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Pre-pandemic mental health and disruptions to healthcare, economic and housing outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from 12 UK longitudinal studies
- Giorgio Di Gessa, Jane Maddock, Michael J. Green, Ellen J. Thompson, Eoin McElroy, Helena L. Davies, Jessica Mundy, Anna J. Stevenson, Alex S. F. Kwong, Gareth J. Griffith, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Claire L. Niedzwiedz, George B. Ploubidis, Emla Fitzsimons, Morag Henderson, Richard J. Silverwood, Nish Chaturvedi, Gerome Breen, Claire J. Steves, Andrew Steptoe, David J. Porteous, Praveetha Patalay
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 220 / Issue 1 / January 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 September 2021, pp. 21-30
- Print publication:
- January 2022
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Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted lives and livelihoods, and people already experiencing mental ill health may have been especially vulnerable.
AimsQuantify mental health inequalities in disruptions to healthcare, economic activity and housing.
MethodWe examined data from 59 482 participants in 12 UK longitudinal studies with data collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Within each study, we estimated the association between psychological distress assessed pre-pandemic and disruptions since the start of the pandemic to healthcare (medication access, procedures or appointments), economic activity (employment, income or working hours) and housing (change of address or household composition). Estimates were pooled across studies.
ResultsAcross the analysed data-sets, 28% to 77% of participants experienced at least one disruption, with 2.3–33.2% experiencing disruptions in two or more domains. We found 1 s.d. higher pre-pandemic psychological distress was associated with (a) increased odds of any healthcare disruptions (odds ratio (OR) 1.30, 95% CI 1.20–1.40), with fully adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.24 (95% CI 1.09–1.41) for disruption to procedures to 1.33 (95% CI 1.20–1.49) for disruptions to prescriptions or medication access; (b) loss of employment (odds ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.06–1.21) and income (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.06 –1.19), and reductions in working hours/furlough (odds ratio 1.05, 95% CI 1.00–1.09) and (c) increased likelihood of experiencing a disruption in at least two domains (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.18–1.32) or in one domain (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.07–1.16), relative to no disruption. There were no associations with housing disruptions (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.97–1.03).
ConclusionsPeople experiencing psychological distress pre-pandemic were more likely to experience healthcare and economic disruptions, and clusters of disruptions across multiple domains during the pandemic. Failing to address these disruptions risks further widening mental health inequalities.
Mark G. Brett , Political Trauma and Healing: Biblical Ethics for a Postcolonial World (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2016), pp. viii + 248. $28.00/£18.99.
- Ellen F. Davis
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- Scottish Journal of Theology / Volume 71 / Issue 1 / February 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 February 2018, pp. 120-121
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- February 2018
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R. W. L. Moberly, Old Testament Theology: Reading the Hebrew Bible as Christian Scripture (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2013) pp. xiv+333. $34.99.
- Ellen F. Davis
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- Scottish Journal of Theology / Volume 69 / Issue 2 / May 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2016, pp. 231-232
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- May 2016
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- By Ashok Agarwal, Linda D. Applegarth, Nelson E. Bennett, Nancy L. Brackett, Melissa B. Brisman, Mark F. H. Brougham, Cara B. Cimmino, Owen K. Davis, Rian J. Dickstein, Michael L. Eisenberg, Mikkel Fode, Gretchen A. Gignac, Bruce R. Gilbert, Ellen R. Goldmark, Marc Goldstein, Wayne J. G. Hellstrom, Wayland Hsiao, Jack Huang, Kathleen Hwang, Ann A. Jakubowski, Keith Jarvi, Loren Jones, Hey-Joo Kang, Joanne Frankel Kelvin, Mohit Khera, Thomas F. Kolon, Kate H. Kraft, Andrew C. Kramer, Dolores J. Lamb, Andrew B. Lassman, Helen R. Levey, Larry I. Lipshultz, Charles M. Lynne, Akanksha Mehta, Marvin L. Meistrich, Gregory C. Mitchell, Mark A. Moyad, John P. Mulhall, Lauren Murray, Craig Niederberger, Ariella Noy, Robert D. Oates, Dana A. Ohl, Kutluk Oktay, Ndidiamaka Onwubalili, Fabio Firmbach Pasqualatto, Elena Pentsova, Susanne A. Quallich, Gwendolyn P. Quinn, Alex Ridgeway, Matthew T. Roberts, Kenny A. Rodriguez-Wallberg, Allison B. Rosen, Lisa Rosenzweig, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Hossein Sadeghi-Nejad, Mary K. Samplaski, Jay I. Sandlow, Peter N. Schlegel, Gunapala Shetty, Mark Sigman, Jens Sønksen, Peter J. Stahl, Eytan Stein, Doron S. Stember, Raanan Tal, Susan T. Vadaparampil, W. Hamish, B. Wallace, Leonard H. Wexler, Daniel H. Williams
- Edited by John P. Mulhall, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York
- Edited in association with Linda D. Applegarth, Robert D. Oates, Peter N. Schlegel
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- Fertility Preservation in Male Cancer Patients
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- 05 March 2013
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- 21 February 2013, pp vii-x
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- By Phillip L. Ackerman, Soon Ang, Susan M. Barnett, G. David Batty, Anna S. Beninger, Jillian Brass, Meghan M. Burke, Nancy Cantor, Priyanka B. Carr, David R. Caruso, Stephen J. Ceci, Lillia Cherkasskiy, Joanna Christodoulou, Andrew R. A. Conway, Christine E. Daley, Janet E. Davidson, Jim Davies, Katie Davis, Ian J. Deary, Colin G. DeYoung, Ron Dumont, Carol S. Dweck, Linn Van Dyne, Pascale M. J. Engel de Abreu, Joseph F. Fagan, David Henry Feldman, Kurt W. Fischer, Marisa H. Fisher, James R. Flynn, Liane Gabora, Howard Gardner, Glenn Geher, Sarah J. Getz, Judith Glück, Ashok K. Goel, Megan M. Griffin, Elena L. Grigorenko, Richard J. Haier, Diane F. Halpern, Christopher Hertzog, Robert M. Hodapp, Earl Hunt, Alan S. Kaufman, James C. Kaufman, Scott Barry Kaufman, Iris A. Kemp, John F. Kihlstrom, Joni M. Lakin, Christina S. Lee, David F. Lohman, N. J. Mackintosh, Brooke Macnamara, Samuel D. Mandelman, John D. Mayer, Richard E. Mayer, Martha J. Morelock, Ted Nettelbeck, Raymond S. Nickerson, Weihua Niu, Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie, Jonathan A. Plucker, Sally M. Reis, Joseph S. Renzulli, Heiner Rindermann, L. Todd Rose, Anne Russon, Peter Salovey, Scott Seider, Ellen L. Short, Keith E. Stanovich, Ursula M. Staudinger, Robert J. Sternberg, Carli A. Straight, Lisa A. Suzuki, Mei Ling Tan, Maggie E. Toplak, Susana Urbina, Richard K. Wagner, Richard F. West, Wendy M. Williams, John O. Willis, Thomas R. Zentall
- Edited by Robert J. Sternberg, Oklahoma State University, Scott Barry Kaufman, New York University
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
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- 05 June 2012
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- 30 May 2011, pp xi-xiv
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- By Waiel Almoustadi, Brian J. Anderson, David B. Auyong, Michael Avidan, Michael J. Avram, Roland J. Bainton, Jeffrey R. Balser, Juliana Barr, W. Scott Beattie, Manfred Blobner, T. Andrew Bowdle, Walter A. Boyle, Eugene B. Campbell, Laura F. Cavallone, Mario Cibelli, C. Michael Crowder, Ola Dale, M. Frances Davies, Mark Dershwitz, George Despotis, Clifford S. Deutschman, Brian S. Donahue, Marcel E. Durieux, Thomas J. Ebert, Talmage D. Egan, Helge Eilers, E. Wesley Ely, Charles W. Emala, Alex S. Evers, Heidrun Fink, Pierre Foëx, Stuart A. Forman, Helen F. Galley, Josephine M. Garcia-Ferrer, Robert W. Gereau, Tony Gin, David Glick, B. Joseph Guglielmo, Dhanesh K. Gupta, Howard B. Gutstein, Robert G. Hahn, Greg B. Hammer, Brian P. Head, Helen Higham, Laureen Hill, Kirk Hogan, Charles W. Hogue, Christopher G. Hughes, Eric Jacobsohn, Roger A. Johns, Dean R. Jones, Max Kelz, Evan D. Kharasch, Ellen W. King, W. Andrew Kofke, Tom C. Krejcie, Richard M. Langford, H. T. Lee, Isobel Lever, Jerrold H. Levy, J. Lance Lichtor, Larry Lindenbaum, Hung Pin Liu, Geoff Lockwood, Alex Macario, Conan MacDougall, M. B. MacIver, Aman Mahajan, Nándor Marczin, J. A. Jeevendra Martyn, George A. Mashour, Mervyn Maze, Thomas McDowell, Stuart McGrane, Berend Mets, Patrick Meybohm, Charles F. Minto, Jonathan Moss, Mohamed Naguib, Istvan Nagy, Nick Oliver, Paul S. Pagel, Pratik P. Pandharipande, Piyush Patel, Andrew J. Patterson, Robert A. Pearce, Ronald G. Pearl, Misha Perouansky, Kristof Racz, Chinniampalayam Rajamohan, Nilesh Randive, Imre Redai, Stephen Robinson, Richard W. Rosenquist, Carl E. Rosow, Uwe Rudolph, Francis V. Salinas, Robert D. Sanders, Sunita Sastry, Michael Schäfer, Jens Scholz, Thomas W. Schnider, Mark A. Schumacher, John W. Sear, Frédérique S. Servin, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Tom De Smet, Martin Smith, Joe Henry Steinbach, Markus Steinfath, David F. Stowe, Gary R. Strichartz, Michel M. R. F. Struys, Isao Tsuneyoshi, Robert A. Veselis, Arthur Wallace, Robert P. Walt, David C. Warltier, Nigel R. Webster, Jeanine Wiener-Kronish, Troy Wildes, Paul Wischmeyer, Ling-Gang Wu, Stephen Yang
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- Anesthetic Pharmacology
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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9 - The Faithful City
- Ellen F. Davis, Duke University, North Carolina
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- Scripture, Culture, and Agriculture
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- 05 June 2012
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- 13 October 2008, pp 155-178
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Summary
Seek the shalom of the city to which I have exiled you, and pray on its behalf to YHWH, for in its shalom is shalom for you.
(Jer. 29:7)The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “I will not enter the heavenly Jerusalem until I can enter the earthly Jerusalem.”
(Babylonian Talmud, Ta'anith 5a)When hope sets out in its desperate search for reasons, it can find them now.
(Wendell Berry)CITIES OF FARMERS
Modern agrarians seek to “re-member” the land, but they cannot afford to forget the city, with half the world's population now living in cities. Certainly North Americans cannot do so, since four out of five of us (including myself) reside in metropolitan areas. Even with in the confines of the much less deeply urbanized world of the biblical writers, the city is never long out of sight. For Israelites, as for virtually all other residents of the ancient Near East (except perhaps the most remote desert dwellers), the existence of cities was a fact already established for millennia. Scholars often cite the biblical suspicion of cities, and there is some truth to that. No city has an entirely positive reputation among the biblical writers; no capital city, including Jerusalem, escapes prophetic denunciation and predictions of doom. It is telling that according to the account of the Israelites' entry into Canaan, they were content to burn Jericho, the world's oldest continually inhabited city, rather than take it over for themselves.
4 - Leaving Egypt Behind: Embracing the Wilderness Economy
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The industrial era at climax … has imposed on us all its ideals of ceaseless pandemonium. The industrial economy, by definition, must never rest.… There is no such thing as enough. Our bellies and our wallets must become oceanic, and still they will not be full. Six workdays in a week are not enough. We need a seventh. We need an eighth. … Everybody is weary, and there is no rest. … Or there is none unless we adopt the paradoxical and radical expedient of just stopping.
(Wendell Berry)It is vain for you, early to rise, late to sit down,
eating the bread of the aggrieved.
Yes, he gives to his beloved sleep.
(Ps. 127:2)A MARGINAL CULTURE
Agrarianism is more than a set of farming practices, more than an attitude toward food production and consumption, although both of these are central to it. Agrarianism is nothing less than a comprehensive philosophy and practice – that is, a culture – of preservation. Agrarians are committed to preserving both communities and the material means of life, to cultivating practices that ensure that the essential means of life suffice for all members of the present generation and are not diminished for those who come after. Agrarianism in this sense is, and has nearly always been, a marginal culture, existing at the edge or under the domination of a larger culture whose ideology, social system, and economy are fundamentally different.
Frontmatter
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Acknowledgments
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3 - Seeing with God: Israel's Poem of Creation
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God's seeing protects the world from falling back into the void, protects it from total destruction. God sees the world as good, as created – even where it is the fallen world – and because of the way God sees his work and embraces it and does not forsake it, we live.
(Dietrich Bonhoeffer)To preserve our places and to be at home in them, it is necessary to fill them with imagination. To imagine as well as see what is in them. Not to fill them with the junk of fantasy and unconsciousness, for that is no more than the industrial economy would do, but to see them first clearly with the eyes, and then to see them with the imagination in their sanctity, as belonging to the Creation.
(Wendell Berry)READING GENESIS 1 AS A POEM
The first chapter of Genesis would seem to present an initial and perhaps insurmountable challenge to my thesis that the dominant mind-set expressed in the Hebrew Scriptures is agrarian. Ecologically sensitive readers, both professional and lay, generally take offense at the notion that God commands humans to exercise dominion over the earth. The attitude of Genesis 1 is “arrogant and narcissistic,” according to soil scientist Daniel Hillel, in contrast to the “more responsible role assigned to humanity in the second creation story.”
Contents
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6 - Covenantal Economics: The Biblical Case for a Local Economy
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Piety is deepest practicality, for it properly relates use and enjoyment. And a world sacramentally received in joy is a world sanely used. There is an economics of use only; it moves toward the destruction of both use and joy. And there is an economics of joy; it moves toward the intelligence of use and the enhancement of joy.
(Joseph Sittler)The stability, coherence, and longevity of human occupation require that the land should be divided among many owners and users. The central figure of agrarian thought has invariably been the small owner or small holder who maintains a significant measure of economic self-determination on a small acreage. The scale and independence of such holdings imply two things that agrarians see as desirable: intimate care in the use of the land, and political democracy resting upon the indispensable foundation of economic democracy.
(Wendell Berry)THE VALUE OF A LOCAL ECONOMY
Agrarians in every culture must reckon with the issue of land possession, usually as a vexed issue. The fact that land possession is a central (arguably the central) issue of the Hebrew Scriptures thus confirms their fundamentally agrarian character. And of course the issue remains vexed; the intensity of the conflict over possession of the land once called Canaan is probably greater today than it was in the Iron Age, and certainly more people and religious perspectives are involved.
Notes
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Abbreviations
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Introduction
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If you listen willingly,
the good of the land you shall eat.
(Isa. 1:19)And God will turn no one away
who knows how to eat.
(Raewynne Whiteley)Agrarianism is a way of thinking and ordering life in community that is based on the health of the land and of living creatures. Often out of step with the prevailing values of wealth, technology, and political and military domination, the mind-set and practices that constitute agrarianism have been marginalized by the powerful within most “history-making” cultures across time, including that of ancient Israel. Yet, agrarianism is the way of thinking predominant among the biblical writers, who very often do not represent the interests of the powerful. The sheer pervasiveness of their appreciation and concern for the health of the land is the single most important point of this study.
This volume explores the agrarian mind-set of the biblical writers by bringing Israel's Scriptures into sustained conversation with the works of contemporary agrarian writers – most consistently, those of farmer, poet, essayist, and fiction writer Wendell Berry. Over the last three generations, agrarian thought and values have been given their fullest articulation in the nearly three millennia of agrarian writing; it is now clear that this is a comprehensive way of viewing the world and the human place in it. The rapidly growing body of literature is a response to the global dominance of corporation-controlled agriculture.
Scripture Index
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7 - Running on Poetry: The Agrarian Prophets
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CROWN AGRICULTURE IN EIGHTH-CENTURY ISRAEL
To those who speak to the many deaf ears attend.
To those who speak to one,
In poet's song and voice of bird,
Many listen; but the voice that speaks to none
By all is heard:
Sound of the wind, music of the stars, prophetic word.
(Kathleen Raine)In the widening circle of those who attend to the message of the new agrarians, it is common, almost instinctual, to characterize their message as “prophetic” witness the first chapter in this volume). Like the biblical prophets, the contemporary agrarian writers expose folly and idolatry, various forms of bad faith that are endemic to their (and our) society. Like the prophets, they express their grievances and hopes in terms that are inseparably economic, political, and religious. And further, they, like the prophets, alert those who can hear to the close or immediate threat of social collapse; they see and say that we are at a tipping point, either toward life on drastically different terms or toward death on a massive scale. Yet, if the message of the new agrarian writers may rightly be called “prophetic,” the more important fact is less widely recognized: The message of the earliest prophetic writers of the Bible was distinctly “agrarian.” The eighth-century prophets Amos and Hosea were probably the world's first agrarian writers, followed within a few decades by the Greek farmer-poet Hesiod, who resembles the biblical prophets in his complaints about corrupt judges and princes (Works and Days, lines 250–65), and also about the loss of ancestral inheritance (namely his own).
8 - Wisdom or Sloth? The Character of Work
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There is the bad work of pride. There is also the bad work of despair – done poorly out of the failure of hope or vision. … Good work finds the way between pride and despair.
(Wendell Berry)A WASTING DISEASE
There is no serious question that the chief effective causes of land degradation worldwide, and of the ecological crisis in general, are human work and population growth. Those two are directly connected, and the connection lies in the area of agriculture. Population growth as we have experienced it since the mid-twentieth century is largely a result of the vast increases in crop yields made possible by the invention of the process for fixing nitrogen in ammonia fertilizer compounds. In turn, a population of six and a half billion (and growing) has led to the large-scale conversion of previously untilled land to agricultural use; that conversion currently constitutes the greatest threat (even above global warming) to healthy ecosystems worldwide. It is apt, therefore, that contemporary agrarian writers give considerable attention to the character and quality of work and to the attitudes, healthy and unhealthy, that underlie it.
U.S. Poet Laureate Donald Hall writes of his grandparents and their farming community in New Hampshire:
The farm produced little money, and my grandfather wore my father's old hand-me-downs; everywhere rags of poverty flourished like skunkweed. Still, my grandparents appeared to enjoy their work, which did not extend human consciousness but occupied or absorbed it. […]