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102 - Prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in HIV disease
- from Part XII - HIV
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- By Amy S. Baranoski, Drexel University College of Medicine, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Drexel University College of Medicine
- Edited by David Schlossberg, Temple University, Philadelphia
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- Book:
- Clinical Infectious Disease
- Published online:
- 05 April 2015
- Print publication:
- 23 April 2015, pp 688-696
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Summary
Prior to the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections (OIs) were the main-stays of reducing morbidity and mortality in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While the widespread use of ART has greatly decreased the frequency of OIs, a sizeable number of HIV-infected individuals are either not taking ART or do not have an adequate immune response to ART. Thus OIs continue to cause a significant burden of disease in people living with HIV, and prophylaxis against OIs remains a major component in the management of HIV. The guidelines for OI prophylaxis in HIV-infected individuals are published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America. The newest version of the guidelines was published in 2013 and includes revisions on the vaccination strategies for HIV-infected people.
Primary prophylaxis refers to treatment given to prevent development of infection. The most influential example of primary prophylaxis in HIV is the use of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP–SMX) in immune compromised individuals to prevent development of Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii) pneumonia (PCP).
Secondary prophylaxis refers to continued treatment given after the acute course of treatment is complete in order to decrease the risk of relapse. Depending on the infection, secondary prophylaxis is sometimes referred to as maintenance or chronic suppressive therapy for difficult-to-treat OIs. The timing of primary prophylaxis and recommended vaccinations is summarized in Table 102.1. The preferred and alternative agents and dosages for primary and secondary prophylaxis are summarized in Tables 102.2 and 102.3.
Science at the Interface with Art
- Lynnette D. Madsen, Zeev Rosenzweig, Kelsey D. Cook, Michael J. Scott, Amy M. Jacobson
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1319 / 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 April 2011, mrsf10-1319-ww01-01
- Print publication:
- 2011
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- Article
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The Cultural Heritage Science (CHS, formerly SCIART) Program seeks to enhance opportunities for chemistry and materials research at the interface between science and art. The objective is to promote collaboration between cultural heritage scientists, mainly located in US museums and chemists and/or materials scientists in US academic institutions to address grand challenges in the science of cultural heritage. Through the first competition, eight projects, two to three years in duration, were funded at $270,000 to 495,000 each. Every successful proposal demonstrated a clear need for collaboration with good synergy between the collaborating groups, and provided plans for meaningful training experiences for students and/or postdoctoral researchers in the field of cultural heritage science. It is anticipated that the CHS Program will continue for two additional years in a similar fashion. During this period, researchers should be able to more easily identify the disciplinary programs in materials research or chemistry relevant to their work, and their proposals will be reviewed together in panels. Proposals falling outside of the CHS specifications may be submitted directly to the relevant program/s of interest at the National Science Foundation (NSF) as unsolicited proposals. After the CHS Program ends, unsolicited proposals will remain the key mechanism for obtaining NSF funding in this research area.
Contributors
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- By Jon G. Allen, Robert F Anda, Susan L. Andersen, Carl M. Anderson, Wendy d’ Andrea, Tal Astrachan, Anthony W. Bateman, Carla Bernardes, Renato Borgatti, Bekh Bradley, J. Douglas Bremner, John Briere, Amy F. Buckley, Jean-Francois Bureau, Kathleen M. Chard, Dennis Charney, Anthony Charuvastra, Jeewook Choi, Marylene Cloitre, Melody D. Combs, Constance J. Dalenberg, Martin J. Dorahy, Michael D. De Bellis, Anne P. DePrince, Erin C. Dunn, Vincent J. Felitti, Philip A. Fisher, Peter Fonagy, Julian D. Ford, Amit Goldenberg, Megan R. Gunnar, Udi Harari, Felicia Heidenreich, Christine Heim, Judith Herman MD, Monica Hodges, Shlomit Jacobson-Pick, Joan Kaufman, Karestan C. Koenen, Ruth A. Lanius, Jamie L. LaPrairie, Alicia F. Lieberman, Richard J. Loewenstein, Sonia J. Lupien MD, Karlen Lyons-Ruth, Jodi Martin, Bruce McEwen, Alexander C. McFarlane, Rosario Montirosso, Charles B. Nemeroff, Pat Ogden, Fatih Ozbay, Clare Pain, Kelsey Paulson, Oxana G. Palesh, Ms. Keren Rabi, Gal Richter-Levin, Andrea L. Roberts, Cécile Rousseau, Cécile Rousseau, Monica Ruiz-Casares, Christian Schmahl, Allan N. Schore, Sally B. Seraphin, Vansh Sharma, Yi-Shin Sheu, Kelly Skelton, Steven Southwick, David Spiegel, Deborah M. Stone, Nathan Szajnberg, Martin H. Teicher, Akemi Tomoda, Ed Tronick, Onno van der Hart, Bessel van der Kolk, Eric Vermetten, Tamara Weiss, Victor Welzant
- Edited by Ruth A. Lanius, University of Western Ontario, Eric Vermetten, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands, Clare Pain, University of Toronto
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- Book:
- The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease
- Published online:
- 03 May 2011
- Print publication:
- 05 August 2010, pp vii-xii
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