2 results
Reducing Nascent Miconia (Miconia calvescens) Patches with an Accelerated Intervention Strategy Utilizing Herbicide Ballistic Technology
- James Leary, Brooke V. Mahnken, Linda J. Cox, Adam Radford, John Yanagida, Teya Penniman, David C. Duffy, Jeremy Gooding
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- Journal:
- Invasive Plant Science and Management / Volume 7 / Issue 1 / March 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 164-175
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The miconia (Miconia calvescens) invasion of the East Maui Watershed (EMW) started from a single introduction over 40 yr ago, establishing a nascent patch network spread across 20,000 ha. In 2012, an accelerated intervention strategy was implemented utilizing the Herbicide Ballistic Technology (HBT) platform in a Hughes 500D helicopter to reduce target densities of seven nascent patches in the EMW. In a 14-mo period, a total of 48 interventions eliminated 4,029 miconia targets, with an estimated 33% increase in operations and 168% increase in recorded targets relative to the adjusted means from 2005 to 2011 data (prior to HBT adoption). This sequence of interventions covered a total net area of 1,138 ha, creating a field mosaic of overlapping search coverage (saturation) for each patch (four to eight interventions per patch). Target density reduction for each patch fit exponential decay functions (R2 > 0.88, P < 0.05), with a majority of the target interventions spatially assigned to the highest saturation fields. The progressive decay in target density led to concomitant reductions in search efficiency (min ha−1) and herbicide use rate (grams ae ha−1) in subsequent interventions. Mean detection efficacy (± SE) between overlapping interventions (n = 41) was 0.62 ± 0.03, matching closely with the probability of detection for a random search operation and verifying imperfect (albeit precise) detection. The HBT platform increases the value of aerial surveillance operations with 98% efficacy in target elimination. Applying coverage saturation with an accelerated intervention schedule to known patch locations is an adaptive process for compensating imperfect detection and building intelligence with spatial and temporal relevance to the next operation.
Functional morphology of brachiopod and coral skeletal structures supporting ciliated epithelia
- P. Westbroek, J. Yanagida, Y. Isa
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- Journal:
- Paleobiology / Volume 6 / Issue 3 / Summer 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 February 2016, pp. 313-330
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Ciliary transport of particulate suspensions in water was studied in the mantles of the inarticulate brachiopod Lingula anatina, the articulate brachiopod Coptothyris grayi and in the ciliated epithelium of the scleractinian coral Montipora foliosa. In both brachiopod species a close correlation was found between the water currents induced by the lophophore and by the mantle. Lophophore and mantle are considered here as functionally integrated organs which are active in the transport and capture of food, accumulation and the removal of (pseudo-)faeces, the sorting of particles, the pumping of water and respiration.
The tuberculate surface of Montipora foliosa is lined with ciliated epithelium; the polyps are situated in the depressions of this surface. The particulate suspension within the labyrinth is constantly diluted: particles are funneled through the furrows but end up at the tips of the tubercles. On their way they pick up some mucus. While they concentrate on the tubercles they coalesce to form larger boluses that are easily removed. The tubercular tips thus act as “bolus accumulators” and the unciliated margins of the brachiopod mantles appear to have the same function. In this accumulated form the particles are probably prevented from being recycled through the food-capturing system.
Based on these observations a preliminary functional interpretation is presented of some fossil brachiopods: the Devonian rhynchonellids Uncinulus and Hypothyridina and the Strophomenida, with the genus Marginifera serving as an example of the latter order. The morphology of the inner shell surface, and the inferred configuration of the lining ciliated mantle, was modified in these taxa by a variety of structures such as spines, tubercles, diaphragms and trails. It is suggested that the mantle of the evolved Uncinulidae and of the Strophomenida is particularly suited for the dilution of particulate suspensions before they reach the lophophore and for the accumulation and removal of mucous pseudofaeces. The inhibitory effect of the constrictions on the circulation of water could be counteracted by local ciliary pumping. In the strophomenids the mantle became a specialized and elaborate organ, while the lophophore probably remained relatively simple. In the other articulate stocks the lophophore became the central food-gathering and pumping device and in general the morphology of the mantle was maintained simple.