16 results
Are bipolar I depressive patients less responsive to treatment with antidepressants than unipolar depressive patients? Results from a case control study
- R. Bottlender, D. Rudolf, M. Jäger, A. Strauss, H.-J. Möller
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 17 / Issue 4 / July 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, pp. 200-205
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The increasing evidence that bipolar and unipolar affective disorders have different biological etiologies and courses of illness has been associated with an intensifying interest in specific treatment regimens for both disorders during the last decade. In this context, the question arose whether antidepressants exert similar efficacy in the acute treatment of bipolar compared to unipolar depression. Although the clinical impression does not indicate substantial differences in the efficacy of antidepressants between these groups of patients, empirical databases concerning this topic are rare. The present study compared the efficacy of antidepressants in 50 unipolar and 50 bipolar depressed inpatients (ICD-9 criteria) under naturalistic treatment conditions. Both groups of patients were mahed for age, gender and duration of illness. Clinical assessments of status at the time of admission and at discharge were used to rate response to antidepressant treatment. Analyses of the data revealed that both groups of patients needed the same time for treatment response and did not show any significant differences in ouome measures at discharge. These findings do not concur with the hypothesis formulated by some experts in the field of affective disorders that antidepressants are less effective in the acute treatment of bipolar depressed patients compared to unipolar depressed patients.
Catatony in Graves' disease
- J Rudolf, M Grond, M Neveling, W-D Heiss
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 13 / Issue 8 / December 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, pp. 419-420
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We report a 27-year-old female patient with prior history of Graves' disease and relapsing episodes of tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, muscular rigidity and coma. With the subsequent manifestation of an acute schizophreniform psychotic disorder unresponsive to neuroleptics, the primary syndrome was re-classified as febrile catatony. Hyperthyroidism was ruled out with normal serum thyroid hormone levels, as were toxic effects of thyrostatic treatment, drug-induced hypothyroidism and a malignant neuroleptic syndrome. All psychiatric symptoms subsided completely following subtotal thyroidectomy. Febrile catatatony has to be added to the spectrum of psychotic phenomena that may be caused by Graves' disease, irrespective of serum thyroid hormone levels.
Health-related quality of life for children and adolescents in school age with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a single-centre study
- Raphael D. Oberhuber, Sonja Huemer, Rudolf Mair, Eva Sames-Dolzer, Michaela Kreuzer, Gerald Tulzer
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- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 30 / Issue 4 / April 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2020, pp. 539-548
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Data from neurological and radiological research show an abnormal neurological development in patients treated for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Thus, the aim of this study was to survey the quality of life scores in comparison with healthy children and children with other heart diseases (mild, moderate, and severe heart defects, heart defects in total). Children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (aged 6.3–16.9 years) under compulsory education requirements, who were treated at the Children’s Heart Center Linz between 1997 and 2009 (n = 74), were surveyed. Totally, 41 children and 44 parents were examined prospectively by psychologists according to Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, a health-related quality of life measurement. The results of the self-assessments of health-related quality of life on a scale of 1–100 showed a wide range, from a minimum of 5.00 (social functioning) to a maximum of 100 (physical health-related summary scores, emotional functioning, school functioning), with a total score of 98.44. The parents’ assessments (proxy) were quite similar, showing a range from 10 (social functioning) up to 100. Adolescent hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients rated themselves on the same level as healthy youths and youths with different heart diseases. The results show that patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome aged 6–16 years can be successfully supported and assisted in their psychosocial development even if they show low varying physical and psychosocial parameters. The finding that adolescent hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients estimated themselves similar to healthy individuals suggests that they learnt to cope with a severe heart defect.
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- By Marino Baldi, Yas Banifatemi, Andrea K. Bjorklund, Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Tomer Broude, Rudolf Dolzer, Roberto Echandi, Michael Ewing-Chow, Mary E. Footer, Susan D. Franck, Rainer Geiger, Stephen Gelb, Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Anna Joubin-Bret, Barton Legum, Tobias A. Lehmann, Céline Lévesque, Inna Manassyan, Sébastien Miroudot, Theodore H. Moran, Peter Muchlinski, Ioana Petculescu, Alexandros Ragoussis, August Reinisch, Pierre Sauvé, Christoph Schreuer, Lauge N. Skovgaard Poulsen, Debra P. Steger, Margrete Stevens, Christian Tietje, Anne Van Aaken, James Zhan
- Edited by Roberto Echandi, The World Bank, Pierre Sauvé
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- Prospects in International Investment Law and Policy
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
- Print publication:
- 18 April 2013, pp xi-xiv
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Neural and metabolic regulation of macronutrient intake and selection
- Hans-Rudolf Berthoud, Heike Münzberg, Brenda K. Richards, Christopher D. Morrison
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- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 71 / Issue 3 / August 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 May 2012, pp. 390-400
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There is considerable disagreement regarding what constitutes a healthy diet. Ever since the influential work of Cannon and Richter, it was debated whether the ‘wisdom of the body’ will automatically direct us to the foods we need for healthy lives or whether we must carefully learn to eat the right foods, particularly in an environment of plenty. Although it is clear that strong mechanisms have evolved to prevent consumption of foods that have previously made us sick, it is less clear whether reciprocal mechanisms exist that reinforce the consumption of healthy diets. Here, we review recent progress in providing behavioural evidence for the regulation of intake and selection of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. We examine new developments in sensory physiology enabling recognition of macronutrients both pre- and post-ingestively. Finally, we propose a general model for central neural processing of nutrient-specific appetites. We suggest that the same basic neural circuitry responsible for the homoeostatic regulation of total energy intake is also used to control consumption of specific macro- and micronutrients. Similar to salt appetite, specific appetites for other micro- and macronutrients may be encoded by unique molecular changes in the hypothalamus. Gratification of such specific appetites is then accomplished by engaging the brain motivational system to assign the highest reward prediction to exteroceptive cues previously associated with consuming the missing ingredient. A better understanding of these nutrient-specific neural processes could help design drugs and behavioural strategies that promote healthier eating.
Relative impact of maternal depression and associated risk factors on offspring psychopathology
- Edward D. Barker, William Copeland, Barbara Maughan, Sara R. Jaffee, Rudolf Uher
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 200 / Issue 2 / February 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 124-129
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- February 2012
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Background
In general, mothers with depression experience more environmental and family risk factors, and lead riskier lifestyles, than mothers who are not depressed.
AimsTo test whether the exposure of a child to risk factors associated with mental health adds to the prediction of child psychopathology beyond exposure to maternal depression.
MethodIn 7429 mother–offspring pairs participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the UK, maternal depression was assessed when the children were aged 1.5 years; multiple risk factor exposures were examined between birth and 2 years of age; and DSM-IV-based externalising and internalising diagnoses were evaluated when the children were 7.5 years of age.
ResultsChildren of clinically depressed mothers were exposed to more risk factors associated with maternal mental health. Maternal depression increased diagnoses of externalising and internalising disorders, but a substantial portion of these associations was explained by increased risk factor exposure (41% for externalising and 37% for internalising disorders). At the same time, these risk exposures significantly increased the odds of both externalising and internalising diagnoses, over and above the influence of maternal depression.
ConclusionsChildren of clinically depressed mothers are exposed to both maternal psychopathology and risks that are associated with maternal mental health. These results may explain why treating mothers with depression shows beneficial effects for children, but does not completely neutralise the increased risk of psychopathology and impairment.
Magnetite microspheric particles from bright bolide of EN171101, exploded above the Trans-Carpathians mountains on Nov. 17, 2001
- Klim I. Churyumov, Rudolf Ya. Belevtsev, Emlen V. Sobotovich, Svitlana D. Spivak, Volodymyr I. Blazhko, Volodymyr I. Solonenko
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 5 / Issue S263 / August 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 April 2010, pp. 244-245
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- August 2009
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In 2007-2008 the authors found many magnetite microspheric particles in ground samples at the Trans-Carpathians mountains near the village of Tur'yi Remety. Their diameters are of 0.1 - 0.3 mm and they have Ni, Co and Cr as chemical composition. We think that these particles are part of the bright bolide of EN171101 which exploded above Trans-Carpathians mountains on Nov. 17, 2001.
The complexity of Dyson Telescopes
- Edited by Michael H. Albert, University of Otago, New Zealand, Richard J. Nowakowski, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia
- Mathematical Sciences Research Institute
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- Games of No Chance 3
- Published online:
- 28 February 2011
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- 29 May 2009, pp 271-286
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Summary
Abstract. We give a PSPACE-completeness reduction from QBF (quantified Boolean formulas) to the Dyson Telescopes puzzle where opposing telescopes can overlap in at least two spaces. The reduction does not use tail ends of telescopes or initially partially extended telescopes. If two opposing telescopes can overlap in at most one space, we can solve the puzzle in polynomial time by a reduction to graph reachability.
Introduction
The complexity of many motion-planning problems has been studied extensively in the literature. This work has recently focused on very simple combinatorial puzzles (one-player games) that nonetheless exhibit the theoretical difficulty of general motion planning; see, e.g.,. Two main examples of this pursuit are a suite of pushing-block puzzles, culminating in, and a suite of problems involving sliding-block puzzles. In pushing-block puzzles, an agent must navigate an environment and push blocks in order to reach a goal configuration, while avoiding collisions. The variations of pushing blocks began with several versions that appeared in video games (the most classic being Sokoban), and continued to consider simpler and simpler puzzles with the goal of finding a polynomially solvable puzzle. Nonetheless, all reasonable pushing-block puzzles turned out to be NP-hard, and many turned out to be PSPACE-complete, with no problems known to be in NP, except in one trivial case where solution paths are forced to be short. Similarly, sliding-block puzzles are usually PSPACE-complete, even in very simple models.
4 - Quantitative Models for Armament Escalation and Negotiations
- Edited by I. William Zartman, The Johns Hopkins University, Guy Olivier Faure, Université de Paris V
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- Escalation and Negotiation in International Conflicts
- Published online:
- 10 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 08 December 2005, pp 81-110
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Summary
Introduction
Any inquiry into escalation and negotiation in an international context must pay special attention to arms races and their inherent tendency to escalate. Since these phenomena deal with quantities – numbers of ballistic missiles, aircraft, tanks, troops, etc. – it is natural that their scientific treatment includes quantitative analysis. On the other hand, arms races and escalation depend fundamentally on international negotiations, and international relations in general, so that the qualitative methodological tools of political science are also appropriate. The published literature on international negotiation and escalation contains considerable quantitative work on arms races as such, but little quantitative work on negotiations about such races. Thus, it is not surprising that very little quantitative work addresses both subjects at the same time. It is the purpose of this chapter to develop some new ideas on this and to identify directions for future research.
Richardson (1939, 1960) was the first to describe arms races quantitatively and phenomenologically using a system of coupled linear differential equations. His work was brought to a wider audience by the well-known review article of Rapoport and Lewis (1957), which unleashed a veritable avalanche of arms-race research, including both formal theory and empirical analysis. The wealth of theoretical and empirical studies of arms races has been well documented in bibliographies (Cioffi-Revilla 1979) and literature reviews (Busch 1970; Intriligator 1976, 1982; Moll and Luebbert 1980; Avenhaus and Fichtner 1984).
The Effect of Oxygen Exposure on Pentacene Thin Film Electronic Structure
- A. Vollmer, O. D. Jurchescu, I. Arfaoui, I. Salzmann, T. T. M. Palstra, P. Rudolf, J. Niemax, J. Pflaum, J. P. Rabe, N. Koch
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 871 / 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, I3.46
- Print publication:
- 2005
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We use ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the effect of oxygen and air exposure on the electronic structure of pentacene thin films. It is found that O2 and water do not react noticeably with pentacene, whereas singlet oxygen/ozone readily oxidize the organic compound. Also, we obtain no evidence for considerable p-type doping of pentacene by O2 at low pressure. However, oxygen exposure lowers the hole injection barrier at the interface between Au and pentacene by 0.25 eV, presumably due to a modification of the Au surface.
¿Son los pacientes con depresión bipolar I menos sensibles al tratamiento con antidepresivos que los pacientes con depresión unipolar? Resultados de un estudio de casos y controles
- R. Bottlender, D. Rudolf, A. Jäger, A. Strauss, H.-J. Möller
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry (Ed.Española) / Volume 9 / Issue 8 / November 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 May 2020, pp. 506-511
- Print publication:
- November 2002
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Los datos cada vez más numerosos de que los trastornos afectivos bipolares y unipolares tienen causas biológicas y cursos de enfermedad diferentes se han asociado con una intensificación del interés en los regímenes de tratamiento específicos para ambos trastornos durante la última década. En este contexto, surgió la cuestión de si los antidepresivos ejercen una eficacia similar en el tratamiento agudo de la depresión bipolar comparado con la unipolar. Aunque la impresión clínica no indica diferencias sustanciales en la eficacia de los antidepresivos entre estos grupos de pacientes, las bases de datos empíricas con respecto a esta cuestión son poco frecuentes. El presente estudio comparó la eficacia de los antidepresivos en 50 pacientes hospitalizados deprimidos unipolares y 50 bipolares (criterios de la CIE-9) en condiciones de tratamiento naturalistas. Se emparejó a ambos grupos de pacientes en cuanto a la edad, el género y la duración de la enfermedad. Se utilizaron las evaluaciones clínicas del estado en el momento de la admisión y en el alta para evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento antidepresivo. Los análisis de los datos revelaron que ambos grupos de pacientes necesitaban el mismo tiempo para la respuesta al tratamiento y no mostraban diferencias significativas en las medidas de evolución en el alta. Estos hallazgos no están de acuerdo con la hipótesis formulada por algunos expertos en el campo de los trastornos afectivos de que los antidepresivos son menos efectivos en el tratamiento agudo de los pacientes deprimidos bipolares comparado con los pacientes deprimidos unipolares.
A reconstruction of the invasion of land by Jamaican crabs (Grapsidae: Sesarminae)
- Rudolf Diesel, Christoph D. Schubart, Martina Schuh
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- Journal:
- Journal of Zoology / Volume 250 / Issue 2 / February 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2000, pp. 141-160
- Print publication:
- February 2000
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Several decapod groups independently colonized freshwater and terrestrial habitats and became independent from the sea. These invasions were accompanied by analogous reproductive and developmental traits such as large eggs and an abbreviated, lecithotrophic development. Here, we present the first empirical study on the evolution of reproductive and developmental traits that accompany the invasion of land by crabs. As crucial steps in the colonization, we identify the transitions of the larval nursery, first, from the marine plankton into landlocked-brackish nurseries and, second, into fresh water. During these invasions, the early life-cycle stages were facing new ecological conditions and selective agents. We test hypotheses on the evolution of egg size and the mode of development in relation to the larval ecology of recent species and draw conclusions on their evolutionary past. As a model we focus on the genus Sesarma, that colonized Jamaica relatively recently and comprises species with a larval development in marine, brackish and freshwater habitats. In addition, we compare representatives of the crab genera Armases, Sesarma and Uca that invaded brackish-nursery habitats independently. The analysis reveals that in each genus the transition from marine to brackish nurseries resulted in fewer and larger eggs, an abbreviated development and higher endotrophic potential of larvae, and a wider tolerance to physicochemical stress (salinity). Size at metamorphosis, however, did not change in brackish species, suggesting that it is constrained. Within the Sesarma-lineage, egg size increases considerably from marine to freshwater species. The duration of embryonic development, the size and endotrophic potential of larvae are positively correlated, but the duration of the larval phase is negatively correlated with egg size. Hypotheses suggesting that large eggs evolved as a response to limited food or intense predation are inadequate to explain the initial egg-size increase in brackish species. We suggest that the specific abiotic environment of the brackish nurseries ultimately selected for increased egg size. These particular larval nurseries of brackish species of Armases, Sesarma and Uca are nutrient rich but ephemeral habitats with unfavourable physicochemical conditions, which strongly favour a swift larval phase and possibly large body size and higher salinity-stress resistance of larvae. The reason for the further and substantial increase in egg size in freshwater species remains unknown. The ‘food-limitation’ hypothesis derived from laboratory experiments, however, is inadequate to explain this increase. Our results support general life-history hypotheses (‘safe harbour’ hypothesis) that predict the evolution of large eggs if post-embryonic stages face high risk of mortality, but not the predicted positive relationship between egg size and instantaneous egg stage mortality. On the contrary, we find a negative relationship, suggesting that larger eggs are a ‘safer harbour’ than smaller eggs. We outline a scenario for the invasion of land by crabs and propose a two-step model: as a first step, an instant shift of the larval development from offshore into landlocked-brackish nurseries, and, as a second step, from there into freshwater nurseries.
Catatonía en la enfermedad de Graves
- J. Rudolf, M. Grond, M. Neveling, W.-D. Heiss
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry (Ed.Española) / Volume 6 / Issue 4 / May 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 May 2020, pp. 246-248
- Print publication:
- May 1999
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Informamos de una paciente de 27 años con historia anterior de enfermedad de Graves y episodios de recaída de taquicardia, hiperpirexia, rigidez muscular y coma. Con la manifestación posterior de un trastorno psicótico esquizofreniforme agudo sin respuesta a los neurolépticos, el síndrome primario se reclasificó como catatonía febril. Se descartó el hipertiroidismo con niveles normales de hormona tiroidea en el suero, y se descartaron también los efectos tóxicos del tratamiento tirostático, el hipotiroidismo inducido por fármacos y un síndrome neuroléptico maligno. Todos los síntomas psiquiátricos se calmaron por completo después de tiroidectomía subtotal. Háy que añadir la catatonía febril al espectro de fenómenos psicóticos que puede causar la enfermedad de Graves, sin tomar en consideración los niveles de hormona tiroidea en el suero.
Recommendations on Medical Preparedness for Aeroplane and Airport Disasters*
- Peter J.F. Baskett, Rudolf Frey, Frank J. Baker II, H.J. Linde, Loen D. Star, Peter Dürner, B. Achilles
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- Journal:
- Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine / Volume 1 / Issue 2 / Summer 1985
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 February 2017, pp. 204-206
- Print publication:
- Summer 1985
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Every airport large and small should have a disaster plan to involve all rescue and medical services. (Jessen, Reich, Rørmark, Fahey, Bergot)
Communications between participants at a disaster must be of the highest caliber if patients are to receive optimal care. Communications between fixed operational bases should be by dedicated telephone (intercom lines) and radio on an appropriate frequency. Redundancy must be incorporated into the system. Education for personnel must be reinforced by regular drills. (Baker)
Disaster planning must take into account the fact that in many cases there will be survivors even from “hard impact” crashes taking place away from the airport. (Domres, Baker)
Regular disaster drills using actual aircraft and involving all agencies for disaster management, including physicians, must occur. (Fahey, Jessen, Star)
The principles of triage, field stabilization, and rational evacuation through an ambulance dispatch area must be incorporated into all plans. (Baker, Bergot, Fisher, Oyen)
In a major disaster triage is essential in order for medical help to be most effective. (DeSinnger, Oyen, Matthews.) Triage should be carried out by the most experienced person available. Casualties should be categorized into the following groups: 1) those dead or about to die; 2) those who will benefit from immediate resuscitation and treatment; 3) those who will benefit from treatment at any early stage; and 4) those who have trivial or no injuries.
Discussion
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- By Richard E. Caves, Harvard University, Ronald I. McKinnon, Stamford University, Rudolf R. Rhomberg, International Monetary Fund, Thomas D. Willett, Department of the Treasury
- Edited by Peter B. Kenen
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- Book:
- International Trade and Finance
- Published online:
- 05 November 2011
- Print publication:
- 30 January 1976, pp 485-500
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Summary
ADJUSTMENT UNDER FIXED AND FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES: A COMMENT
The copious theoretical research on macroeconomic policy in the open economy has finally begun to induce some empirical work. One line of research, represented by Michaely (1971), explores the way in which governments actually manipulate their policy instruments in response to the signals of external and internal balance. Another undertakes to compute the effects a government can expect when it pulls on a policy lever. Helliwell summarizes the extant research on Canada of the latter type, leaping from a selective summary of the underlying policy theory to parametric revelations about our Northern Neighbor. Following the spirit of his paper, I shall comment on several aspects of the interplay of theory and empirical research in this obviously important area.
The underlying policy theory is in comparative-static form, whereas empirical estimates of policy leverages can hardly ignore the explicit time path of adjustment. The conventional methods of handling large-scale models yield estimates of ultimate effects, of course. But, aside from verifying the stability of the system, these hardly hold much interest for policy makers, who want to know the effect their handiwork will have by the next election. The results summarized by Helliwell derive from time-explicit simulations, as they should. But many model builders seem disinclined to devote great efforts to assuring that the short-run dynamics of the key relations have been captured as accurately as possible.