16 results
Characteristics and suppression of beam distortion in a high repetition rate nanosecond stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugation mirror
- Yifu Chen, Bowen Tan, Duo Jin, Bin Chen, Zhenxu Bai, Kun Wang, Yulei Wang, Zhiwei Lü
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- Journal:
- High Power Laser Science and Engineering / Volume 12 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2024, e20
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The stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugation mirror (SBS-PCM) based on liquid media is widely used in high-power laser systems due to its robust thermal load capacity, high energy conversion efficiency and improved beam quality. Nevertheless, with an increase in the pump repetition rate, thermally-induced blooming and optical breakdown can emerge, leading to distortions in the Stokes beam. In this study, we delved into the thermal effects in liquid SBS-PCMs employing hydrodynamic analysis, establishing a relationship between beam profile distortion and the thermal convection field. We calculated the temperature and convection velocity distribution based on the pump light parameters and recorded the corresponding beam profiles. The intensities of the beam profiles were modulated in alignment with the convection directions, reaching a velocity peak of 2.85 mm/s at a pump pulse repetition rate of 250 Hz. The residual sum of squares (RSS) was employed to quantify the extent of beam profile distortion relative to a Gaussian distribution. The RSS escalated to 7.8, in contrast to 0.7 of the pump light at a pump pulse repetition rate of 500 Hz. By suppressing thermal convection using a high-viscosity medium, we effectively mitigated beam distortion. The RSS was reduced to 0.7 at a pump pulse repetition rate of 500 Hz, coinciding with a twentyfold increase in viscosity, thereby enhancing the beam quality. By integrating hydrodynamic analysis, we elucidated and mitigated distortion with targeted solutions. Our research offers an interdisciplinary perspective on studying thermal effects and contributes to the application of SBS-PCMs in high-repetition-rate laser systems by unveiling the mechanism of photothermal effects.
Genetic Analysis of Prunus salicina L. by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Intersimple Sequence Repeat (ISSR)
- Jun Li, Guangchun Gao, Bin Li, Bai Li, Qihua Lu, Xiaoye Jin
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- Journal:
- Genetics Research / Volume 2022 / 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2024, e63
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Background. Prunus salicina L. is an important fruit tree species of great economic value which is mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere. Methods. 25 samples of Prunus salicina L. were collected from 8 provinces in China, Japan, USA, and New Zealand. The genetic variations of these samples were characterized by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique, respectively, and in combination. Results. Totally, 257 RAPD bands ranging 200∼2300 bp was found, and 81.59% of these bands were polymorphic. ISSR analysis identified 179 bands ranging 300∼2500 bp, and 87.74% of the bands were polymorphic. ISSR results showed that the similarity coefficient index between samples P10 (Maihuangli in Anhui, Chin) and P13 (Longyuanqiuli in Heilongjiang, China) was lowest, while that between samples P10 (Maihuangli in Anhui, Chin) and P15 (Baili in Japan) was highest. Combined analysis of RAPD and ISSR demonstrated that the similarity coefficient index between samples P4 (Qiepili in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China) and P13 (Longyuanqiuli in Heilongjiang, China) was lowest, while that between samples P19 (Laroda in USA) and P20 (Red heart in USA) was highest. Conclusion. RAPD combined with ISSR analysis can be used for genetic characterization of Prunus L. species.
Development of EST-SSR markers for an endangered plant species, Camellia fascicularis (Theaceae)
- Luyao Ma, Cheng Liu, Jing Xin, Bin Li, Junrong Tang, Yaxuan Xin, Peng Ye, Peiyao Xin, Bin Bai
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- Journal:
- Plant Genetic Resources / Volume 20 / Issue 4 / August 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 March 2023, pp. 263-269
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The plant Camellia fascicularis, belonging to family Theaceae, has high ornamental and medicinal value, and rare gene resources for genetic improvement of Camellia crops, but is currently threatened with extinction because of the unique and extremely small wild populations. Molecular markers have clarified the wild plant species’ genetic diversity structure, new gene resources and relationship with crops. This will be beneficial for conservation of these valuable crop-related wild species and crop improvement. In this study, we identified 95,979 microsatellite loci from 155,011 transcriptome unigenes, and developed 14 polymorphic expressed sequence tag-derived simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) microsatellite markers for C. fascicularis. The number of alleles (Na) per locus was 2–8 with a mean of 4.86. The genetic diversity of 40 individuals from four natural populations of C. fascicularis was analysed using these polymorphic markers. The number of alleles (Na) for EST-SSR ranged from 2 to 5, with the expected heterozygosities (He) and observed heterozygosities (Ho) in all loci ranging from 0.183 to 0.683, and from 0.201 to 0.700, respectively, implying a rich genetic variation present in wild C. fascicularis populations. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis among four populations, using the 14 EST-SSR markers developed in this study, grouped 40 individuals into three groups, which coincide with their geographic distribution. These results showed that 14 EST-SSR markers are available for the analysis of genetic variation in C. fascicularis populations and genetic improvement of new Camellias cultivars by interspecific hybridization, and are beneficial for conservation of the endangered species.
Neuroimaging-based brain-age prediction of first-episode schizophrenia and the alteration of brain age after early medication
- Yi-Bin Xi, Xu-Sha Wu, Long-Biao Cui, Li-Jun Bai, Shuo-Qiu Gan, Xiao-Yan Jia, Xuan Li, Yong-Qiang Xu, Xiao-Wei Kang, Fan Guo, Hong Yin
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 220 / Issue 6 / June 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 December 2021, pp. 339-346
- Print publication:
- June 2022
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Background
Neuroimaging- and machine-learning-based brain-age prediction of schizophrenia is well established. However, the diagnostic significance and the effect of early medication on first-episode schizophrenia remains unclear.
AimsTo explore whether predicted brain age can be used as a biomarker for schizophrenia diagnosis, and the relationship between clinical characteristics and brain-predicted age difference (PAD), and the effects of early medication on predicted brain age.
MethodThe predicted model was built on 523 diffusion tensor imaging magnetic resonance imaging scans from healthy controls. First, the brain-PAD of 60 patients with first-episode schizophrenia, 60 healthy controls and 21 follow-up patients from the principal data-set and 40 pairs of individuals in the replication data-set were calculated. Next, the brain-PAD between groups were compared and the correlations between brain-PAD and clinical measurements were analysed.
ResultsThe patients showed a significant increase in brain-PAD compared with healthy controls. After early medication, the brain-PAD of patients decreased significantly compared with baseline (P < 0.001). The fractional anisotropy value of 31/33 white matter tract features, which related to the brain-PAD scores, had significantly statistical differences before and after measurements (P < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected). Correlation analysis showed that the age gap was negatively associated with the positive score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in the principal data-set (r = −0.326, P = 0.014).
ConclusionsThe brain age of patients with first-episode schizophrenia may be older than their chronological age. Early medication holds promise for improving the patient's brain ageing. Neuroimaging-based brain-age prediction can provide novel insights into the understanding of schizophrenia.
Continuous Finite-Time Torque Control for Flexible Assistance Exoskeleton with Delay Variation Input
- Tao Xue, ZiWei Wang, Tao Zhang, Ou Bai, Meng Zhang, Bin Han
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Accurate torque control is a critical issue in the compliant human–robot interaction scenario, which is, however, challenging due to the ever-changing human intentions, input delay, and various disturbances. Even worse, the performances of existing control strategies are limited on account of the compromise between precision and stability. To this end, this paper presents a novel high-performance torque control scheme without compromise. In this scheme, a new nonlinear disturbance observer incorporated with equivalent control concept is proposed, where the faster convergence and stronger anti-noise capability can be obtained simultaneously. Meanwhile, a continuous fractional power control law is designed with an iteration method to address the matched/unmatched disturbance rejection and global finite-time convergence. Moreover, the finite-time stability proof and prescribed control performance are guaranteed using constructed Lyapunov function with adding power integrator technique. Both the simulation and experiments demonstrate enhanced control accuracy, faster convergence rate, perfect disturbance rejection capability, and stronger robustness of the proposed control scheme. Furthermore, the evaluated assistance effects present improved gait patterns and reduced muscle efforts during walking and upstair activity.
Chapter 3: - Understanding, Implementing, and Tracking Urban Metabolism Is Key to Urban Futures
- from Part I - Dynamic Urban Planet
- Edited by Thomas Elmqvist, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Xuemei Bai, Australian National University, Canberra, Niki Frantzeskaki, Corrie Griffith, Arizona State University, David Maddox, Timon McPhearson, New School University, New York, Susan Parnell, University of Cape Town, Patricia Romero-Lankao, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, David Simon, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenberg, Mark Watkins, Arizona State University
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- Urban Planet
- Published online:
- 27 April 2018
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- 26 April 2018, pp 68-91
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In situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction studies of reduction of K2CrO4 and the formation of KxCrOy compounds
- Shu-ting Liang, Hong-ling Zhang, Min-ting Luo, Yu-lan Bai, Hong-bin Xu, Yi Zhang
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- Journal:
- Powder Diffraction / Volume 32 / Issue 3 / September 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 July 2017, pp. 168-174
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In this work, the reduction mechanism of potassium chromate (K2CrO4) was investigated via in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. During the hydrogen reduction of K2CrO4, the formation of K3CrO4, KCrO2, and KxCrO2 were detected for the first time. The study discovered that K2CrO4 was firstly reduced to K3CrO4 and an amorphous Cr(III) intermediate product at low temperature (400–500 °C). Moreover, the K3CrO4 was the only crystalline material at this stage. As the temperature increased, a stabilized amorphous CrOOH was formed. At a high temperature (550–700 °C), KCrO2 was generated. Interestingly, a portion of KCrO2 was spontaneously decomposed during the hydrogen reduction, accompanying by the formation of K0.7CrO2. Finally, the results clearly illustrated the reduction mechanism of K2CrO4: K2CrO4 → K3CrO4 → amorphous intermediate → KCrO2.
Challenges of Treating Adenovirus Infection: Application of a Deployable Rapid-Assembly Shelter Hospital
- Song Bai, Bao-guo Yu, Yong-Zhong Zhang, Hui Ding, Zhou-wei Wu, Bin Fan, Hao-jun Fan, Shi-ke Hou, Feng Chen
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 12 / Issue 1 / February 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 March 2017, pp. 109-114
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This article outlines the evolution of a rescue team in responding to adenovirus prevention with a deployable field hospital. The local governments mobilized a shelter hospital and a rescue team consisting of 59 members to assist with rescue and response efforts after an epidemic outbreak of adenovirus. We describe and evaluate the challenges of preparing for deployment, field hospital maintenance, treatment mode, and primary treatment methods. The field hospital established at the rescue scene consisted of a medical command vehicle, a computed tomography shelter, an X-ray shelter, a special laboratory shelter, an oxygen and electricity supply vehicle, and epidemic prevention and protection equipment. The rescue team comprised paramedics, physicians, X-ray technicians, respiratory therapists, and logistical personnel. In 22 days, more than 3000 patients with suspected adenovirus infection underwent initial examinations. All patients were properly treated, and no deaths occurred. After emergency measures were implemented, the spread of adenovirus was eventually controlled. An emergency involving infectious diseases in less-developed regions demands the rapid development of a field facility with specialized medical personnel when local hospital facilities are either unavailable or unusable. An appropriate and detailed prearranged action plan is important for infectious diseases prevention. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:109–114)
Investigation of poly(l-lactic acid)/graphene oxide composites crystallization and nanopore foaming behaviors via supercritical carbon dioxide low temperature foaming
- Li-Hong Geng, Xiang-Fang Peng, Xin Jing, Leng-Wan Li, An Huang, Bai-Ping Xu, Bin-Yi Chen, Hao-Yang Mi
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- Journal:
- Journal of Materials Research / Volume 31 / Issue 3 / 15 February 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2016, pp. 348-359
- Print publication:
- 15 February 2016
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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites were prepared by solution mixing. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that GO was an effective nucleating agent. The size of spherulites decreased, the density of spherulites increased with increasing GO and the crystallinity of PLA increased from 4.34 to 49.01%. For isothermal crystallization, the crystallization rates of PLA/GO nanocomposites were significantly higher than that of neat PLA, in which t 0.5 reduced from 9.0 to 2.8. Spindle-like nanopores (about 100–200 nm) that arranged like spherulites were prepared by low temperature foaming. It was found that the crystallization rate increase and spherulite morphology change were insignificant when the content of GO exceeded 0.5 wt%, because the excessive GO increased the number of nucleation sites while restricting the PLA crystal growth. Thus, the arrangement of nanopores did not mimick the spherulites because of imperfect crystal morphology.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Ion jet generation in the ultraintense laser interactions with rear-side concave target
- Bin Liu, Hua Zhang, Li-Bin Fu, Yu-Qiu Gu, Bao-Han Zhang, Ming-Ping Liu, Bai-Song Xie, Jie Liu, Xian-Tu He
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- Journal:
- Laser and Particle Beams / Volume 28 / Issue 2 / June 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 June 2010, pp. 351-359
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In this paper, the ion jet generation from the interaction of an ultraintense laser pulse and a rear-side concave target is investigated analytically using a simple fluid model. We find that the ion expanding surface at the rear-side is distorted due to a strong charge-separation field, and that this distortion becomes dramatic with a singular cusp shown on the central axis at a critical time. The variation of the transverse ion velocity and the relative ion density diverge on the cusp, signaling the emergence of an on-axis ion jet. We have obtained analytical expressions for the critical time and the maximum velocity of the ion jet, and suggested an optimum shape for generating a collimated energetic ion jet. The above theoretical analysis has been verified by particle-in-cell (PIC) numerical simulations.
Research progress in techniques for detecting genetically modified organisms
- Xu Wen-Tao, Bai Wei-Bin, Luo Yun-Bo, Yuan Yan-Fang, Huang Kun-Lun
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- Journal:
- Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology / Volume 6 / Issue 1 / April 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 April 2009, pp. 1-9
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- April 2009
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The techniques used to detect genetically modified organisms (GMO), including qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and many others, are systematically described and discussed. The application progress of GMO in species-specific detection, endogenous genes, standard substances and restraining factors influencing detection are reviewed. The ongoing problems and development prospects of detection techniques of GMO are also pointed out.
Graphitization-induced microstructural changes in tetrahydrofuran-derived pyrolytic carbon spheres
- Bin Zhang, Shuo Bai, Hui-Ming Cheng, Qing-Kui Cai
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- Journal:
- Journal of Materials Research / Volume 21 / Issue 9 / September 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 March 2011, pp. 2198-2203
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- September 2006
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This article is a study of monodispersed, submeter-sized solid carbon spheres having smooth surfaces and almost perfectly round shapes. These spheres were synthesized by pyrolysis of tetrahydrofuran in the absence of a catalyst. Microstructures of carbon spheres before and after graphitization were systematically investigated using electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and x-ray diffraction. The sphere is believed to consist of an underdeveloped spiral-shell core and a surface with discrete fragments of concentrically arranged graphene layers. Under lower temperature heat treatment, the underdeveloped spiral-shell structure changes to a well-developed spiral-shell structure. After graphitization, the spiral-shell core is shown to transform into continuous and closed polyhedral secondary shells, whereas the exterior discrete fragments of graphene sheets transform into discontinuous polyhedral surface shells. The mechanisms of these microstructural changes are discussed.
Vacancy Mobility in Nickel Aluminide Versus Composition
- Bin Bai, Jiawen Fan, Gary S. Collins
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 527 / 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 203
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- 1998
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The fractional concentration of Ni-vacancies in NiAl at high temperature has been determined for compositions between 50 and 53 at.% Ni from measurements using perturbed angular correlation of gamma rays (PAC). The vacancies were detected by quadrupole interactions induced at nearby 111In/Cd impurity probes present on the Al sublattice in high dilution. One set of measurements was made at high temperature. A second set made after rapid quenching exhibited an enhancement of Ni-vacancy site fractions that is attributed to diffusion and trapping of vacancies during quenching. The composition dependence of the enhancement was analyzed assuming that the enhancement is proportional to the root-mean-square diffusion length during quenching. The experimental dependence on composition is found to be consistent with bulk diffusion data. The methodology developed clarifies how local environments of impurity probes are modified during rapid quenching. In addition, it is shown that there is an enormous increase in the mobility of vacancies with increasing deviation of the composition from stoichiometry. Diffusion mechanisms that can explain the data trends are discussed.
Equilibrium Defects and Concentrations in Nickel Aluminide
- Bin Bai, Gary S. Collins
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 552 / 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, KK8.7.1
- Print publication:
- 1998
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Perturbed angular correlation of gamma rays was applied to determine properties of equilibrium defects in B2 NiAl near the stoichiometric composition. Point defects were detected through quadrupole interactions they induce at In probe atoms on the Al sublattice. Well-resolved signals were observed for probe atoms having zero, one or two Ni-vacancies (VNi) in the first neighbor shell. The fractions of probes in different sites are analyzed using a thermodynamic model to determine defect properties as follows. The equilibrium high-temperature defect is determined to be the triple defect combination (two VNi and one Ni-antisite atom) through the variation of the vacancy concentration with composition and not, for example, the Schottky vacancy pair. The binding enthalpy of VNi with a probe atom was determined to be in the range 0.18–0.24 eV. Site fractions were measured for three samples having 50.03, 50.14 and 50.91 at.% Ni at temperatures up to 1300 C. Vacancy concentrations were deduced from the site fractions and binding enthalpy. The equilibrium constant for formation of the triple defect was determined as a function of temperature from the vacancy concentrations and sample compositions. The formation enthalpy was found to be in the range 1.65–1.83 eV, depending on the binding enthalpy. The formation entropy was found to be -3.2(4) kB. The large, negative value of the formation entropy probably cannot be explained in terms of a binding entropy, and we speculate that triple defects harden the B2 lattice, perhaps by disrupting the well-known 1/3 <111> ‘soft mode’ lattice instability in B2 and bcc materials.
Stochastic Vacancy Motion in B2 Intermetallics Detected by PAC
- Bin Bai, Gary S. Collins, Harmen Thys Nieuwenhuis, Mingzhong Wei, William E. Evenson
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 527 / 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 209
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- 1998
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Using perturbed angular correlation of gamma rays (PAC), nuclear relaxation has been detected at high temperature in highly ordered B2 intermetallics that is attributed to stochastic motion of vacancies near 111In/Cd probe atoms. The relaxation is of quadrupole interaction signals due to transition-metal vacancies in the first atomic shells of the probes. Possible relaxation mechanisms are reorientation of the vacancy with respect to the probe, detrapping of the vacancy, or trapping of a second vacancy. The relaxation reaches values of 10 MHz at temperatures of 1500K, 1200 K and 1170 K, respectively, for NiAI, FeAl and PdIn. For NiAl and FeAI, the onset of relaxation is abrupt, suggesting an activation enthalpy for the associated vacancy motion of several electron-volts. For PdIn, the relaxation has an activation enthalpy of 1.00(19) eV, a value significantly lower than might be expected naively on the basis of diffusion data. This difference gives insight into vacancy motion and diffusion mechanisms in PdIn.