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70 Childhood SES and Midlife CVD on Late-life Cognition
- Tamare V. Adrien, Andrew Hirst, Ai-Lin Tsai, Ruijia Chen, Eleanor Hayes-Larson, Shellie-Anne Levy, Laura Zahodne, Paul K. Crane, Rachel Peterson, Paola Gilsanz, Indira Turney
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, p. 375
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- Article
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Objective:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a well-known risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia, particularly among minoritized groups that have experienced a history of low childhood socioeconomic status (SES). Although previous literature has linked all levels of SES to varying degrees of stress exposure, children raised in higher SES households have more access to resources and services that encourage optimal growth and development than children who grow up in lower SES households. Given the disproportionate burden of dementia and cognitive deficits within minoritized groups, the present study examined whether childhood SES is associated with later life cognition among Black and White older adults and if this association persists after accounting for hypertension, a possible mediator of the relationship between childhood SES.
Participants and Methods:1,184 participants were from the first wave of the STAR (n = 397 Black [Mage= 75.0 ±6.8 years]) and KHANDLE (386 Black [Mage= 76.2 ±7.2 years] and 401 White [Mage= 78.4 ±7.5 years]) cohorts. We used general linear models to examine the relationship between childhood SES and later-life executive function, semantic memory, and verbal memory scores, and midlife hypertension. Childhood SES was measured by self-reported perceived financial status (with participants given the following options: ‘pretty well off financially’, ‘about average’, ‘poor’, or ‘it varied’). These models were assessed in the full sample and also stratified by race.
Results:In the full sample, childhood financial status was not associated with semantic memory, verbal episodic memory, or executive function. Financial status was associated with semantic memory in Black adults (β = -.124, t(771) = -2.52, p = .01) and this association persisted after accounting for hypertension (β = -.124, t(770) = -2.53, p = .01). There was no association between childhood financial status and later life semantic memory among White adults. There was no association between childhood financial status and later life verbal episodic memory or executive function in either Black or White adults in models with or without adjustment for hypertension.
Conclusions:Our findings showed no relationship between childhood SES and cognition, except for semantic memory in Black participants; this relationship persisted after accounting for midlife CVD. Future analyses will assess both direct and indirect effects of more predictive measures of childhood SES on late-life cognition with midlife CVD as a mediator.
3 - Life histories and body size
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- By David Atkinson, The University of Liverpool, Andrew G. Hirst, British Antarctic Survey
- Edited by Alan G. Hildrew, Queen Mary University of London, David G. Raffaelli, University of York, Ronni Edmonds-Brown, University of Hertfordshire
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- Book:
- Body Size: The Structure and Function of Aquatic Ecosystems
- Published online:
- 02 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 12 July 2007, pp 33-54
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter demonstrates how investigating patterns of survival, reproduction, growth and development – life histories – can improve understanding and prediction in diverse areas of ecology ranging from microevolution and population dynamics of individual species, to ecosystem function and biogeochemistry.
To make sense of the huge diversity of life history in nature, a first step is to derive a common set of traits, such as age and size at first reproduction, number and size of offspring, inter-clutch interval, and juvenile and adult survival. The effects of changes in the magnitude of each of these traits on the others (e.g. increased offspring size may be traded off against a reduction in offspring number), and their relationship to fitness or population growth under particular environmental conditions, can then be analyzed.
This chapter initially outlines how this process, life-history analysis, is used in adaptive evolutionary models that predict adult and offspring size within species. As there are numerous reviews that introduce life-history analysis (e.g. Lessells, 1991; Roff, 1992; Stearns, 1992; Daan & Tinbergen, 1997; Stearns, 2000; Roff, 2002; Begon, Townsend & Harper, 2006), this chapter outlines only the salient features. While some applications of life-history analysis are beyond the scope of this chapter (e.g. elasticity analysis; Benton & Grant, 1999), here we will evaluate the importance of life-history analysis in understanding and predicting body-size variation and the scaling of many traits with body size, at various levels of ecological organization ranging from within-genotype variation (phenotypic plasticity and changes during ontogeny) to differences among ecological functional groups that affect ecosystem function and biogeochemistry.
Heat stability of homogenized milk: role of interfacial protein
- Catharina H. McCrae, David Hirst, Andrew J. R. Law, D. Donald Muir
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 61 / Issue 4 / November 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2009, pp. 507-516
- Print publication:
- November 1994
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The role of interfacial protein in determining the heat stability of recombined milk was investigated by removing serum protein prior to homogenization and reincorporating it after homogenization. In addition, the surface protein composition of recombined fat globules was probed by analyses of protein load and by quantification of the individual surface protein components using FPLC. In the absence of serum protein, substantially more casein was bound to the fat surface during homogenization. Despite this, the detrimental effect of homogenization on heat stability did not occur when serum protein had been removed from the system. Reincorporation of serum protein after homogenization caused the heat coagulation time–pH profile to revert to a form very similar to that observed without removing serum protein from the system. Thus, adsorption of serum protein did not affect heat stability. It is more likely that heat-induced interactions of serum protein with surface-adsorbed casein promoted heat coagulation. Fat surface area rather than casein load affected these interfacial protein-protein interactions during heating.