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2 - Methodologies
- Graeme Barker, University of Cambridge, Tom Rasmussen, University of Manchester
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- Book:
- In the Footsteps of the Etruscans
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- 12 October 2023
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- 12 October 2023, pp 28-60
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Summary
The primary technique employed in the project was ‘field walking’: systematically collecting archaeological artefacts lying on the ground surface, especially in ploughsoil.The method has been widely employed by archaeologists working around the Mediterranean to map past settlement especially because of the suitability of its semi-arid landscapes for this kind of ground searching.An apparently simple technique, systematic archaeological survey in fact has to deal with a wide range of biasing factors as every stage, so this chapter describes the decisions we took and the methods we employed, and assesses their implications for the quality of the information retrieved: defining the study area (totalling 353 km2);the employment of three sampling methods (Transect, Random and Judgement, totalling 97 km2) to survey the landscape; the decisions we took about the intensity of search and artefact collection methods (41.5 km2 were searched) and about defining ‘sites’- assumed foci of activity -versus ‘off-site’ or sporadic material thought to indicateland use activities such as manuring; and in our subsequent analyses of the materials collected, the methods we used to try to minimize the biasing effects of the surface archaeology of different periods of the past being differentially prolific and/or differentially visible.
‘Focus on diet quality’: a qualitative study of clinicians’ perspectives of use of the Mediterranean dietary pattern for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Hannah L. Mayr, Jaimon T. Kelly, Graeme A. Macdonald, Ingrid J. Hickman
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 128 / Issue 7 / 14 October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2021, pp. 1220-1230
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- 14 October 2022
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Practice guidelines for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) recommend promoting the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) which is cardioprotective and may improve hepatic steatosis. This study aimed to explore multidisciplinary clinicians’ perspectives on whether the MDP is recommended in routine management of NAFLD and barriers and facilitators to its implementation in a multi-ethnic setting. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with fourteen clinicians (seven doctors, three nurses, three dietitians and one exercise physiologist) routinely managing patients with NAFLD in metropolitan hospital outpatient clinics in Australia. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. Clinicians described that lifestyle modification was their primary treatment for NAFLD and promoting diet was recognised as everyone’s role, whereby doctors and nurses raise awareness and dietitians provide individualisation. The MDP was regarded as the most evidence-based diet choice currently and was frequently recommended in routine care. Facilitators to MDP implementation in practice were: improvement in diet quality as a parallel goal to weight loss; in-depth knowledge of the dietary pattern; access to patient education and monitoring resources and; service culture, including an interdisciplinary clinic goal, and knowledge sharing from expert dietitians. Barriers included perceived challenges for patients from diverse cultural and socio-economic backgrounds and limited clinician training, time and resourcing to support behaviour change. Integration of MDP in routine management of NAFLD in specialist clinics was facilitated by a focus on diet quality, knowledge sharing, belief in evidence and an interdisciplinary team. Innovations to service delivery could better support and empower patients to change dietary behaviour long-term.
What's in a name? Wildlife traders evade authorities using code words
- Neil D'Cruze, Bhagat Singh, Aniruddha Mookerjee, David W. Macdonald, Katie Hunter, Charlotte A. Brassey, Jennifer Rowntree, Steven Megson, David Megson, Graeme Fox, Jose Louies, Ratnakaran Shanta Sharath
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Contents
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Book:
- Combined and Uneven Development
- Published by:
- Liverpool University Press
- Published online:
- 22 July 2017
- Print publication:
- 31 December 2015, pp vii-viii
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2 - The Question of Peripheral Realism
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
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- 31 December 2015, pp 49-80
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Summary
I
A single but radically uneven world-system; a singular modernity, combined and uneven; and a literature that variously registers this combined unevenness in both its form and its content to reveal itself as, properly speaking, world-literature – these propositions sum up the kernel of our argument. ‘World-literature’, as we understand it, is an analytical category, not one centred in aesthetic judgement. We find unconvincing those writings that seek to position the ‘world’ in ‘world literature’ in value terms, as signifying ‘world-class’ – as though ‘world literature’ were to be thought in analogy to those imaginary teams that sport enthusiasts love to argue about, in which the best players from everywhere and from all time are ‘selected’ to play together in some fantasy match or tournament: the Iliad, the Upanishads, Gilgamesh, the Divine Comedy, King Lear, Dream of the Red Chamber, Faust, Anna Karenina, One Hundred Years of Solitude and Things Fall Apart, for example. It is equally nugatory to think of ‘world literature’ as a kind of summit conference of great writers: exercises of this nature, as Bourdieu has pointed out, are both derealising (of time and place) and intellectualist. When we argue that it makes good sense to read, say, Wieland,Max Havelaar, Noli Me Tangere, Rickshaw and The Lost Steps together, we are not proposing any abstract connectivity linking them across time and space: our suggestion, rather, is that these texts should be considered together because they all bear testimony – in their own distinct ways, and in both their form and their content – to the ‘shock of the new’, the massive rupture effected at the levels of space-time continuum, lifeworld, experience and human sensorium by capitalist modernisation.
‘World-literature’ as we understand it is therefore a creature of modernity. Our definition differs obviously from that of Damrosch, who takes the category ‘to encompass all literary works that circulate beyond their culture of origin, either in translation or in their original language’ (2003: 4). Damrosch's formulation is self-consciously indifferent to historicity. Virgil's work circulates beyond its culture of origin; but so too do Petrarch's, Proust's and Murakami's. All four authors are therefore exemplars of ‘world literature’ for Damrosch. For us, by contrast, the ‘world’ identified in ‘world-literature’ is that of the modern world-system.
1 - World-Literature in the Context of Combined and Uneven Development
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Book:
- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
- Print publication:
- 31 December 2015, pp 1-48
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Summary
The way we imagine comparative literature is a mirror of how we see the world. (Franco Moretti 2003: 81)
These are testing times for literary studies. The challenges confronting the discipline today are legion and multiform; they range from the field specific to the institutional, from the university to the wider spheres of politics and the economy. In addition to internal debates about the coherence and sustainability of the established forms of disciplinary literary studies, we might reference in this connection the ongoing subordination of culture generally to the laws of the market, the apparently declining significance, relatively speaking, of literature itself as a cultural form, and the steady assault on the autonomy of the humanities – and indeed of the university itself in its historical guise as, for better and worse, an ivory tower, a ‘world apart’ – by government, business and media regimes, all bent in their various ways on incorporation, control and instrumentally defined regulation.
The suggestion that literary studies is in crisis has been made before, of course. As long ago as 1981, for instance, Raymond Williams argued that English literary studies had stumbled into incoherence – on the one hand, because the idea of ‘literature’ no longer provided a stable evidentiary basis of study; on the other, because the connotations of ‘English’ were so densely problematical. Asking whether the ‘English’ in ‘English literary studies’ identified ‘the language or the country’, Williams wrote that ‘[i]f it is the language, there are also fifteen centuries of native writing in other languages: Latin, Welsh, Irish, Old English, Norman French.
In the 30 years since that Cambridge-centred ‘crisis in English Studies’, arguments as to the instability – indeed, on Williams's reading, the strict unviability – of disciplinary literary studies overall have been sounded with increasing resonance. Scholars in the field have been proposing that the received modes of procedure are in need of radical overhaul. Everywhere today, the institutionalised and consolidated methods, the structuring premises and principles, the coherence of the disciplinary object of study itself, are being challenged and opened up to reconsideration and sometimes searching and fundamental critique.
Index
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
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- 31 December 2015, pp 188-218
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A Note on Collaborative Method
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
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- 31 December 2015, pp ix-x
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4 - Oboroten Spectres: Lycanthropy, Neoliberalism and New Russia in Victor Pelevin
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
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- 31 December 2015, pp 96-114
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Summary
In its blind unrestrainable passion, its were-wolf hunger for surplus-labour, capital oversteps not only the moral, but even the merely physical maximum bounds of the working day. It usurps the time for growth, development, and healthy maintenance of the body. (Karl Marx 1965: 24)
Recently, Stephen Shapiro has proposed a re-reading of forms of catachrestic narrative through the prism of world-systems theory in order to pinpoint how narrative devices and modes such as the gothic re-emerge at similar moments in the recurring cycles of long-wave capitalist accumulation (Shapiro 2008: 31). Similarly, anthropologist Michael Taussig has observed that cultural formations consisting of fantastic or magical reactions to ‘nonfantastic’ reality frequently arise in peripheral societies as a critique of their violent integration into capitalist modes of production, focusing specifically on the figuration of oil as ‘devil's excrement’ within countries converted to petro-regimes (Taussig 2010: 10, 18). The capitalist world-system, however, should also be understood as a world-ecology, in which the social transformations corresponding to different phases of capitalism are inextricable from the reorganisation of nature–society relations. Environmental historian Jason Moore argues that capitalism consists of ecological regimes, ‘those relatively durable patterns of class structure, technological innovation and the development of productive forces […] that have sustained and propelled successive phases of world accumulation’ (Moore 2010: 392). Under the compulsion of capital's expansionary logic, ecological regimes are periodically driven to exhaustion. These cyclical, systemic occurrences correspond to upswings in gothic and supernatural tropes that register the conjuncture of fading and emergent regimes, prognosticating a revolution in nature–society relations even more pervasive and traumatic than the last. Moreover, when ecological regimes are organised around the production/extraction of single commodities, as is often the case in peripheries and former colonies, the use of catachrestic narrative devices in speculative fiction serves to mediate the intense sensations of spectrality and phantasmagoria resulting from the hyper-commodity fetishism associated with monocultural socio-ecologies.
We have argued above that the ‘critical irrealist’ aesthetics of texts such as Salih's Season of Migration to the North register the impact of combined and uneven development in the colonial periphery.
6 - Ivan Vladislavic: Traversing the Uneven City
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
- Published online:
- 22 July 2017
- Print publication:
- 31 December 2015, pp 143-167
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Summary
Johannesburg seems to have no genre of its own.
(Nadine Gordimer 1976 [1958])
Consider three moments in the life of one city:
A 38-year old man is arrested in a shopping mall after he tries to sell a pair of blue eyes;
A man is minding his own business in a bank, trying to withdraw some cash from an automatic teller machine, when his hands burst into flames;
A giant, ramshackle spacecraft appears above the city. Its filthy and sick passengers – ‘aliens’ – are interred in prison camps, where illegal medical experiments are conducted on their dying bodies.
The city, of course, is Johannesburg and only one of these moments is non-fictional, but it may not be immediately obvious which one this is. Taking the first incident as a point of departure in their analysis of ‘postcolonial’ South Africa (the report of the arrest of a man for attempting to sell human body parts in a shopping mall was carried by the leading Johannesburg daily newspaper, The Star, in 1996), Jean and John L. Comaroff detect ‘symptoms of an occult economy waxing behind the civil surfaces of the “new” South Africa’ (1999: 283). This occult economy is characterised in their view by its fusion of cultural elements with long indigenous histories (such as witchcraft) with other cultural elements registering the particular velocities of contemporary ‘globalisation’. The fusion produces what they call ‘millennial capitalism’, one of whose distinguishing features is a pervasive double consciousness:
On the one hand is a perception, authenticated by glimpses of a vast wealth that passes through most postcolonial societies and into the hands of a few of their citizens […] to capital amassed by the ever more rapid, often immaterial flow of value across time and space […] On the other hand is the dawning sense of chill desperation attendant on being left out of the promise of prosperity, of the telos of liberation. (283–84)
The Comaroffs are careful to point out that ‘millennial capitalism’ is a global, and not just a (postcolonial) South African, affair. The recent proliferation of vampires, zombies and witchcraft is surely evocative of a cultural logic of tragic historical contradictions generated by the sheer speed of systematic extraction, abstraction and alienation authored by capitalism in its contemporary, ‘globalised’ phase.
Combined and Uneven Development
- Towards a New Theory of World-Literature
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
- Print publication:
- 31 December 2015
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The ambition of this book is to resituate the problem of ‘world literature’, considered as a revived category of theoretical enquiry, by pursuing the literary-cultural implications of the theory of combined and uneven development. This theory has a long pedigree in the social sciences, where it continues to stimulate debate. But its implications for cultural analysis have received less attention, even though the theory might be said to draw attention to a central – perhaps the central – arc or trajectory of modern(ist) production in literature and the other arts worldwide. It is in the conjuncture of combined and uneven development, on the one hand, and the recently interrogated and expanded categories of ‘world literature’ and ‘modernism’, on the other, that this book looks for its specific contours. In the two theoretical chapters that frame the book, the authors argue for a single, but radically uneven world-system; a singular modernity, combined and uneven; and a literature that variously registers this combined unevenness in both its form and content to reveal itself as, properly speaking, world-literature. In the four substantive chapters that then follow, the authors explore a selection of modern-era fictions in which the potential of their method of comparativism seems to be most dramatically highlighted. They treat the novel paradigmatically, not exemplarily, as a literary form in which combined and uneven development is manifested with particular salience, due in no small part to its fundamental association with the rise of capitalism and its status in peripheral and semi-peripheral societies as a ‘modernising’ import. The peculiar plasticity and hybridity of the novel form enables it to incorporate not only multiple literary levels, genres and modes, but also other non-literary and archaic cultural forms – so that, for example, realist elements might be mixed with more experimental modes of narration, or older literary devices might be reactivated in juxtaposition with more contemporary frames.
Dedication
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
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- 31 December 2015, pp v-vi
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Works Cited
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
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- 31 December 2015, pp 168-187
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3 - ‘Irrealism’ in Tayeb Salih's Season of Migration to the North
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
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- 31 December 2015, pp 81-95
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Summary
There is now widespread interest in identifying the particularities of peripheral modernism, even when this is rarely named as such and even though its provenance remains unexplained. In emphasising that the internally differentiated peripheries and semi-peripheries of core capitalism extended and still extend to a larger geo-political expanse than the once-colonised regions, we assume a world-system driven to expand into the non-capitalist worlds, whether through military conquest and occupation, or gun-boat diplomacy, or the export of capital. However, we also observe the extent and degree of the coercions visited on those societies that were seized for their natural and labour resources, or invaded for both material and political reasons. Such determinants, we suggest, inflect the singular accents of literatures from these locations, engendering a consciousness of a violent capitalism that we will not expect to find in the writings of Eastern Europe or Portugal. Moreover, most of the regions once occupied and ruled by the imperialist powers continue to function as the hinterlands of capitalism's power centres, even where spectacular economic development is taking place, and are home to the majority of the world's wholly dispossessed.
It is on such grounds that our reading of a novel from the peripheries departs from the assumptions of critics indifferent to the ways in which such literatures dramatise the trauma of modernity: for here the precipitate and selective introduction of capitalist productive and social modes into a non-capitalist environment produced incompatible material and existential situations, generating aesthetic forms encoding these disjunctions and constituting their stylistic peculiarities. Consider then the implication of Susan Stanford Friedman's (2006) challenge to the received conception of modernity as a ‘western’ invention. In attempting to reverse the systematic rexclusion from the critical literature of ‘the creative agencies of colonial and postcolonial subjects as producers of modernism’ (428), she refers us to the ‘indigenization’ and ‘cannibalism’ of cultural traditions from the ‘west’ made possible by ‘contact zones’ (430–33). Yet while she complains about the ‘curse of derivativeness’ attaching to colonial and postcolonial modernisms (432), she herself situates ‘Western aesthetics’ (431) as the source and origin of the (‘non-western’) innovations she sets out to celebrate.
Frontmatter
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
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- 31 December 2015, pp i-iv
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5 - The European Literary Periphery
- Sharae Deckard, Nicholas Lawrence, Neil Lazarus, Graeme Macdonald, Upamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Benita Parry, Stephen Shapiro
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- Combined and Uneven Development
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 22 July 2017
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- 31 December 2015, pp 115-142
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Summary
Bratislava, 1989
Not much is explained about the woman who strips naked in public in Peter Pist'anek's Slovakian novel Rivers of Babylon. ‘A nervous breakdown’ is offered as a possible reason for her disrobing, which occurs in front of the Hotel Ambassador on a busy street in central Bratislava, on a sunny August morning in 1989 (2007: 17). Impervious to the consternation of passers-by, and to a gypsy who robs her, she is eventually taken away in a police car, in one of the few civic gestures made by representatives of a rapidly vanishing state.
Initially, the woman's anguished gesture is focalised through the public's reaction to an apparently random ‘extraordinary situation’ that ‘has brought them together, just as a calamity to be overcome brings people together’ (17). But as quickly as the collective expressions of sympathy, outrage and anxiety appear do they subside and disintegrate. The vaporisation of empathy or even adequate response in Rivers of Babylon indexes the transition from an exhausted communist system to what Peter Petro and Donald Rayfield, in their introduction to the novel in English translation, call ‘another world, of rampant robber barons’ capitalism’ (Pist'anek 2007: 5). But public atomisation and exhaustion are consistent features not only of Rivers of Babylon but also of the fiction of post-communist ‘transition’ in general. As the neoliberal ‘shock doctrine’ rapidly privatises space (urban or otherwise) entirely, alien civic and cultural environments are formed, leaving individuals dangerously exposed in their fungibility and portability, cut off and disconnected from one another: ‘an individualistic society of transients’, in David Harvey's evocative summary of the contemporary – putatively ‘postmodern’ – capitalist lifeworld at large (1989: 288).
Of course, the representation of urban space as both baleful and liberatory is a familiar feature of all literary modernisms. But Bratislava's shift to free-market capitalism impresses a particularly contemporary stamp on this representation. Pist'anek's narrative has uncertainty coded into its very structure. The received modernist narrative modes seem inappropriate for the unbounded world of the post-communist ‘transition’. While many characters ‘lose the plot’ like the stripped woman, others emerge to rig the system criminally – and often brutally – in their favour. Among the spectators at the strip scene are several characters central to the novel's satiric perspective on the new economy born out of the Czechoslovak ‘Velvet Revolution’.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. 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Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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5 - 3D recording and museums
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- By Stuart Robson, University College London, Sally MacDonald, UCL Museums, Graeme Were, University of Queensland, Mona Hess, UCL Museums
- Edited by Claire Warwick, Melissa Terras, Julianne Nyhan
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- Book:
- Digital Humanities in Practice
- Published by:
- Facet
- Published online:
- 08 June 2018
- Print publication:
- 09 October 2012, pp 91-116
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A Tem Study Of The Microstructural Evolution Of Mbe-Grown Gan
- David M. Tricker, Paul D. Brown, Graeme Martin, J. Lu, D. I. Westwood, P. Hill, L. Haworth, J. E. Macdonald, T. S. Cheng, C. T. Foxon, Colin J. Humphreys
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 482 / 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 87
- Print publication:
- 1997
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The evolution of the microstructure of GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy on {001} and {111} oriented GaAs substrates has been followed using transmission electron microscopy and reflection high energy electron diffraction. A thin layer of GaN has been shown to form during the nitridation of the GaAs surface prior to growth. Growth of GaN then proceeds by an island mechanism. Faulting on the four {111} planes of the cubic zinc-blende phase which grows on the {001 } surface occurs at an early stage as a consequence of misfit strain. The distribution of the {111} microtwins is initially isotropic, but growth of one pair of {111} twins proceeds much faster than that of the other pair, leading to a final microstructure which has an anisotropic distribution of microtwins. Doping of GaN with Si hinders the growth of the zinc-blende phase, leading to a textured, columnar (0001) wurtzite microstructure. Evidence is presented to show that addition of Mg as a dopant may reduce the stacking fault energy of wurtzite GaN.
Bibliography
- Roger W. Carter, University of Warwick, Ian G. MacDonald, Queen Mary University of London, Graeme B. Segal, University of Cambridge
- Foreword by M. Taylor
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- Book:
- Lectures on Lie Groups and Lie Algebras
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 17 August 1995, pp 187-188
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