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O-29 - Botulinum Neurotoxin for Treatment of Depression
- T.H.C. Kruger, C. de Boer, N. Kalak, J. Beck, T. Götz, T. Schmidt, M. Hodzic, U. Bayer, T. Kollmann, K. Kollewe, D. Sönmez, K. Duntsch, M.D. Haug, D. Dressler, M. Schedlowski, M. Hatzinger, S. Brand, E. Holsboer-Trachsler, M.A. Wollmer
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 27 / Issue S1 / 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 April 2020, p. 1
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Introduction
Frowning expresses negative emotions like anger, fear, and sadness. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, suppression of frowning will also diminish the corresponding negative emotions. Hence, mood improvement has been observed in patients who underwent treatment of glabellar frown lines with botulinum neurotoxin. This observation suggests the possibility that the intervention may be employed for the management of psychiatric disorders associated with negative emotions. Preliminary data from an open case series indicate that the intervention might improve the symptoms of depression.
Aims & objectivesTo test whether an onabotulinumtoxinA injection into the glabellar region is benefical as an adjunctive treatment of major depression within a clinical trial.
MethodsWe used a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study design (n = 30; ClinicalTrials.gov, number, NCT00934687).
ResultsWe show that a single onabotulinumtoxinA treatment shortly leads to a strong and sustained improvement in partly chronic major depression that did not respond sufficiently to previous treatment. As for the primary end-point, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17) six weeks after treatment compared to baseline, scores of onabotulinumtoxinA recipients showed 37.9% (8.34 points) more improvement than those of placebo-treated participants (F = 12.30, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.31, d = 1.28).
ConclusionOur findings support the concept that the facial musculature not only expresses, but also regulates, mood states. As it stands, treatment of glabellar frown lines with botulinum neurotoxin can be considered for depressed patients with the objective of inducing mood-lifting effects.
Control of Tree Roots
- O. A. Leonard, D. E. Bayer, R. K. Glenn
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 22 / Issue 5 / September 1974
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 516-520
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Metham (sodium methyldithiocarbamate), applied alone or in combination with dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) in foam, was effective in killing roots of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt) or willow (Salix hindsiana Benth.). An air-aqueous (19 to 1) foam of these herbicides was at least 20 times as effective as the aqueous mixture alone. Killing of the root with metham was rapid and extended above the lower treated portion, with the extent of necrosis resulting from translocation of the herbicide varying with concentration of metham that was used. The amount of the root killed with dichlobenil was limited to the treated area regardless of concentration. Four weeks were required to control the larger roots. Root killing with metham proceeded via both the aqueous and vapor phases. Results from labeling trees with 14C-assimilates indicated that neither translocation nor accumulation were greatly affected by metham or dichlobenil except in the tissues actually killed. However, transport and accumulation into untreated roots were reduced for a few weeks by dichlobenil. Similar results were obtained with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Acala’) treated with dichlobenil.
Crop Response and Weed Control from New Herbicide Combinations in Water-Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa)
- James E. Hill, Stacey R. Roberts, D. E. Bayer, J. F. Williams
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 4 / Issue 4 / December 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 838-842
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In five field experiments from 1986 to 1988, herbicides were evaluated alone and in combinations for weed control in water-seeded rice. Combinations of bensulfuron with either molinate or thiobencarb applied into the paddy water at the 2-leaf stage of rice, controlled all broadleaf and sedge weeds, and 92% or more early watergrass. These combinations were equivalent to a commercial standard of molinate at the 2-leaf stage followed by a separate application of bentazon to the drained paddy at midtillering.
Effect of Temperature and Photoperiod on Triclopyr, Picloram, and 2,4,5-T Translocation
- S. R. Radosevich, D. E. Bayer
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 27 / Issue 1 / January 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 22-27
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The effects of photoperiod and temperature on the translocation of triclopyr {[1(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid}, picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were studied on tanoak [Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.], snowbush ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus Dougl.), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. ‘Red Kidney’) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. CM-67). Isolation of 14C and analysis for the radioactive herbicides revealed little metabolism of the herbicides. Regardless of herbicide or plant species herbicide movement was greatest under warm temperature and long day conditions. Among the herbicides tested, 14C associated with triclopyr was the most mobile in each species. Each herbicide moved readily in the symplast but root applications of each herbicide revealed limited apoplastic mobility.
Drift of Glyphosate Sprays Applied with Aerial and Ground Equipment
- W. E. Yates, N. B. Akesson, D. E. Bayer
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 26 / Issue 6 / November 1978
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 597-604
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The potential losses from spray applications of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] with and without the inclusion of a polymer thickening agent were evaluated in field tests, applied under identified weather conditions with a boom-nozzle ground sprayer, helicopter, and fixed-wing aircraft. The downwind transport and diffusion of the spray loss was assessed by means of Mylar fallout sheets, high volume air samplers, and 4-leaf wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Anza’) plants. Lowest drift losses occurred, under 0.01 g/ha on fallout sheets at 100 m, with deflector fan nozzles (KGF) operating at a low pressure (7 kPa) on the ground sprayer. Drift losses from a helicopter equipped with micro-jet nozzles were only slightly higher, less than 0.03 g/ha on fallout sheets at 100 m. Drift losses from 8003 nozzles mounted on a ground sprayer and D-6 jet nozzles directed back on fixed wing aircraft produced much higher drift deposits, from 0.2 to 1.0 g/ha on fallout sheets at 100 m. The highest levels of drift losses were obtained with D-4 jet nozzles directed down on a helicopter, 5 g/ha on fallout sheets at 100 m. Some evidence of reduced airborne drift was apparent where the polymer thickening agent was used with aircraft and ground equipment. The test results indicate that significant reduction in drift losses were obtained with proper application equipment; however, the use of a polymer thickening agent reduced drift only slightly for certain applications.
X-ray Fluorescence Analysis in Weed Science
- R. H. Falk, F. D. Hess, D. E. Bayer
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 23 / Issue 5 / September 1975
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 373-377
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X-ray fluorescence analysis (XFA) is a new method for the spatial localization and quantification of herbicide residue on leaf surfaces. The distribution pattern of propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) on the surface of prune (Prunus domestica L.) leaves sprayed to simulate drift is easily mapped using XFA. Residue distribution maps may be electronically enhanced. Enhancement does not qualitatively change the information content of the map when done with discretion.
The Effects of Dichlobenil on Assimilate Transport in Purple Nutsedge
- I. Okezie Akobundu, David E. Bayer, Oliver A. Leonard
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 18 / Issue 3 / May 1970
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 403-408
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Assimilate transport in purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) was studied using autoradiographic technique. Results show the basic pattern of assimilate distribution was from areas of synthesis to areas of use or accumulation. The initial underground centers of high metabolic activity were replaced as these organs matured, by new centers of actively growing rhizomes, tubers, and roots. The planted tuber did not accumulate assimilates. Treatment of purple nutsedge plants with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) resulted in accumulation of assimilates in the tubers rather than in young underground tissues. Leaves of treated plants also accumulated labeled assimilate in excess of control plants. Assimilate accumulation in leaves of dichlobenil-treated plants resulted from the destruction of the phloem in the basal portions of the leaf-sheaths. An increase in tuber respiration accompanied an increase in accumulation of assimilates in dichlobenil treated tubers.
Herbicide Dispersal Patterns: II. Mapping Residues Using X-ray Fluorescence
- F. D. Hess, R. H. Falk, D. E. Bayer
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 23 / Issue 4 / July 1975
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 308-314
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Distribution patterns of foliar applied herbicides can be studied by x-ray element mapping provided the herbicide contains an atom with an atomic number of 11 (sodium) or greater. The suitability of an herbicide for element mapping increases as the number of similar detectable atoms per molecule increases. Herbicides containing one detectable atom per molecule provide usable element maps at concentrations of 1.12 kg/ha and higher. Inaccurate element maps can result from: (1) Formulation components containing detectable atoms the same as those of the active ingredient. (2) Herbicide volatility during analysis due to reduced pressures and heating. (3) Specimen topography preventing x-ray detection at some locations on the plant surface. (4) Herbicide concentrations that are below the minimum detectable limit. If adequate precautions are followed in the use of x-ray element mapping, a wide range of uses exist in weed science.
Herbicide Dispersal Patterns: I. As a Function of Leaf Surface
- F. D. Hess, D. E. Bayer, R. H. Falk
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 22 / Issue 4 / July 1974
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 394-401
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The distribution pattern of MCPA ([(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid) on leaf surfaces of three species was studied using the cathodoluminescence detection mode of a scanning electron microscope. On low-wax-content sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves MCPA concentrated in the depressions over the anticlinal cell walls when applied at high volumes (748 and 374 L/ha). At low volumes (23 L/ha), numerous small deposits of MCPA were randomly distributed over both anticlinal and periclinal walls. These distinct patterns were independent of herbicide concentration. Regardless of spray volumes, MCPA remaining on the waxy leaf surfaces of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) coalesced into small thick deposits. Large spray drops from high application volumes shattered on impact with the stellate hairs of turkey mullein (Eremocarpus setigerus Benth.) resulting in some MCPA reaching the leaf surface. Spray drops from low application volumes did not shatter but lodged on the hairs with very little reaching the leaf surface.
Herbicide Dispersal Patterns: HI. as a Function of Formulation
- F. D. Hess, D. E. Bayer, R. H. Falk
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 29 / Issue 2 / March 1981
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 224-229
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The distribution patterns of several herbicide formulations sprayed on adaxial leaf surfaces were determined using scanning electron microscopy coupled with cathodoluminescence and x-ray microanalysis. The sodium and amine salts of MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy] acetic acid} sprayed on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves appeared as discrete deposits above the anticlinal cell walls that represented the location of spray drops that adhered to the leaf. When the sodium salt was applied to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], the pattern of distribution was the same; however, each deposit was significantly smaller. The iso-octyl ester of MCPA coalesced into numerous, small, thick deposits on the cuticle of sugar beet leaves. The distribution of a wettable powder formulation of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino-s-triazine] appeared as uniform deposits over the anticlinal and periclinal cell walls that represented the location of aqueous spray drops after application. When a flowable formulation of atrazine was applied, there was a significant preferential accumulation of the herbicide at the edges of the separate deposits. One commercial formulation of propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) yielded deposits that were crystalline, one that was partially crystalline, and one that was noncrystalline.
Cell Cycle Population Kinetics of Pea Root Tip Meristems Treated with Propham
- Thomas L. Rost, David E. Bayer
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / January 1976
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 81-87
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Propham (Isopropyl carbanilate) at 10-5 M concentration does not inhibit DNA synthesis nor does it reduce the number of dividing cells. It does, however, induce a number of abnormal mitotic figures. At higher concentrations (10-3 M) propham inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis as well as stopping entry of cells into mitosis and causing those which divide to be aberrant. DNA and RNA synthesis are not inhibited for approximately 3 hr, while protein synthesis is reduced within 1 hr. The metabolic inhibitory effect of propham is reversible at least in roots treated for 8 hr. The most likely mode of action of propham is the inhibition of certain mitotic specific proteins, or possibly some kind of protein binding function as has been suggested in the literature.
Metabolism of Amitrole in Excised Leaves of Canada Thistle Ecotypes and Bean
- L. W. Smith, D. E. Bayer, C. L. Foy
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 16 / Issue 4 / October 1968
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 523-527
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Excised leaves of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) ecotypes and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., var. Red Kidney) metabolized 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole-14C (amitrole) to the same radiolabeled products, but they were produced at different rates as shown by thin-layer and paper chromatography. Bean leaves metabolized amitrole to a metabolic product (Unknown II) probably β-(3-amino-1,2,4-triazolyl-1-) α-alanine approximately three times taster than Canada thistle leaves, while Canada thistle converted Unknown II to another product (Unknown I) about 10 times faster than did bean. Thus Unknown II accumulated in bean, and Unknown I in Canada thistle. This reaction sequence in Canada thistle was evidently an irreversible consecutive first order reaction. A difference in the rate of metabolism was observed between susceptible and resistant ecotypes of Canada thistle.
Influence of Environmental and Chemical Factors on Amitrole Metabolism in Excised Leaves
- L. W. Smith, D. E. Bayer, C. L. Foy
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 16 / Issue 4 / October 1968
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 527-530
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Several factors were studied which influenced 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (amitrole) metabolism in excised leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., var. Red Kidney) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) ecotypes. Amitrole metabolism in the leaves of both species held in the light was greater than in leaves held in the dark. Increasing the temperature from 15 C to 28 C also stimulated the rate of metabolism of amitrole. However, this effect was much less pronounced when the temperature was increased from 22 C to 28 C. Dipping the leaves in 10−2M ammonium thiocyanate reduced the metabolism of amitrole, whereas similar pre-treatment with 3.5 × 10−3M 6N-benzyladenine enhanced the metabolism of amitrole.
Photosynthetic Response of Flooded Rice (Oryza sativa) and Three Echinochloa Species to Changes in Environmental Factors
- Mohamed Bouhache, David E. Bayer
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- Weed Science / Volume 41 / Issue 4 / December 1993
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 611-614
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The photosynthetic responses of rice (C3) and three Echinochloa species (C4), barnyardgrass, early watergrass, and late watergrass, to changes in CO2 intercellular partial pressure, light intensity, and leaf temperature were investigated under laboratory conditions. The three Echinochloa species exhibited photosynthetic responses characteristic of C4 plants. The three weedy species showed higher efficiency for CO2 utilization at low CO2 intercellular partial pressure (CO2i) than rice. Compensation and saturation of CO2i for photosynthesis were lower in the weedy species than in rice. The maximum photosynthetic rates at high light intensity were 33.5, 32.7, 30.5, and 21.5 μmol CO2 m-2s-1 for barnyardgrass, early watergrass, late watergrass, and rice, respectively. Photosynthesis temperature optimum was 35 to 37 C for the three Echinochloa species and 33 C for rice. Overall, under simulated summer conditions, the four taxa showed a photosynthetic ability hierarchy with regard to gas exchange performance as follows: barnyardgrass ≥ early watergrass > late watergrass > rice.
Minutes of Business Meeting
- D. E. Bayer
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 27 / Issue 5 / September 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 579-580
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Simultaneous Determinations of MSMA and Arsenic Acid in Plants
- J. U. Lakso, S. A. Peoples, D. E. Bayer
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 21 / Issue 3 / May 1973
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 166-169
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Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) and arsenic acid (AA) were measured simultaneously in johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) and cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘SJ-1’) by a bicolorimetric method. Tissues from plants sprayed with MSMA while growing and tissues with MSMA and AA added just prior to extraction were analyzed. Johnsongrass sprayed with MSMA solution at 11.2 kg/ha contained, on a dry weight basis, 423.0 ppmw of MSMA and 0.00 ppmw of AA at 7 days and 10.83 and 0.21 ppmw, respectively, after 54 days of regrowth. The cotton plants were sprayed twice to runoff with MSMA, first with 0.3 g/L and second with 1.2 g/L. Cottonseed from the sprayed cotton plants contained, on a dry weight basis, 2.45 ppmw of MSMA and 0.08 ppmw of AA after the first picking and 3.02 and 0.10 ppmw, respectively, after the second. Background levels of MSMA and AA were, respectively, on a dry weight basis, 0.63 and 0.02 ppmw in johnsongrass and 0.58 and 0.00 ppmw in cottonseed.
Herbicide-resistant Echinochloa oryzoides and E. phyllopogon in California Oryza sativa fields
- Albert J. Fischer, Comfort M. Ateh, David E. Bayer, James E. Hill
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 48 / Issue 2 / April 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 225-230
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Echinochloa oryzoides and E. phyllopogon have become the most serious weeds in California Oryza sativa since continuous flooding was used to suppress E. crus-galli. Continuous use of a limited number of available graminicides and an increasing number of control failures led to the investigation of herbicide resistance in E. oryzoides and E. phyllopogon. Greenhouse dose-response studies with postemergence (POST) applications of molinate, thiobencarb, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and bispyribac-sodium estimating GR50 (herbicide dose to inhibit growth by 50%) values suggested resistance to all herbicides in two E. phyllopogon accessions and to molinate and thiobencarb in one E. oryzoides accession when compared with susceptible E. phyllopogon and E. oryzoides controls, respectively. No resistance was detected in dose-response studies with propanil. Minimum and maximum ratios (R/S) of the GR50 values of resistant to susceptible E. phyllopogon plants (in two experiments involving two resistant accessions) were 7.8 and >13.3 for thiobencarb, 2.2 and 4.3 for molinate, 16.5 and 428.7 for fenoxaprop-ethyl, and 2.0 and 12.0 for bispyribac-sodium. Minimum and maximum E. oryzoides R/S ratios (average of two experiments) were 21.9 and 4.6 for thiobencarb and molinate, respectively. A resistant E. phyllopogon (one accession tested) and the susceptible control were killed by POST applications of glyphosate, glufosinate, and clomazone, and by a preemergence application of pendimethalin. Thus, the repeated use of the few available grass herbicides in the predominantly monocultured O. sativa of California has selected for herbicide resistance in E. oryzoides and E. phyllopogon. The introduction of herbicides with new mechanisms of action will be useful to manage herbicide-resistant E. oryzoides and E. phyllopogon. However, cross- and multiple resistance emphasize the need to integrate herbicide use with nonchemical means of weed management.
Herbage intake, methane emissions and animal performance of steers grazing dwarf elephant grass v. dwarf elephant grass and peanut pastures
- E. A. Andrade, E. X. Almeida, G. T. Raupp, M. F. Miguel, D. M. de Liz, P. C. F. Carvalho, C. Bayer, H. M. N. Ribeiro-Filho
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Management strategies for increasing ruminant legume consumption and mitigating methane emissions from tropical livestock production systems require further study. The aim of this work was to evaluate the herbage intake, animal performance and enteric methane emissions of cattle grazing dwarf elephant grass (DEG) (Pennisetum purpureum cv. BRS Kurumi) alone or DEG with peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo). The experimental treatments were the following: DEG pastures receiving nitrogen fertilization (150 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate) and DEG intercropped with peanut plus an adjacent area of peanut that was accessible to grazing animals for 5 h/day (from 0700 to 1200 h). The animals grazing legume pastures showed greater average daily gain and herbage intake, and shorter morning and total grazing times. Daily methane emissions were greater from the animals grazing legume pastures, whereas methane emissions per unit of herbage intake did not differ between treatments. Allowing animals access to an exclusive area of legumes in a tropical grass-pasture-based system can improve animal performance without increasing methane production per kg of dry matter intake.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Crystalline Texture of CoCrPt Films on CrMn/NiAl and Cr/NiAl Underlayer Structures
- J. Zou, B. Lu, A. E. Bayer, D. E. Laughlin, D. N. Lambeth
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 562 / 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 277
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- 1999
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In this study, we examine the effects of CrMn/NiAl and Cr/NiA1 underlayer structures on the crystalline texture and microstructure of CoCrPt magnetic films using x-ray and electron diffraction. The former underlayer structure was found to induce better CoCrPt (image1) texture. The stress in the CoCrPt layer was measured. The effective in-plane anisotropy energy densities of the CoCrPt films on the above two underlayers were also measured by using out-of-plane torque and Miyajima methods and the result was consistent with the texture analysis.