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Diagnostic criteria and core outcome set development for necrotising otitis externa: the COSNOE Delphi consensus study
- Sirat Lodhi, Kirsty Dodgson, Michael Dykes, Veena Vishwanath, Rohit Bazaz, Sachin Mathur, Glen Watson, Katherine Cartwright, Amy Pearson, Deborah Wearmouth, Richard List, Phillip Yates, Joanna Dixon, Arullendran Puveendran, Margarita Wilson, Katherine Watson, Milo Cullinan, Youssef Mentias, Ruth Capper, Linda Jewes, Sebastian Wallis, David Hamilton, Brook Adams, Mamoona Khalid-Raja, Barzo Faris, Maha Khan, Stefan Linton, Rohma Abrar, Eloise Owen, Vasiliki Bisbinas, Ali Ijaz, Kimberley Lau, Sara Timms, Jack Bruce, Emma Stapleton
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 April 2024, pp. 1-8
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Objective
Evidence for necrotising otitis externa (NOE) diagnosis and management is limited, and outcome reporting is heterogeneous. International best practice guidelines were used to develop consensus diagnostic criteria and a core outcome set (COS).
MethodsThe study was pre-registered on the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) database. Systematic literature review identified candidate items. Patient-centred items were identified via a qualitative study. Items and their definitions were refined by multidisciplinary stakeholders in a two-round Delphi exercise and subsequent consensus meeting.
ResultsThe final COS incorporates 36 items within 12 themes: Signs and symptoms; Pain; Advanced Disease Indicators; Complications; Survival; Antibiotic regimes and side effects; Patient comorbidities; Non-antibiotic treatments; Patient compliance; Duration and cessation of treatment; Relapse and readmission; Multidisciplinary team management.
Consensus diagnostic criteria include 12 items within 6 themes: Signs and symptoms (oedema, otorrhoea, granulation); Pain (otalgia, nocturnal otalgia); Investigations (microbiology [does not have to be positive], histology [malignancy excluded], positive CT and MRI); Persistent symptoms despite local and/or systemic treatment for at least two weeks; At least one risk factor for impaired immune response; Indicators of advanced disease (not obligatory but mut be reported when present at diagnosis). Stakeholders were unanimous that there is no role for secondary, graded, or optional diagnostic items. The consensus meeting identified themes for future research.
ConclusionThe adoption of consensus-defined diagnostic criteria and COS facilitates standardised research reporting and robust data synthesis. Inclusion of patient and professional perspectives ensures best practice stakeholder engagement.
Pragmatics, Utterance Meaning, and Representational Gesture
- Jack Wilson
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- Published online:
- 02 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 29 February 2024
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Humans produce utterances intentionally. Visible bodily action, or gesture, has long been acknowledged as part of the broader activity of speaking, but it is only recently that the role of gesture during utterance production and comprehension has been the focus of investigation. If we are to understand the role of gesture in communication, we must answer the following questions: Do gestures communicate? Do people produce gestures with an intention to communicate? This Element argues that the answer to both these questions is yes. Gestures are (or can be) communicative in all the ways language is. This Element arrives at this conclusion on the basis that communication involves prediction. Communicators predict the behaviours of themselves and others, and such predictions guide the production and comprehension of utterance. This Element uses evidence from experimental and neuroscientific studies to argue that people produce gestures because doing so improves such predictions.
The victim-bully cycle of sexual minority school adolescents in China: prevalence and the association of mood problems and coping strategies
- Yuanyuan Wang, Hui Yu, Yong Yang, Ronghua Li, Amanda Wilson, Shuilan Wang, Jack Drescher, Runsen Chen
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences / Volume 29 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 November 2020, e179
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Aims
Compared to their heterosexual peers, youth who identify as lesbian, gay or bisexual (LGB) tend to suffer higher rates of peer victimisation from bullying. However, studies of LGB adolescents' participation as bullies are scarce. We aimed to examine the possible association of sexual minority identity and the heightened risk of not only being bullied but bullying others as well. We also explored the effect of one's sexual identity on their involvement in bullying through the mediation of coping strategies and mood states.
MethodsA total of 12 218 students were recruited from 18 secondary schools in China. The demographic information, positive and negative coping strategies, mood state (anxiety, depression and hypomania) and information related to bullying and being bullied were collected. Multinomial regression was used to assess the heightened risk of sexual minority groups in comparison to their heterosexual adolescents' counterparts. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to test the mediating role of coping strategy and mood state between one's sex, sexual identity and bullying experience.
ResultsTwo trends could be observed: (1) LGB groups reported heightened risks of being bullied and bullying others at school than heterosexual peers. However, being a sexual-undeveloped girl seemed to have a protective effect on bullying-related problems. (2) Birth-assigned males were more likely to be bullied as well as bullying others at school when compared to birth-assigned females. SEM analysis revealed that being a sexual minority was directly associated with a higher frequency of being bullied (B = 0.16, 95% CI [0.10, 0.22], p < 0.001) but not bullying others (B = 0.02, 95% CI [−0.02, 0.06], p = 0.398) when compared to the heterosexual group. Negative coping, hypomania, anxiety and depression were associated with a higher frequency of being bullied, while positive coping was associated with a lower frequency of being bullied. Moreover, negative coping, hypomania and depression were associated with a higher frequency of bullying others, while positive coping was associated with a reduced likelihood of bullying others. In addition, being bullied and bullying others were significantly correlated in the SEM model.
ConclusionsThis novel research investigated the dynamic nature of the interaction between victim and bullying of LGB school adolescents in China, with a specific exploration of the psychological mechanism behind the pattern of being bullied and bullying others. School-level interventions aimed at teaching positive coping strategies to lower psychological distress are recommended to support sexual minority students.
Weed seed bank emergence across the Corn Belt
- Frank Forcella, Robert G. Wilson, Jack Dekker, Robert J. Kremer, John Cardina, Randy L. Anderson, David Alm, Karen A. Renner, R. Gordon Harvey, Sharon Clay, Douglas D. Buhler
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 45 / Issue 1 / February 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 67-76
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Field experiments, conducted from 1991 to 1994, generated information on weed seedbank emergence for 22 site-years from Ohio to Colorado and Minnesota to Missouri. Early spring seedbank densities were estimated through direct extraction of viable seeds from soil cores. Emerged seedlings were recorded periodically, as were daily values for air and soil temperature, and precipitation. Percentages of weed seedbanks that emerged as seedlings were calculated from seedbank and seedling data for each species, and relationships between seedbank emergence and microclimatic variables were sought. Fifteen species were found in 3 or more site-years. Average emergence percentages (and coefficients of variation) of these species were as follows: giant foxtail, 31.2 (84%); velvetleaf, 28.2 (66); kochia, 25.7 (79); Pennsylvania smartweed, 25.1 (65); common purslane, 15.4 (135); common ragweed, 15.0 (110); green foxtail, 8.5 (72); wild proso millet, 6.6 (104); hairy nightshade, 5.2 (62); common sunflower, 5.0 (26); yellow foxtail, 3.4 (67); pigweed species, 3.3 (103); common lambsquarters, 2.7 (111); wild buckwheat, 2.5 (63), and prostrate knotweed, 0.6 (79). Variation among site-years, for some species, could be attributed to microclimate variables thought to induce secondary dormancy in spring. For example, total seasonal emergence percentage of giant foxtail was related positively to the 1st date at which average daily soil temperature at 5 to 10 cm soil depth reached 16 C. Thus, if soil warmed before mid April, secondary dormancy was induced and few seedlings emerged, whereas many seedlings emerged if soil remained cool until June.
Weed Seedbanks of the U.S. Corn Belt: Magnitude, Variation, Emergence, and Application
- Frank Forcella, Robert G. Wilson, Karen A. Renner, Jack Dekker, Robert G. Harvey, David A. Alm, Douglas D. Buhler, John Cardina
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 40 / Issue 4 / December 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 636-644
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Seedbanks and seedling emergence of annual weeds were examined in arable fields at eight locations in the Corn Belt. Seed densities were estimated by direct seed extraction from each of several soil cores in each sampled plot. Average total seedbank densities ranged from 600 to 162 000 viable seed m-2 among locations. Coefficients of variation (CV) typically exceeded 50%. CV for seed densities of individual species usually exceeded 100%, indicating strongly aggregated distributions. CV were lower for species with dense seed populations than those with sparse seed populations. Variance of total seedbank densities was unstable when < 10 cores were examined per plot, but stabilized at all locations when ≥ 15 cores were analyzed, despite a 12-fold difference in plot size and 270-fold difference in seed density among locations. Percentage viable seed that emerged as seedlings in field plots ranged from < 1% for yellow rocket to 30% for giant foxtail. Redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters were the most frequently encountered species. Emergence percentages of these species were related inversely to rainfall or air temperatures in April or May, presumably because anoxia and/or high temperatures induced secondary dormancy in nondormant seed. From 50 to 90% of total seed in the seedbank were dead. This information can be employed by bioeconomic weed management models, which currently use coarse estimates of emergence percentages to customize recommendations for weed control.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Eosinophil Infiltrates in Pilocytic Astrocytomas of Children and Young Adults
- Jian-Qiang Lu, Omid Rashidipour, Beverly A. Wilson, Andrew S. Jack, Jeffrey Pugh, Vivek Mehta
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 41 / Issue 5 / September 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 October 2014, pp. 632-637
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Objective
Eosinophils may affect each stage of tumour development. Many studies have suggested that tumour-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) is associated with favourable prognosis in some malignant tumours. However, only a few studies exist on TATE in central nervous system (CNS) tumours. Our recent study exhibited eosinophils in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (AT/RTs), pediatric malignant CNS tumours with divergent differentiation. This study examines eosinophils in pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs).
MethodsThe study included 44 consecutive cases of patients with PAs and no concurrent CNS inflammatory disease.
ResultsWe found eosinophils in 19 (43%) of 44 PAs (patient age range, 0.5-72 years). Eosinophils were intratumoural and clearly distinguishable. The density of eosinophils was rare to focally scattered. PAs containing eosinophils were located throughout the CNS. Furthermore, eosinophilic infiltration was identified in 18 (62%) of 29 pediatric (age range, 0.5-18 years) PAs but only 1 (7%) of 15 (p<0.001, significantly less) adult (age range, 20-72 years) PAs. Eosinophilic infiltration showed no significant differences between PAs with and without MRI cystic formation, surgical procedures, or PAs with and without leptomeningeal infiltration. In comparison, eosinophils were absent in 10 pediatric (age range, 0.5-15 years) ependymomas (or anaplastic ependymomas).
ConclusionsThese results suggest that eosinophils are common in pediatric PAs but rare in adult PAs. This difference is probably related to the developing immune system and different tumour-specific antigens in children. TATE may play a functional role in the development of pediatric PAs, as well as some other pediatric CNS tumours such as AT/RTs.
Authors' biographies
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- By Alfredo Aguilar, Klaus Ammann, Tina Barsby, David Baulcombe, Roger Beachy, David J. Bennett, Jack A. Bobo, Graham Brookes, Samuel Burckhardt, Claudia Canales Holzeis, Mark F. Cantley, Eugenio J. Cap, Danuta Cichocka, Gordon Conway, Adrian Dubock, Jim M. Dunwell, Ioannis Economidis, Claude Fischler, George Gaskell, Ian Graham, Julian Gray, Jonathan Gressel, Brian Heap, T. J. V. Higgins, Jens Högel, Richard C. Jennings, Drew L. Kershen, Christopher J. Leaver, Lu Bao-rong, Diran Makinde, Carel du Marchie Sarvaas, Nathalie Moll, Larry Murdock, Martin Porter, Wayne Powell, Tim Radford, Chavali Kameswara Rao, Pamela Ronald, Piet Schenkelaars, Idah Sithole-Niang, Sally Stares, Eduardo J. Trigo, Piero Venturi, Katy Wilson
- Edited by David J. Bennett, St Edmund's College, Cambridge, Richard C. Jennings, University of Cambridge
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- Book:
- Successful Agricultural Innovation in Emerging Economies
- Published online:
- 05 March 2013
- Print publication:
- 07 March 2013, pp viii-xxviii
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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Modelling in nutrition: An introduction
- Peter D. G. Wilson, Jack R. Dainty
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- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 58 / Issue 1 / February 1999
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- 28 February 2007, pp. 133-138
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The purpose of the present paper is to provide an introduction to modelling, particularly mathematical modelling, for nutritional researchers with little or no experience of the modelling process. It aims to outline the function of modelling, and to give some guidance on factors to consider when designing protocols to generate data as part of the modelling process. It is not intended in any way to be a comprehensive guide to mathematical modelling. The paper discusses the uses of modelling, and presents a ‘hydrodynamic analogy’ to compartmental modelling, to explain the process to the non-mathematically-minded and to examine some of the pitfalls to be avoided when using stable-isotope tracers. Examples of the use of modelling in nutrition are presented, including methods for determining absorption, as well as a discussion of possible future avenues for nutritional modelling.
The case for strategic international alliances to harness nutritional genomics for public and personal health†
- Jim Kaput, Jose M. Ordovas, Lynnette Ferguson, Ben van Ommen, Raymond L. Rodriguez, Lindsay Allen, Bruce N. Ames, Kevin Dawson, Bruce German, Ronald Krauss, Wasyl Malyj, Michael C. Archer, Stephen Barnes, Amelia Bartholomew, Ruth Birk, Peter van Bladeren, Kent J. Bradford, Kenneth H. Brown, Rosane Caetano, David Castle, Ruth Chadwick, Stephen Clarke, Karine Clément, Craig A. Cooney, Dolores Corella, Ivana Beatrice Manica da Cruz, Hannelore Daniel, Troy Duster, Sven O. E. Ebbesson, Ruan Elliott, Susan Fairweather-Tait, Jim Felton, Michael Fenech, John W. Finley, Nancy Fogg-Johnson, Rosalynn Gill-Garrison, Michael J. Gibney, Peter J. Gillies, Jan-Ake Gustafsson, John L. Hartman IV, Lin He, Jae-Kwan Hwang, Jean-Philippe Jais, Yangsoo Jang, Hans Joost, Claudine Junien, Mitchell Kanter, Warren A. Kibbe, Berthold Koletzko, Bruce R. Korf, Kenneth Kornman, David W. Krempin, Dominique Langin, Denis R. Lauren, Jong Ho Lee, Gilbert A. Leveille, Su-Ju Lin, John Mathers, Michael Mayne, Warren McNabb, John A. Milner, Peter Morgan, Michael Muller, Yuri Nikolsky, Frans van der Ouderaa, Taesun Park, Norma Pensel, Francisco Perez-Jimenez, Kaisa Poutanen, Matthew Roberts, Wim H.M. Saris, Gertrud Schuster, Andrew N. Shelling, Artemis P. Simopoulos, Sue Southon, E. Shyong Tai, Bradford Towne, Paul Trayhurn, Ricardo Uauy, Willard J. Visek, Craig Warden, Rick Weiss, John Wiencke, Jack Winkler, George L. Wolff, Xi Zhao-Wilson, Jean-Daniel Zucker
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- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 94 / Issue 5 / November 2005
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- 08 March 2007, pp. 623-632
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- November 2005
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Nutrigenomics is the study of how constituents of the diet interact with genes, and their products, to alter phenotype and, conversely, how genes and their products metabolise these constituents into nutrients, antinutrients, and bioactive compounds. Results from molecular and genetic epidemiological studies indicate that dietary unbalance can alter gene–nutrient interactions in ways that increase the risk of developing chronic disease. The interplay of human genetic variation and environmental factors will make identifying causative genes and nutrients a formidable, but not intractable, challenge. We provide specific recommendations for how to best meet this challenge and discuss the need for new methodologies and the use of comprehensive analyses of nutrient–genotype interactions involving large and diverse populations. The objective of the present paper is to stimulate discourse and collaboration among nutrigenomic researchers and stakeholders, a process that will lead to an increase in global health and wellness by reducing health disparities in developed and developing countries.
Ontological Butchery: Organism Concepts and Biological Generalizations
- Jack A. Wilson
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- Philosophy of Science / Volume 67 / Issue S3 / 2000
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- 01 April 2022, pp. S301-S311
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- 2000
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Biology lacks a central organism concept that unambiguously marks the distinction between organism and non-organism because the most important questions about organisms do not depend on this concept. I argue that the two main ways to discover useful biological generalizations about multicellular organization—the study of homology within multicellular lineages and of convergent evolution across lineages in which multicellularity has been independently established—do not require what would have to be a stipulative sharpening of an organism concept.
1 - Beyond Horses and Oak Trees
- Jack Wilson, Washington and Lee University, Virginia
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- Biological Individuality
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- 28 August 1999, pp 1-21
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Summary
A main cause of philosophical disease – a one sided diet: one nourishes one's thinking with only one kind of example.
Ludwig WittgensteinINTRODUCTION
Past attempts to explain how to individuate living things have failed for two reasons. They have not assimilated a full range of biological examples or they have been misled by the most common examples and thought experiments. In this book, I explore and resolve paradoxes that arise when one applies past notions of individuality to biological examples beyond the conventional range. I also present a new analysis of identity and persistence.
My argument is based on the belief that to answer the philosophical question “What is a living individual?” it is necessary to find a satisfactory solution to the question “What should a population biologist count when she counts organisms?” Both questions seem to have clear answers when we consider stock examples. Under normal circumstances we can count the number of puppies in a litter or tomato plants in a garden. However, the same intuitions that allow us to count puppies and tomato plants with confidence leave us perplexed when we try to count colonial siphonophores like the Portuguese man-of-war. Things get strange when we extend folk notions of individuality beyond folksy uses. We can find cases in which criteria of individuation for living things that we are used to seeing hang together give contradictory answers to the question “Is it an individual?” If we take the word ‘individual’ to be synonymous with ‘particular,’ there will not be many questions at the level of the organism and below (though there may be confusion about the nature of species).
4 - The Necessity of Biological Origin and Substantial Kinds
- Jack Wilson, Washington and Lee University, Virginia
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A VALID ARGUMENT FOR SORTAL ESSENTIALISM
In this chapter I argue that a living individual of any kind necessarily has its actual biological origins. This assertion may initially seem to be a scholastic aside to the question of individuation, but a short summary of the previous chapters will show that the necessity of origin will play an important part in my overall argument. I have demonstrated that the substantial kinds philosophers have generally considered to be the substantial kinds for living individuals do not seem appropriate when applied beyond the most basic familiar examples. I have proposed an alternative to these substantial kinds that better explains biological individuality and grounded these suggestions in a theory of natural kinds.
I established that the existence of real living individuals depends on the existence of real substantial kinds that those individuals exemplify. The substantial kind for a living thing marks the boundaries of the sort of change that entity can undergo without ceasing to exist. If an entity is a living thing of a substantial (natural) kind, it cannot cease to have the properties characteristic of that kind without ceasing to exist. An entity's substantial kind marks those properties as essential to the continued existence of a thing if it originates as a member of that substantial kind. If x is of kind K, x cannot cease to have the properties essential to kind K.
References
- Jack Wilson, Washington and Lee University, Virginia
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- Biological Individuality
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Notes
- Jack Wilson, Washington and Lee University, Virginia
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3 - Individuality and Equivocation
- Jack Wilson, Washington and Lee University, Virginia
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The whole question seems to turn upon the meaning of the word ‘individual.’
T. H. Huxley, 1852PARADIGM INDIVIDUALS: THE HIGHER ANIMALS
I assume that there are no real paradoxes in nature. An apparent paradox is a problem to be solved. To resolve the paradoxes of individuality I discussed in Chapters 1 and 2, I need a more refined vocabulary of individuation to describe and classify the diversity of life cycle and modes of growth and reproduction found in nature. In this section, I begin to develop this vocabulary by examining the properties of an adult higher animal that make it a paradigm of biological individuality.
‘Higher animal’ refers to those animals that are a lot like human beings in that each is multicellular, composed of diverse types of cells, which in turn compose a variety of tissues and organs. ‘Higher animal’ is not a rigorous term, but its use will become clear when I detail the properties commonly associated with the higher animals. Most higher animals reproduce sexually and only sexually. Each higher animal develops from a single cell, which divides by mitosis into a group of cells that develop into its adult form.
Although a higher animal has the properties commonly considered relevant to individuality, and exhibits them to the greatest extent found in nature, I do not argue that a higher animal is a living individual of the highest degree or that it is a paradigm individual. I do not argue that the properties I list below are the necessary and sufficient conditions for biological individuality.
6 - Personal Identity Naturalized
- Jack Wilson, Washington and Lee University, Virginia
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- Biological Individuality
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To this point, I have avoided the topic of personal identity in my analysis of biological individuality. I did this for two reasons. Focusing on personal identity might have deformed my account of biological individuality by encouraging me to develop a model into which personal identity could easily be inserted. The second reason is that I have never been sympathetic to philosophical theories of personal identity that treat a person as a substantial individual distinct from a biological organism (functional individual). I think that the important issues of human identity can be resolved without recourse to treating person as a substantial kind. Now that I have developed a system of individuation though, it seems appropriate to explore its application to human beings and personal identity. I intend for my account of biological individuality to provide the grounds for individuating all living things, so it should apply to human beings. In the sections below, I discuss the different kinds of biological individuality as they apply to human beings. This discussion provides the groundwork for an exploration of the connection between personal identity and the biological identity of a human organism.
HUMAN BEINGS AS BIOLOGICAL ENTITIES
In addition to explaining the nature of biological individuality for any number of other organisms, a system of biological individuation must provide an account of human individuation. A human being is a higher animal. As a higher animal, a human being is one of the easier living things to individuate and trace through time.
Frontmatter
- Jack Wilson, Washington and Lee University, Virginia
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5 - Generation and Corruption
- Jack Wilson, Washington and Lee University, Virginia
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- Biological Individuality
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- 28 August 1999, pp 86-104
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A substantial kind, as defined in Chapter 1, is a kind that an individual cannot cease to fulfill without ceasing to exist. In Chapter 3, I explained which kinds are substantial kinds for living things and the criteria of individuation associated with those kinds. Together, these chapters provide the means to establish the criteria of identity through time for living substantial individuals. A living thing of a particular kind begins to exist when an entity first exists that meets those criteria. That entity ceases to exist when it ceases to meet them. In this chapter I trace several representative life histories for living individuals of the substantial kinds I identified in Chapter 3 and elaborate on the relations between individuals of these kinds through time. In the following sections I explore the origins, growth, and eventual demise of each kind of living individual by considering a number of examples.
Toward the end of this chapter I examine whether death is necessarily the end of an entity. To this point I have treated death as if it were the irrevocable end of a living thing. I have assumed that the change from a living body to a corpse is one that an entity cannot survive. But I am convinced that this is not always the case – a living thing can die and then live again. If Walt Disney actually had been preserved cryogenically after his death and was later revived, he would still be Walt Disney.