13 results
P57: The ENGAGED study: dementia prevention co-design for people living with depression
- Eleanor Curran, Victoria Palmer, Charles Abraham, Terence W.H. Chong, Tom Rego, Kali Godbee, Barry Baulch, Sabah Khalid, Robyn Garlick, Nicola Lautenschlager
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 35 / Issue S1 / December 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 February 2024, pp. 116-117
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Background:
People living with depression are at increased risk of poor health outcomes, including dementia. Interventions to reduce dementia risk (dementia risk reduction (DRR)), include physical activity, diet and vascular health interventions. These can also benefit depressive symptoms and broader health, making DRR an important part of holistic mental health care for depression. However, enabling engagement and adherence, and embedding interventions in mental health clinician practice are ongoing challenges that limit the impact of interventions and implementation in clinical practice. Improved intervention tailoring and new approaches to intervention design and implementation are urgently needed. Co-design approaches have been shown to improve engagement and the impact of complex interventions in diverse fields, but have not previously been used in DRR.
Objective:The ENGAGED study will examine DRR intervention needs specifically for people living with depression, then co-design a tailored DRR intervention for use in mental health clinical settings.
Methods:The study will adapt a co-design model for mental health settings that emphasizes lived-expertise, and incorporate processes and evidence from behavioral science. Participants will include middle-aged and older people living with depression, and mental health clinicians.
Semi-structured interviews with both participant groups will examine unmet intervention needs. Illuminated shared experiences and themes will be explored further through focus group discussions to develop consensus intervention priorities. They will also be analyzed to produce a contextualized model of relevant behavior change. Participants and researchers will then work together to co-design intervention components and refine prototypes. Finally, mixed methods survey will evaluate the co- design process and participant experiences.
Results:This study will provide two key outputs to enhance future intervention tailoring and engagement:
1. 1) a pragmatic blueprint for DRR intervention with people experiencing depression across diverse mental health clinical settings, ready for evaluation and implementation
2. 2) a model of DRR behavior change that is specified to this population.
Conclusion:This research addresses the need for new approaches to tailored, integrated mental, physical and cognitive healthcare for people living with depression that emphasize stakeholder expertise and engagement to facilitate holistic support.
Analysis of agro-morphological variability and inter-trait relationships in Ghanaian groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) accessions
- Richard Adu Amoah, Charles Nelimor, Bright Adu Gymafi, Richard Boampong, Collins Yeboah Osei, Abraham Yeboah, Victoria Sackey, Eric Osafo Ansah, Samuel Awuah, Abednego Opoku Mensah, Yaw Kwateng, Lawrence Misa Aboagye
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- Journal:
- Plant Genetic Resources / Volume 21 / Issue 5 / October 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 2023, pp. 471-479
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Germplasm characterization and evaluation are essential for the genetic improvement of crops. In this study, a collection of 204 groundnut accessions including 13 checks held by Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Ghana were evaluated under optimal conditions for 2 years. The objectives were to characterize the groundnut collection using 18 qualitative and 14 quantitative traits and to determine the relationships between the traits. Combined analysis of variance based on augmented design revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the accessions for majority of the traits. Results of principal component analysis showed that all the quantitative traits were relevant in discriminating the accessions. Primary seed colour was the most diverse qualitative trait based on Shannon diversity index (n = 0.77). Frequency distribution analysis showed predominance of decumbent growth habit and pale tan seeds. Cluster analysis using qualitative traits identified five major groups of accessions and three each based on quantitative traits and joint analysis of quantitative and qualitative traits. Number of main branches (NMB) and pod width (PW) appeared the most important traits with positive contribution to yield based on correlation and path coefficient analysis. Ten promising trait-specific accessions were identified for earliness along with desirable pod and seed traits. GH 9672 and GH 9665 were identified as promising for higher grain and fodder yield. Five accessions (GH 9833, GH 9829, GH 9830, GH 9835 and GH 9750) produced ~5–30% more grain yield than the best check. This study underscored ample phenotypic variation that would ultimately be exploited for genetic improvement of groundnut.
14 - Quasi-Experimental Research
- from Part III - Data Collection
- Edited by Austin Lee Nichols, Central European University, Vienna, John Edlund, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
- Published online:
- 25 May 2023
- Print publication:
- 08 June 2023, pp 292-313
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Summary
In this chapter, we discuss the logic and practice of quasi-experimentation. Specifically, we describe four quasi-experimental designs – one-group pretest–posttest designs, non-equivalent group designs, regression discontinuity designs, and interrupted time-series designs – and their statistical analyses in detail. Both simple quasi-experimental designs and embellishments of these simple designs are presented. Potential threats to internal validity are illustrated along with means of addressing their potentially biasing effects so that these effects can be minimized. In contrast to quasi-experiments, randomized experiments are often thought to be the gold standard when estimating the effects of treatment interventions. However, circumstances frequently arise where quasi-experiments can usefully supplement randomized experiments or when quasi-experiments can fruitfully be used in place of randomized experiments. Researchers need to appreciate the relative strengths and weaknesses of the various quasi-experiments so they can choose among pre-specified designs or craft their own unique quasi-experiments.
Practice Variation between Salaried and Fee-for-Service Surgeons for Lumbar Surgery
- Daniel Banaszek, Greg McIntosh, Raphaële Charest-Morin, Edward Abraham, Neil Manson, Michael G. Johnson, Christopher S. Bailey, Y Raja Rampersaud, R Andrew Glennie, Jerome Paquet, Andrew Nataraj, Michael H. Weber, Sean Christie, Najmedden Attabib, Alex Soroceanu, Adrienne Kelly, Hamilton Hall, Ken Thomas, Charles Fisher, Nicolas Dea
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 50 / Issue 4 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 June 2022, pp. 604-611
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Objective:
To examine differences in surgical practices between salaried and fee-for-service (FFS) surgeons for two common degenerative spine conditions. Surgeons may offer different treatments for similar conditions on the basis of their compensation mechanism.
Methods:The study assessed the practices of 63 spine surgeons across eight Canadian provinces (39 FFS surgeons and 24 salaried) who performed surgery for two lumbar conditions: stable spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis. The study included a multicenter, ambispective review of consecutive spine surgery patients enrolled in the Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network registry between October 2012 and July 2018. The primary outcome was the difference in type of procedures performed between the two groups. Secondary study variables included surgical characteristics, baseline patient factors, and patient-reported outcome.
Results:For stable spinal stenosis (n = 2234), salaried surgeons performed statistically fewer uninstrumented fusion (p < 0.05) than FFS surgeons. For degenerative spondylolisthesis (n = 1292), salaried surgeons performed significantly more instrumentation plus interbody fusions (p < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in patient-reported outcomes between the two groups.
Conclusions:Surgeon compensation was associated with different approaches to stable lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Salaried surgeons chose a more conservative approach to spinal stenosis and a more aggressive approach to degenerative spondylolisthesis, which highlights that remuneration is likely a minor determinant in the differences in practice of spinal surgery in Canada. Further research is needed to further elucidate which variables, other than patient demographics and financial incentives, influence surgical decision-making.
The South African Experience: Litigating Remedies
- Charles ABRAHAMS
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- Journal:
- Business and Human Rights Journal / Volume 6 / Issue 2 / June 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 June 2021, pp. 270-278
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Many transnational corporations (TNCs) that conducted business in South Africa during apartheid had deemed it profitable and desirable, despite the country’s systemic human rights violations against its majority black population. In the aftermath of the 1960 Sharpeville Massacre and 1976 student uprising, various United Nations and other international resolutions condemned TNCs for their incestuous relationship with apartheid South Africa and called for international sanctions against the regime. The demise of apartheid in 1994 brought about a new democratic, constitutional dispensation based on respect for human rights. However, attempts at holding TNCs liable for aiding and abetting the apartheid regime were fraught with obstacles and proved unsuccessful. Yet, the pursuit of strategic, class action litigation in areas as diverse as collusive conduct in bread manufacturing to occupational lung disease in South Africa’s goldmining industry have proven to be more successful in developing legal remedies against corporate harm. Areas impacted are extended legal standing under the common law, development of new causes of action and generous application of contingence fees arrangement.
435 - Perspectives of the general public on dementia risk reduction (DRR) and implications for implementation: a qualitative evidence synthesis
- Eleanor Curran, Kali Godbee, Terence W.H. Chong, Charles Abraham, Nicola T. Lautenschlager, Victoria J. Palmer
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 32 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 November 2020, pp. 152-153
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There is limited understanding of which factors most influence take-up of DRR behaviour in the general population. This evidence gap may limit the effectiveness of DRR implementation and, hence, impede translation of increasing evidence for DRR1 into real-world public health benefits.
Reviews of quantitative studies have identified poor knowledge and persistence of myths about ageing2,3 as important. However, these findings are limited by the scope of included questionnaires.
Qualitative literature reporting the perspectives of the general public offers an opportunity to increase this understanding. Qualitative studies can examine poorly understood phenomena in greater depth and with fewer a priori assumptions. Qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) is increasingly recognised as valuable, particularly in relation to complex interventions like DRR.
We will present a QES regarding the perspectives of dementia- free members of the general public towards DRR. Searches indicate that no QES for this topic currently exists.
Systematic searches of Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and CINAHL for studies published since 1995 that have used qualitative methods to explore DRR perspectives in the general public were undertaken, supplemented by hand searches of included studies’ reference lists. Following independent screening by two reviewers, 41 publications based on 37 individual studies meeting inclusion criteria have been identified.
Data will be analysed using thematic synthesis, as outlined by Thomas and Harden (2008)4 and recommended for QES regarding complex health interventions5. ‘Line-by-line’ inductive coding and development of descriptive themes across studies will produce a summary of the perspectives of the general public for DRR. A conceptual framework explaining the relationships between key themes and considering the implications for implementation will be proposed.
The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool will be used to appraise included studies. Rather than imposing an arbitrary quality cut-off point for inclusion, sensitivity analyses will be used to examine the influence of lower quality studies on review findings. Finally, the Confidence in the Evidence from Qualitative Reviews (CERQual) approach will facilitate assessment of confidence in review findings to aid future use. Data extraction is ongoing.
Findings from this synthesis will support better targeted quantitative examination of DRR implementation determinants and more strategic intervention design.
1. World Health Organisation. Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia: WHO guidelines. World Health Organisation. 2019. Geneva. Licence CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
2. Cahill, S., Pierce, M., Werner, P., Darley, A., Bobersky, A. A systematic review of the public’s knowledge and understanding of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Alz Dis Assoc Disord. 2015; 29:255-275
3. Cations, M., Radisic, G., Crotty, M., Laver, K.E. What does the general public understand about prevention and treatment of dementia? A systematic review of population-based surveys. PLoS One. 2018, 13(4):e0196085
4. Thomas, J. and Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews, BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2008 July; 8:45. doi 10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
5. Noyes, J., Booth, A., Cargo, M., et al. (2018). Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series – paper 1: introduction. J of Clin Epidemiol. 2018; 97:35-38
19 - Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Behavior Change Interventions: A Ten-Task Guide
- from Part II - Methods and Processes of Behavior Change: Intervention Development, Application, and Translation
- Edited by Martin S. Hagger, Linda D. Cameron, Kyra Hamilton, Griffith University, Nelli Hankonen, University of Helsinki, Taru Lintunen, University of Jyväskylä
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- Book:
- The Handbook of Behavior Change
- Published online:
- 04 July 2020
- Print publication:
- 23 July 2020, pp 269-284
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Summary
This chapter presents a generic, ten-task plan for collaboratively developing, testing, refining, and implementing behavior change interventions. Even carefully designed, expensive interventions can prove ineffective if designers make incorrect assumptions about (1) how a behavior pattern is generated and regulated; (2) how participants or organizations are likely to respond; or (3) how novel personal, interpersonal, or organizational practices can be sustained in situ or over time. Interventionists can be misdirected by assuming that recipients are motivated to change or that motivation is sufficient to evoke change, or that they are choosing reflectively to repeat behavior patterns or that they make choices in an influence-free environment or have just a few everyday life goals. Reliance on any of these assumptions, or the application of simple rules such as educate them, promise rewards, or threaten them, can undermine intervention design from the outset. Interventionists can be effective when they cocreate bespoke, tailored, mechanism-based, interventions that are engaging, rewarding, and sustainable in context. Detailed analyses of mechanism and change processes combined with evidence-based, context-tailored collaborative design is a prerequisite. Success needs to be demonstrable in less expensive efficacy evaluations before investing in large-scale effectiveness trials that provide the evidence base for scaled-up implementation.
Feasibility and acceptability of a Takeaway Masterclass aimed at encouraging healthier cooking practices and menu options in takeaway food outlets
- Frances Hillier-Brown, Scott Lloyd, Louise Muhammad, Carolyn Summerbell, Louis Goffe, Natalie Hildred, Jean Adams, Linda Penn, Wendy Wrieden, Martin White, Amelia Lake, Helen Moore, Charles Abraham, Ashley Adamson, Vera Araújo-Soares
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 22 / Issue 12 / August 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 May 2019, pp. 2268-2278
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Objective:
To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the Takeaway Masterclass, a three-hour training session delivered to staff of independent takeaway food outlets that promoted healthy cooking practices and menu options.
Design:A mixed-methods study design. All participating food outlets provided progress feedback at 6 weeks post-intervention. Baseline and 6-week post-intervention observational and self-reported data were collected in half of participating takeaway food outlets.
Setting:North East England.
Participants:Independent takeaway food outlet owners and managers.
Results:Staff from eighteen (10 % of invited) takeaway food outlets attended the training; attendance did not appear to be associated with the level of deprivation of food outlet location. Changes made by staff that required minimal effort or cost to the business were the most likely to be implemented and sustained. Less popular changes included using products that are difficult (or expensive) to source from suppliers, or changes perceived to be unpopular with customers.
Conclusion:The Takeaway Masterclass appears to be a feasible and acceptable intervention for improving cooking practices and menu options in takeaway food outlets for those who attended the training. Further work is required to increase participation and retention and explore effectiveness, paying particular attention to minimising adverse inequality effects.
three - Intervention design and evaluation: behaviour change imperatives
- Edited by Fiona Spotswood, University of the West of England
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- Book:
- Beyond Behaviour Change
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 26 February 2016, pp 49-70
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Summary
Introduction
Our behaviour has a substantial impact on our health. In this chapter, we focus on how behaviour patterns can be changed to prevent and manage illness and promote wellbeing and on how we can identify effective and useful behaviour change interventions. Behaviour patterns that influence health and wellbeing have become topical as evidence accumulates regarding the impact of smoking, alcohol consumption, overeating and sedentary lifestyles on population health and the cost of health services. For example, in England, 64% of the population is overweight or obese, with 25% classified as obese (Public Health England, 2012). By 2050 60% of men, 50% of women and 25% of children are predicted to be obese, having a substantial impact on people's physical and psychological wellbeing (Kushner and Foster, 2000), as well as costing an additional £45.5 billion per year (Butland et al, 2007). Unsurprisingly then, a review of the UK NHS (Wanless, 2002) concluded that national health services would only remain affordable if the population became more engaged in their own healthcare. These concerns have also raised the issue of rationing public health services on the grounds that some interventions may only be effective for those leading ‘healthy’ lifestyles. For example, are hip replacements less effective for obese people? Despite a lack of evidence that this may be the case (Judge et al, 2014) such concerns are having an impact on health services.
Nonetheless, there is clear evidence that key behaviour patterns damage health and decrease longevity. More than 40 years ago, the Alameda County study of health-related behaviour patterns followed 7,000 people over 10 years and showed that amount of sleep, exercise patterns, alcohol consumption, and eating habits predicted mortality (Belloc and Breslow, 1972). Similarly, following 4,886 individuals, Kvaavik et al (2010) found that those who smoked, consumed less than three portions of fruit and vegetables daily, did less than two hours physical activity per week and consumed more than 14 units of alcohol had an all-cause mortality risk equivalent to being 12 years older than those that did none of the above.
Fortunately, interventions to change behaviour can be effective. Reductions in smoking and unsafe sexual behaviour, increases in physical activity, healthy diets, self-care and health screening have all been observed following particular interventions (for example, Greaves et al, 2011; Denford et al, 2013).
‘Thinking you're old and frail’: a qualitative study of frailty in older adults
- KRYSTAL WARMOTH, IAIN A. LANG, CASSANDRA PHOENIX, CHARLES ABRAHAM, MELISSA K. ANDREW, RUTH E. HUBBARD, MARK TARRANT
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- Journal:
- Ageing & Society / Volume 36 / Issue 7 / August 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 June 2015, pp. 1483-1500
- Print publication:
- August 2016
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Many older adults experience what is clinically recognised as frailty but little is known about the perceptions of, and attitudes regarding, being frail. This qualitative study explored adults' perceptions of frailty and their beliefs concerning its progression and consequences. Twenty-nine participants aged 66–98 with varying degrees of frailty, residing either in their homes or institutional settings, participated in semi-structured interviews. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using a Grounded Theory approach. Self-identifying as ‘frail’ was perceived by participants to be strongly related to their own levels of health and engagement in social and physical activity. Being labelled by others as ‘old and frail’ contributed to the development of a frailty identity by encouraging attitudinal and behavioural confirmation of it, including a loss of interest in participating in social and physical activities, poor physical health and increased stigmatisation. Using both individual and social context, different strategies were used to resist self-identification. The study provides insights into older adults' perceptions and attitudes regarding frailty, including the development of a frailty identity and its relationship with activity levels and health. The implications of these findings for future research and practice are discussed.
Contributors
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- By Giustino Albanese, Andrew Amaranto, Brandon H. Backlund, Alexander Baxter, Abraham Berger, Mark Bernstein, Marian E. Betz, Omar Bholat, Suzanne Bigelow, Carl Bonnett, Elizabeth Borock, Christopher B. Colwell, Alasdair Conn, Moira Davenport, David Dreitlein, Aaron Eberhardt, Ugo A. Ezenkwele, Diana Felton, Spiros G. Frangos, John E. Frank, Jonathan S. Gates, Lewis Goldfrank, Pinchas Halpern, Jean Hammel, Kristin E. Harkin, Jason S. Haukoos, E. Parker Hays, Aaron Hexdall, James F. Holmes, Debra Houry, Jennifer Isenhour, Andy Jagoda, John L. Kendall, Erica Kreisman, Nancy Kwon, Eric Legome, Matthew R. Levine, Phillip D. Levy, Charles Little, Marion Machado, Heather Mahoney, Vincent J. Markovchick, Nancy Martin, John Marx, Julie Mayglothling, Ron Medzon, Maurizio A. Miglietta, Elizabeth L. Mitchell, Ernest Moore, Maria E. Moreira, Sassan Naderi, Salvatore Pardo, Sajan Patel, David Peak, Christine Preblick, Niels K. Rathlev, Charles Ray, Phillip L. Rice, Carlo L. Rosen, Peter Rosen, Livia Santiago-Rosado, Tamara A. Scerpella, David Schwartz, Fred Severyn, Kaushal Shah, Lee W. Shockley, Mari Siegel, Matthew Simons, Michael Stern, D. Matthew Sullivan, Carrie D. Tibbles, Knox H. Todd, Shawn Ulrich, Neil Waldman, Kurt Whitaker, Stephen J. Wolf, Daniel Zlogar
- Edited by Eric Legome, Lee W. Shockley
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- Book:
- Trauma
- Published online:
- 07 September 2011
- Print publication:
- 16 June 2011, pp ix-xiv
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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The health belief model
- from Psychology, health and illness
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- By Charles Abraham, University of Sussex, Paschal Sheeran, University of Sheffield
- Edited by Susan Ayers, University of Sussex, Andrew Baum, University of Pittsburgh, Chris McManus, Stanton Newman, Kenneth Wallston, John Weinman, Robert West
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- Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine
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- 18 December 2014
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- 23 August 2007, pp 97-102
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Summary
Development of the health belief model (HBM)
In the 1950s US public health researchers began developing psychological models designed to enhance the effectiveness of health education programmes (Hochbaum, 1958). Demographic factors such as socio-economic status, gender, ethnicity and age were known to be associated with preventive health behaviours and use of health services (Rosenstock, 1974), but these factors could not be modified through health education. Thus the challenge was to develop effective health education targeting modifiable, individual characteristics that predicted preventive health behaviour and service usage.
Beliefs provided an ideal target because they are enduring individual characteristics which influence behaviour and are potentially modifiable. Beliefs may also reflect different socialization histories arising from demographic differences while, at the same time, differentiating between individuals from the same background. If persuasive methods could be used to change beliefs associated with health behaviours and such interventions resulted in health behaviour change then this would provide a theory-based technology of health education.
An expectancy–value model was developed in which events believed to be more or less likely were seen to be positively or negatively evaluated by the individual. In particular, the likelihood of experiencing a health problem, the severity of the consequences of that problem, the perceived benefits of any particular health behaviour and its potential costs were seen as core beliefs guiding health behaviour (see ‘Expectations and health’).
Rosenstock (1974) attributed the first health belief model (HBM) research to Hochbaum's (1958) studies of the uptake of tuberculosis X-ray screening.