36 results
Predicting relapse or recurrence of depression: systematic review of prognostic models
- Andrew S. Moriarty, Nicholas Meader, Kym I. E. Snell, Richard D. Riley, Lewis W. Paton, Sarah Dawson, Jessica Hendon, Carolyn A. Chew-Graham, Simon Gilbody, Rachel Churchill, Robert S. Phillips, Shehzad Ali, Dean McMillan
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 221 / Issue 2 / August 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 January 2022, pp. 448-458
- Print publication:
- August 2022
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Background
Relapse and recurrence of depression are common, contributing to the overall burden of depression globally. Accurate prediction of relapse or recurrence while patients are well would allow the identification of high-risk individuals and may effectively guide the allocation of interventions to prevent relapse and recurrence.
AimsTo review prognostic models developed to predict the risk of relapse, recurrence, sustained remission, or recovery in adults with remitted major depressive disorder.
MethodWe searched the Cochrane Library (current issue); Ovid MEDLINE (1946 onwards); Ovid Embase (1980 onwards); Ovid PsycINFO (1806 onwards); and Web of Science (1900 onwards) up to May 2021. We included development and external validation studies of multivariable prognostic models. We assessed risk of bias of included studies using the Prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST).
ResultsWe identified 12 eligible prognostic model studies (11 unique prognostic models): 8 model development-only studies, 3 model development and external validation studies and 1 external validation-only study. Multiple estimates of performance measures were not available and meta-analysis was therefore not necessary. Eleven out of the 12 included studies were assessed as being at high overall risk of bias and none examined clinical utility.
ConclusionsDue to high risk of bias of the included studies, poor predictive performance and limited external validation of the models identified, presently available clinical prediction models for relapse and recurrence of depression are not yet sufficiently developed for deploying in clinical settings. There is a need for improved prognosis research in this clinical area and future studies should conform to best practice methodological and reporting guidelines.
Electron microscope studies of synthetic hectorite
- T. Baird, A. G. Cairns-Smith, D. W. Mackenzie, D. S. Snell
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- Journal:
- Clay Minerals / Volume 9 / Issue 2 / December 1971
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 July 2018, pp. 250-252
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Identification of an immune modulation locus utilising a bovine mammary gland infection challenge model
- Mathew D Littlejohn, Sally-Anne Turner, Caroline G Walker, Sarah D Berry, Kathryn Tiplady, Ric G Sherlock, Greg Sutherland, Simon Swift, Dorian Garrick, S Jane Lacy-Hulbert, Scott McDougall, Richard J Spelman, Russell G Snell, J Eric Hillerton
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 85 / Issue 2 / May 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 May 2018, pp. 185-192
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- May 2018
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Inflammation of the mammary gland following bacterial infection, commonly known as mastitis, affects all mammalian species. Although the aetiology and epidemiology of mastitis in the dairy cow are well described, the genetic factors mediating resistance to mammary gland infection are not well known, due in part to the difficulty in obtaining robust phenotypic information from sufficiently large numbers of individuals. To address this problem, an experimental mammary gland infection experiment was undertaken, using a Friesian-Jersey cross breed F2 herd. A total of 604 animals received an intramammary infusion of Streptococcus uberis in one gland, and the clinical response over 13 milkings was used for linkage mapping and genome-wide association analysis. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) was detected on bovine chromosome 11 for clinical mastitis status using micro-satellite and Affymetrix 10 K SNP markers, and then exome and genome sequence data used from the six F1 sires of the experimental animals to examine this region in more detail. A total of 485 sequence variants were typed in the QTL interval, and association mapping using these and an additional 37 986 genome-wide markers from the Illumina SNP50 bovine SNP panel revealed association with markers encompassing the interleukin-1 gene cluster locus. This study highlights a region on bovine chromosome 11, consistent with earlier studies, as conferring resistance to experimentally induced mammary gland infection, and newly prioritises the IL1 gene cluster for further analysis in genetic resistance to mastitis.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Trends and Challenges in Experimental Macromolecular Crystallography
- N. E. Chayen, T. J. Boggon, A. Cassetta, A. Deacon, T. Gleichmann, J. Habash, S. J. Harrop, J. R. Helliwell, Y. P. Nieh, M. R. Peterson, J. Raftery, E. H. Snell, A. Hädener, A. C. Niemann, D. P. Siddons, V. Stojanoff, A. W. Thompson, T. Ursby, M. Wulff
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- Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics / Volume 29 / Issue 3 / August 1996
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- 17 March 2009, pp. 227-278
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Macromolecular X-ray crystallography underpins the vigorous field of structural molecular biology having yielded many protein, nucleic acid and virus structures in fine detail. The understanding of the recognition by these macromolecules, as receptors, of their cognate ligands involves the detailed study of the structural chemistry of their molecular interactions. Also these structural details underpin the rational design of novel inhibitors in modern drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, from such structures the functional details can be inferred, such as the biological chemistry of enzyme reactivity. There is then a vast number and range of types of biological macromolecules that potentially could be studied. The completion of the protein primary sequencing of the yeast genome, and the human genome sequencing project comprising some 105 proteins that is underway, raises expectations for equivalent three dimensional structural databases.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME OF SPRAYING, DESICCANT TYPE AND HARVEST TIME ON INDUSTRIAL FIBRE PRODUCTION FROM STAND-RETTED FIBRE FLAX (LINUM USITATISSIMUM) - CORRIGENDUM
- S. J. BENNETT, D. WRIGHT, R. SNELL, K. L. BRAYSON, L. JOHNSON, J. P. R. E. DIMMOCK, G. EDWARDS-JONES
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 145 / Issue 6 / December 2007
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- 17 August 2007, p. 655
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5 - Roman Catholicism and Irish immigration
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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- 26 October 2000, pp 173-184
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Summary
The presence of Roman Catholicism in the Religious Census is of particular interest, for the census was taken only six years after the onset of the Irish famine. Any account and mapping of the Catholic census data cannot but illuminate the tragic aftermath of that catastrophe, reflecting as it does much of the Irish diaspora in England and Wales that resulted. Cartographic analysis of the patterns of Catholicism from this source are among the ways in which post-famine settlement can be observed, a process of settlement that had a profound effect on regional cultures and religion in some parts of the British Isles. There had been earlier famines in Ireland, and there was a long history of Irish settlement in the towns and cities of England and Wales. Yet prior to the great famine of 1845–9 Irish migration had very often been short-term, or seasonal, working as harvesters, construction workers, in the armed forces and the like – particularly to arable, market-gardening or fruit-growing rural areas where the harvest earnings were high. The earnings enabled conacre and other rents to be paid in Ireland. After the famine however, this seasonal migration tended to decline and Irish migrants settled in a more permanent way. From the distressed regions particularly of western and southern Ireland, they came across the water to parishes of long-standing Catholic allegiance, occasionally to rural parishes, but much more often to the English textile and heavy industrial areas, and to districts of transport employment.
Part 1 - Religious geographies: the districts of England and Wales
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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- 08 August 2009
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- 26 October 2000, pp 21-22
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C - The religious measures
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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- 26 October 2000, pp 431-437
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Summary
In this appendix, we outline the different measures used in this book. If in doubt, the reader should use this section as a reference point for the chapters and maps, and for subsequent research. It should contribute a better understanding of the various measures that are made possible by the Census of Religious Worship, and that can be applied or adapted to some other religious sources.
The ‘index of attendances’. This is defined as total attendances (morning+afternoon+evening), expressed as a percentage of registration-district (or in part 2 of the book, parish) population. This is the measure we have used most commonly. It is well established in the historiography. We used the index of attendances partly because it allows our findings to be compared most readily with earlier arguments by other authors. It is one of the most direct measures available, and (unlike a sittings measure) has the main advantage of allowing one to discern the actual strength of worship on Census Sunday. As discussed in chapter 1, for the registration-district data the index of attendances (like other registration-district attendance measures) includes Sunday scholars, as Horace Mann added Sunday school attendances to general-congregation attendances in his published registration-district tables. For the parish data we kept Sunday scholars separate to allow greater precision in data handling.
Care must be taken in the interpretation of the index of attendances.
Technical appendices
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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- 26 October 2000, pp 421-422
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3 - Old dissent: the Presbyterians, Independents, Baptists, Quakers and Unitarians
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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- 26 October 2000, pp 93-120
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Summary
This chapter discusses the geography of old dissenting and related denominations, that is the Presbyterian Church in England, the United Presbyterian Church, the Church of Scotland, the Independents (or Congregationalists), the Baptists, the Quakers and the Unitarians. One has reservations about any such grouping which are worth mentioning. ‘Old’ and ‘new’ dissent are terms of historical convenience, like the ‘industrial revolution’ and so many others used by historians. Though categories of this sort are useful in many ways, and have a basic chronological justification, one needs to be aware that many ‘old dissenting’ denominations benefited enormously from the evangelical revival of the eighteenth century, which itself originated within the Anglican Church. This was particularly true for the Congregationalists, the Particular Baptists and the New Connexion General Baptists. Methodist innovations like itinerancy were also shared by some older denominations. There were many contemporaries who commented upon these denominations as a whole, and who would have had some sympathy with Gilbert's view that such denominations were ‘linked in a single, if multiform, social and religious phenomenon’. Denominational spread was affected in a host of ways by affinities, as well as by inter-denominational hostilities; and such affinities underlay similar growth patterns, as well as the comparable or complementary dispersion of denominations shown here.
A more detailed reservation has to do with source coverage. The registration-district tables of the 1851 Religious Census failed to divide Baptists into the Particular Baptists, General or Arminian Baptists, and (from 1770) the General Baptists of the New Connexion.
2 - The Church of England
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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- 26 October 2000, pp 54-92
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Summary
Introduction
The Church of England was numerically by far the most important denomination in 1851. Its central position as the established church warrants treatment in its own right in this chapter, where our aim is to describe and (in general terms) account for its distribution in 1851. In doing this, we have used nearly the full range of possible Anglican variables, partly to indicate their mutually reinforcing character, and partly to familiarise readers with the variables and their distinctive qualities. These were produced and mapped for every denomination, but we will not provide such detail for other denominations in later chapters. The concentration there will usually be on the index of attendances. As outlined earlier, the analysis in these opening chapters focuses on the 624 registration districts of England and Wales.
In dealing separately with the Church of England, an important preamble should be made, for it is one that bears on comparisons between denominations. The Anglican Church is routinely criticised for its ‘inflexibility’ and failure to adapt to industrialising circumstances. We will see examples of this in the following pages, and this is a line that historians have readily adopted.
E - Landownership and the Imperial Gazetteer
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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There has been use at various points in this book of the parish landownership classifications taken from the Imperial Gazetteer. This impressive source provided data for this book on divisions of landed property, types of ecclesiastical living, value of ecclesiastical livings, whether those livings included accommodation for the incumbent, and real property values. It categorised parishes into four groups according to their landownership: held in one hand; not much divided or in few hands; sub-divided; and much sub-divided. This was evidently a simple classification, a guide to one salient feature of the parish or township being described, and it has been used by earlier historians as well as ourselves. It is well suited to the kinds of quantitative analyses pursued here. Almost no information was given in different editions of the Imperial Gazetteer about how its landownership divisions were arrived at, and contemporary readers seem to have taken those classifications as being relatively straightforward. By that time (with all the debate there had been on settlement and ‘open’ and ‘close’ parishes, and in 1867–9 on the gang system and female and child agricultural labour), they were well accustomed to thinking about parishes in such terms.
Despite some historians' prior use of the Gazetteer, and some preliminary tests with very limited numbers of parishes, there has been no rigorous examination of how reliable its coverage and classifications were.
10 - Free or appropriated sittings: the Anglican Church in perspective
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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Summary
Looking back over the seventeenth century, Richard Gough organised his History of Myddle around the seating plan of its parish church. As he was so well aware, the spatial apportionment of religious seating was of great significance for the local social order, for parochial belonging and for denominational allegiance. It was an issue of considerable symbolic importance, a hinge that seemed to connect the social order with religious belief. The realities of the local social structure were proclaimed through church seating arrangements, preserved as unquestioned within the House of God, plied into hierarchic forms by master carpenters, and sometimes annointed with a varnished finish. Long after Gough had rung down his curtain, the Victorians remained as fascinated as he had been with the internal seating arrangements of churches and chapels. This concern almost rivalled their interest in external architecture, and it focused upon issues like the availability of sittings, pew appropriation, seat rents and incomes, the relation of sittings to liturgy, the symbolic and social connotations of church seating, or historical precedents for such arrangements.
It is hardly surprising therefore that questions about seating were asked in the Census of Religious Worship. Those questions are of interest to us today not only because they bear on more general issues of religious provision and accessibility, but also because they bring us into touch with certain aspects of local custom and community rather different from the customs researched by social historians.
4 - The geographies of new dissent
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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List of tables
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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B - The correction of census data
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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This appendix discusses the method of correction used in the first part of the book, to adjust 1851 published registration-district data for missing values. For a variety of reasons, a small percentage of omissions occurred on the enumerators' forms. Such omissions were footnoted by Horace Mann in the published district tables of the census, although he did not make any changes to those tables. Mann did, however, provide overall tables in which he included estimates for ‘defective returns’. The problem is one that has commonly been ignored by historians. They have been aware of the difficulties in supplying such missing data, and of the relatively small numbers of census figures affected. The view has usually been taken that these missing figures have little effect on calculations. For England and Wales, omissions of sittings affect 7.3 per cent of places of worship, and of attendances 4.0 per cent. There is no alternative source generally available to assess the ‘real’ historical values of missing figures. Even chronologically very proximate sources of local information – in the rare cases where they exist – may still be misleading in that they do not give precise information as to what happened on Census Sunday.
Nevertheless it is possible to adjust the data to give rather more accurate values, taking some account of the missing figures which Mann alerted the reader to. In the registration-district analysis, on the scale covered here, it was felt that this matter needed to be addressed, to make the figures more accurate.
D - Computer cartographic methods
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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One limitation in the historiography on the 1851 Census of Religious Worship, and indeed for the geography of religion more generally, is that very few detailed maps showing religious patterns have been produced. Hitherto, the best national maps were based on county units only. We have therefore taken this further – within constraints of publication space – by publishing maps here for most denominations as based upon registration-district units, for the whole of England and Wales, and at parish level for certain counties. We have provided national maps for almost all the main denominations, and for the Church of England this has been done with a diversity of possible measures.
Traditional methods of cartographic production are time-consuming and require skills that many historians, and some geographers, do not possess. At registration-district level, maps for the whole of England and Wales would be extremely difficult and time-consuming to draw with traditional methods. We made use of two computer cartographic packages – GIMMS and ARC/VIEW – that allowed us to map registration-district or parish data, and that offered new possibilities in terms of flexibility of data display.
The registration-district boundaries for these maps were derived from the original maps in the published 1851 census. Those census maps were put together for England and Wales, and all boundaries were digitised. County maps showing parishes were based upon those in The Phillimore Atlas and Index of Parish Registers, with adaptations where necessary using other sources and the Ordnance Survey County series dating from the 1930s.
Rival Jerusalems
- The Geography of Victorian Religion
- K. D. M. Snell, Paul S. Ell
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This pioneering book is based upon very extensive analysis of the famous 1851 Census of Religious Worship and earlier sources such as the 1676 Compton Census. The authors stress contextual and regional understanding of religion. Among the subjects covered for all of England and Wales are the geography of the Church of England, Roman Catholicism, the old and new dissenting denominations, the spatial complementarity of denominations, and their importance for political history. A range of further questions are then analysed, such as regional continuities in religion, the growth of religious pluralism, Sunday schools and child labour during industrialisation, free and appropriated church sittings, landownership and religion, and urbanisation and regional 'secularisation'. This book's advanced methods and findings will have far-reaching influence within the disciplines of history, historical and cultural geography, religious sociology and in the social science community general.
7 - A prospect of fifteen counties
- K. D. M. Snell, University of Leicester, Paul S. Ell, Queen's University Belfast
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- Rival Jerusalems
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- 26 October 2000, pp 201-231
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