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Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain in Children: A Forty Year Experience
- Douglas Kondziolka, Robin P. Humphreys, Harold J. Hoffman, E. Bruce Hendrick, James M. Drake
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- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 19 / Issue 1 / February 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 September 2015, pp. 40-45
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Despite the great capacity for the pediatric brain to recover from stroke, the morbidity and mortality in children who harbor an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) remains high. This study examines the clinical data and management experience with 132 patients with brain AVM from 1949 to 1989. Although the high tendency for a childhood AVM to present with hemorrhage (79%) remained constant for the forty year study period, the associated morbidity and mortality of hemorrhage changed. The mortality rate from hemorrhage for the entire series was 25%, which was reduced from 39% to 16% after the introduction of computed tomography. The mortality from AVM hemorrhage since 1975 was dependent on location; 8 of 14 patients (57%) with a cerebellar AVM died from hemorrhage while only 2 of 44 patients (4.5%) with a cerebral hemisphere AVM died (p < 0.0001). Sixteen children (12%) presented with a chronic seizure disorder. Surgical excision of the malformation resulted in complete seizure control off anti-convulsant medication in 73% of patients. Although 21% of patients were treated non-operatively (many with terminal poor-grade hemorrhage), 79% had a surgical procedure with total AVM excision achieved in 70 patients (53.1%). Complete AVM resection was followed by a normal neurological outcome in 47 children (67%). Most partial excisions (n=9) and clipping of feeding arteries (n=7) were performed in the early years of this study, and did not provide protection from rehe-morrhage. Although conservative management has been advocated for selected non-hemorrhagic AVMs, we conclude that essentially all children with an AVM should be treated in order to eliminate the risk of hemorrhage. Long-term conservative management in pediatric patients is warranted only in patients with large AVMs not amenable to treatment using current multimodality techniques.
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Studies of a Scottish drift soil. III
- William Gammie Ogg, James Hendrick
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 10 / Issue 3 / July 1920
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 343-357
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It has been shown in Part II that a glacial drift soil in a comparatively unweathered condition has a considerable power of absorption for ammonia, although it has sometimes been held that it is the weathered material in soils that is responsible for the absorptive power. Glacial drift, as exemplified in the Craibstone soil, however, though its weathering is geologically recent compared with that of many English soils, has been subjected to age-long weathering since the glacial period, and in the process of soil formation a certain amount of weathering with the resultant decomposition has necessarily taken place. Craibstone soil has also been shown (Table II, Part II) to contain a fairly large percentage of organic matter and it might be contended that the absorptive power was chiefly due to either or both of these factors.
Studies of a Scottish drift soil
- James Hendrick, George Newlands
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 16 / Issue 4 / October 1926
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 584-595
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1. An examination is made of some aspects of the replacement or exchange of bases by ammonium chloride solution, in a soil about which considerable information had been acquired regarding its physical, chemical, and mineralogical constitution, namely, the soil of Craibstone Experiment Farm, Aberdeen. Certain data in this connection are given.
2. The “course of replacement” of calcium by ammonia, by successive applications of equal amounts of a normal solution of ammonium chloride is examined, according to the method of Gedroiz. Comparison is made between the results got for the Craibstone soil and those for a tshernoziem soil examined by Gedroiz. By means of graphs the agreement between the two soils as to the “course of replacement” is shown, and a distinction made between easily extractable calcium, and that more slowly removed in solution. The “course of replacement” of potassium and magnesium in the Craibstone soil is also examined.
3. The presence of silicon, aluminium, iron and manganese is also noted in the extracts.
4. The soil is also examined for “Total Exchangeable Bases” by extraction with normal ammonium chloride, according to the method of Hissink, with minor modifications.
5. Exchangeable aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium and sodium were found and in addition silicon was present in the extracts.
6. The question of the presence of silicon, aluminium, iron and manganese in measurable amounts in extracts from acid soils is discussed.
7. The relative proportions of exchangeable divalent and monovalent bases found were as follows. Calcium 85·02 per cent., magnesium 8·11 per cent., potassium 2·18 per cent., sodium 4·68 per cent. These results are in general agreement with those found for acid soils.
Studies of a Scottish drift soil. II
- William Gammie Ogg, James Hendrick
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 10 / Issue 3 / July 1920
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 333-342
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1. Craibstone soil—a glacial drift soil which has not undergone very profound weathering and is free from calcium carbonate—has a considerable absorptive power for ammonia from a solution of sulphate of ammonia.
2. It was found possible to make a mechanical analysis of a large quantity of this soil without the use of acid and alkali, and although the separation into fractions was by no means perfect, a very fair comparison was obtained of the absorptive capacities of the different fractions.
3. The absorptive power per unit weight of the fractions, as would be naturally expected, increases with the decrease in size of the particles, reaching a maximum in the case of “clay.”
4. “Fine silt” and “silt” have also a high absorptive power. This may be partly due to the presence of organic matter, but allowing for that, these fractions have a high power of absorption.
5. It was not the object of these experiments to draw any detailed conclusions as to the relation between surface and absorptive power, but it seems probable, from the results obtained, that the absorptive power is not determined by surface alone, and that the chemical composition of the fractions has an influence on the absorptive power.
Studies of a Scottish Drift Soil.: Part I. The Composition of the Soil and of the Mineral Particles which Compose it.
- James Hendrick, William G. Ogg
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 7 / Issue 4 / April 1916
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 458-469
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Most of the soil investigations in this country have been conducted at Rothamsted or other parts of South Britain and the soils examined have been chiefly those overlying the stratified rocks of the southern half of England. These, however, are by no means typical of the whole of Britain and research is needed into soils found extensively in Scotland and other parts of Britain which differ greatly in their origin, nature and properties from those which have hitherto been the chief subjects to which British investigators have devoted attention. The various agricultural colleges are taking up the study of the soils of their respective districts, and when the Farm of Craibstone was acquired as an Experiment Station by the North of Scotland College, a series of soil investigations was immediately commenced.
The value of mineralogical examination in determining soil types, with a method of examination and a comparison of certain English and Scottish soils
- James Hendrick, George Newlands
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 13 / Issue 1 / January 1923
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 1-17
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Accounts have already been published by this department of investigations made as to the origin, nature and properties of the glacial drift soils of the north-east of Scotland; in particular, the soil as found at the Experimental Farm of Craibstone, near Aberdeen, has been studied by means of mechanical analysis and the determination of the chemical composition of the fractions resulting therefrom (4). The results obtained have brought out some characteristic features of the Craibstone soil, and have indicated that important differences may exist between a glacial drift soil, derived mainly from rocks of granitic nature, and such a soil as that of Rothamsted, arising from the “Clay with flints” formation.
The mineralogical composition of some Scottish soils
- James Hendrick, George Newlands
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 15 / Issue 3 / July 1925
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 257-271
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1. Previous investigations showed that certain Scottish soils were of glacial drift origin, that they were comparatively rich in unweathered silicates and therefore in reserves of plant-food, that they showed considerable variation in such silicates and were capable of classification accordingly. Some indication was also shown that the glacial drift, and hence the resulting soil, was sometimes of local origin, its character being determined by the underlying rock. In the present investigation a more extensive survey of Scottish soils has been made in order to discover to what extent these preliminary findings might be applicable generally.
2. For this purpose soils have been collected from various localities in the north, north-east, west and south of Scotland, and have been analysed mechanically and the “fine sand” fraction examined mineralogically.
The Preservation of Eggs by Water Glass, and the Composition of Preserved Eggs
- James Hendrick
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 2 / Issue 1 / January 1907
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 100-105
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One of the most popular and commonly used methods of preserving eggs is by means of water glass. Though this method was introduced only comparatively recently it has largely superseded older methods, and also appears to have led to much more frequent preservation of eggs on the small scale in households and by small traders. The method is simple and effective. The eggs are obtained when they are plentiful and cheap in spring and preserved for use during the winter months. It is therefore necessary to keep them for about six months. In the experiments described below some were left in a solution of water glass as long as four years.
Contributors
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- By Isabella Aboderin, W. Andrew Achenbaum, Katherine R. Allen, Toni C. Antonucci, Sara Arber, Claudine Attias‐Donfut, Paul B. Baltes, Sandhi Maria Barreto, Vern L. Bengtson, Simon Biggs, Joanna Bornat, Julie B. Boron, Mike Boulton, Clive E. Bowman, Marjolein Broese van Groenou, Edna Brown, Robert N. Butler, Bill Bytheway, Neena L. Chappell, Neil Charness, Kaare Christensen, Peter G. Coleman, Ingrid Arnet Connidis, Neal E. Cutler, Sara J. Czaja, Svein Olav Daatland, Lia Susana Daichman, Adam Davey, Bleddyn Davies, Freya Dittmann‐Kohli, Glen H. Elder, Carroll L. Estes, Mike Featherstone, Amy Fiske, Alexandra Freund, Daphna Gans, Linda K. George, Roseann Giarrusso, Chris Gilleard, Jay Ginn, Edlira Gjonça, Elena L. Grigorenko, Jaber F. Gubrium, Sarah Harper, Jutta Heckhausen, Akiko Hashimoto, Jon Hendricks, Mike Hepworth, Charlotte Ikels, James S. Jackson, Yuri Jang, Bernard Jeune, Malcolm L. Johnson, Randi S. Jones, Alexandre Kalache, Robert L. Kane, Rosalie A. Kane, Ingrid Keller, Rose Anne Kenny, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, Kees Knipscheer, Martin Kohli, Gisela Labouvie‐Vief, Kristina Larsson, Shu‐Chen Li, Charles F. Longino, Ariela Lowenstein, Erick McCarthy, Gerald E. McClearn, Brendan McCormack, Elizabeth MacKinlay, Alfons Marcoen, Michael Marmot, Tom Margrain, Victor W. Marshall, Elizabeth A. Maylor, Ruud ter Meulen, Harry R. Moody, Robert A. Neimeyer, Demi Patsios, Margaret J. Penning, Stephen A. Petrill, Chris Phillipson, Leonard W. Poon, Norella M. Putney, Jill Quadagno, Pat Rabbitt, Jennifer Reid Keene, Sandra G. Reynolds, Steven R. Sabat, Clive Seale, Merril Silverstein, Hannes B. Staehelin, Ursula M. Staudinger, Robert J. Sternberg, Debra Street, Philip Taylor, Fleur Thomése, Mats Thorslund, Jinzhou Tian, Theo van Tilburg, Fernando M. Torres‐Gil, Josy Ubachs‐Moust, Christina Victor, K. Warner Shaie, Anthony M. Warnes, James L. Werth, Sherry L. Willis, François‐Charles Wolff, Bob Woods
- Edited by Malcolm L. Johnson, University of Bristol
- Edited in association with Vern L. Bengtson, University of Southern California, Peter G. Coleman, University of Southampton, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing
- Published online:
- 05 June 2016
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- 01 December 2005, pp xii-xvi
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Focusing Circle Errors in X-Ray Residual Stress Measurements of Nickel-Based Materials
- E. B. S. Pardue, M. R. James, R. W. Hendricks
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- Advances in X-ray Analysis / Volume 31 / 1987
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- 06 March 2019, pp. 205-212
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- 1987
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An unexplained anomalous sin2ψ split in x-ray stress measurements has consistently resulted from the use of Cr Kα radiation with nickel and austenitic stainless steels. Both, materials have diffraction peaks at low back-reflection angles for this radiation (nickel: 20 ⋍ 134°, austenitic stainless steel: 20 ⋍ 128°). The anomalous split is not evident when the measurements are made using Cr Kβ radiation, In an attempt to explain the errors produced by the Cr Kα radiation, focusing circle effects were analyzed and compared to experimental measurements made with both Cr Kα and Cr Kβ radiation on nickel-based samples,
The United States Antidumping Act
- James Pomeroy Hendrick
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- Journal:
- American Journal of International Law / Volume 58 / Issue 4 / October 1964
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- 28 March 2017, pp. 914-934
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- October 1964
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Enacted in 1921, the United States law on dumping in international trade was regarded at the time as a “model of draftsmanship.” Present-day technicians are content with its provisions, though they do not echo this encomium. But the reader who approaches the nine closely written pages of the law’s text for the first time is likely to find the experience rather terrifying. These nine pages can be roughly summarized as follows. The Act comes into operation when a foreign producer sells to United States importers at a price less than that which he charges purchasers in his own country, with resultant injury to United States industry. When this is the case, a dumping duty is assessed on the imports, measured by the price differential which has been found.