamic stimuli, OXT had no effect on eye-gaze patterns when viewing static emotional faces and this was not related to recognition accuracy or face processing time. Conclusions: These findings suggest that OXT-induced enhanced facial emotion recognition is not necessarily mediated by an increase in attention to the eye-region of faces, as previously assumed. We discuss several methodological issues which may explain discrepant findings and suggest the effect of OXT on visual attention may differ depending on task requirements. (JINS, 2017, 23, 23–33)
39 - Management of neuroendocrine tumours
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- By Andrew Lansdown, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK, Aled Rees, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Edited by Louise Hanna, Tom Crosby, Fergus Macbeth
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- Book:
- Practical Clinical Oncology
- Published online:
- 05 November 2015
- Print publication:
- 19 November 2015, pp 528-537
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- Chapter
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Summary
Introduction
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with significant variation in their mode of presentation and biological behaviour. They arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widely distributed in the body; the spectrum of tumours that fall under this classification is accordingly diverse. Although tumours can arise within endocrine glands such as the pituitary and the parathyroids, tumours at these sites are typically benign, with limited growth potential, and are traditionally managed by endocrinologists. This chapter therefore focuses largely on NETs arising within the bronchial or gastroenteropancreatic systems, historically termed carcinoid tumours.
Management of these rare tumours is improving due to advances in imaging and to the increased use of multidisciplinary teams in specialist centres (Kaltsas et al., 2004; Ramage et al., 2012). Treatment options are diverse and should be tailored individually, but they may include one or more of surgery, medical therapy (somatostatin analogues, interferon alpha, sunitinib and everolimus), chemotherapy, radionuclide therapy, ablative therapy and embolisation. Current clinical trials are focused on defining the optimal use of existing therapies and exploring novel agents such as angiogenesis and MTOR inhibitors.
Tumour types
NETs are classified according to (1) histological differentiation and grading, and (2) staging, based on primary tumour site.
The WHO 2010 classification (Bosman et al., 2010) is based upon the concept that all NETs have malignant potential and is organised according to grade and stage.
Grading is based upon morphological criteria and the proliferative activity of the tumour, including the mitotic activity and/or Ki-67 labelling index. Well-differentiated tumours are divided into low-grade (G1) and intermediate-grade (G2) categories. All poorly differentiated NETs are classified as high-grade (G3) neuroendocrine carcinomas.
Staging systems in place include the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) (7th edition) and the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) staging systems (Rindi et al., 2007).
Incidence and epidemiology
The UK annual disease incidence is estimated at 2–5 cases/100,000 patients, with a slight female predominance. Disease incidence is thought to be increasing overall, possibly due to increased diagnostic awareness (Modlin et al., 2008). Autopsy studies indicate that small, clinically unrecognised NETs are relatively common (up to 10% for pancreatic NETs). There is no definite geographical variation in tumour incidence, although there are reported ethnic differences, with African-Americans having the highest incidence of 6.5 per 100,000 per year (Modlin et al., 2003). The average age at diagnosis is 61 years.
36 - Neuroendocrine tumours
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- By Atul Kalhan, Specialist Registrar, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK, Aled Rees, Senior Lecturer, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
- Edited by Louise Hanna, Tom Crosby, Fergus Macbeth
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- Book:
- Practical Clinical Oncology
- Published online:
- 23 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 24 January 2008, pp 418-425
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- Chapter
- Export citation
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Summary
Introduction
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with significant variation in their mode of presentation and biological behaviour. They arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widely distributed in the body; the spectrum of tumours that fall under this classification is accordingly diverse. Although tumours can arise within endocrine glands such as the pituitary and the parathyroids, tumours at these sites are typically benign, with limited growth potential, and are traditionally managed by endocrinologists. This chapter therefore focuses largely on NETs arising within the bronchial or gastroenteropancreatic systems, historically termed carcinoid tumours.
Management of these rare tumours is improving largely due to advances in imaging (especially nuclear imaging) and biochemistry (notably chromogranin A) and to the increased use of multidisciplinary teams in specialist centres (Kaltsas et al., 2004; Ramage et al., 2005). Treatment options are diverse and should be tailored individually but they may include one or more of surgery, medical therapy (somatostatin analogues, interferon alpha), chemotherapy, radionuclide therapy, and embolisation. Current clinical trials are focused on defining the optimal use of existing therapies and exploring novel agents such as angiogenesis and mTOR inhibitors.
Tumour types
NETs are classified according to (1) site of origin, (2) histological grade and (3) tumour stage.
The site of origin is traditionally divided along embryological lines into foregut tumours (bronchus, thymus, stomach, pancreas, proximal duodenum), midgut tumours (distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, appendix, proximal and transverse colon) and hindgut tumours (distal colon, rectum).