30 results
From speculative to real: community attitudes towards government COVID-19 vaccine mandates in Western Australia from May 2021 to April 2022
- Katie Attwell, Leah Roberts, Marco Rizzi
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- Journal:
- Health Economics, Policy and Law , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 May 2024, pp. 1-20
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Many governments employed mandates for COVID-19 vaccines, imposing consequences upon unvaccinated people. Attitudes towards these policies have generally been positive, but little is known about how discourses around them changed as the characteristics of the disease and the vaccinations evolved. Western Australia (WA) employed sweeping COVID-19 vaccine mandates for employment and public spaces whilst the state was closed off from the rest of the country and world, and mostly with no COVID-19 in the community. This article analyses WA public attitudes during the mandate policy lifecycle from speculative to real. Qualitative interview data from 151 adults were analysed in NVivo 20 via a novel chronological analysis anchored in key policy phases: no vaccine mandates, key worker vaccine mandates, vaccine mandates covering 75% of the workforce and public space mandates. Participants justified mandates as essential for border reopening and, less frequently, for goals such as protecting the health system. However, public discourse focusing on ‘getting coverage rates up’ may prove counter-productive for building support for vaccination; governments should reinforce end goals in public messaging (reducing suffering and saving lives) because such messaging is likely to be more meaningful to vaccination behaviour in the longer term.
Matched or moved? Asymmetry in high- and low-level visual processing of motion events
- Part of
- Xingyi Fu, Norbert Vanek, Leah Roberts
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- Journal:
- Language and Cognition / Volume 16 / Issue 2 / June 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 August 2023, pp. 283-306
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Consensus on the extent to which cross-linguistic differences affect event cognition is currently absent. This is partly because cognitive influences of language have rarely been examined within speakers of different languages in tasks that manipulate the level of visual processing. This study presents a novel combination of a high-level approach upregulating the involvement of language, namely self-paced sentence-video verification, and a low-level visual detection method without language use, namely breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) (Yang et al., 2014). The results point to cross-linguistic effects on event cognition by revealing variations in visual processing patterns of manner and path by English versus Mandarin Chinese speakers. Language specificity was found on both levels of processing. An asymmetry in response speed across tasks highlights an important difference between facilitation of detecting contrasts when recruitment of verbal labels is automatic, versus facilitation of verifying correspondences when labels are overt.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of whole-genome sequencing during an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
- Thomas M. Elliott, Patrick N. Harris, Leah W. Roberts, Michelle Doidge, Trish Hurst, Krispin Hajkowicz, Brian Forde, David L. Paterson, Louisa G. Gordon
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- Journal:
- Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology / Volume 1 / Issue 1 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 December 2021, e62
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Background:
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) shotgun metagenomics (metagenomics) attempts to sequence the entire genetic content straight from the sample. Diagnostic advantages lie in the ability to detect unsuspected, uncultivatable, or very slow-growing organisms.
Objective:To evaluate the clinical and economic effects of using WGS and metagenomics for outbreak management in a large metropolitan hospital.
Design:Cost-effectiveness study.
Setting:Intensive care unit and burn unit of large metropolitan hospital.
Patients:Simulated intensive care unit and burn unit patients.
Methods:We built a complex simulation model to estimate pathogen transmission, associated hospital costs, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) during a 32-month outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). Model parameters were determined using microbiology surveillance data, genome sequencing results, hospital admission databases, and local clinical knowledge. The model was calibrated to the actual pathogen spread within the intensive care unit and burn unit (scenario 1) and compared with early use of WGS (scenario 2) and early use of WGS and metagenomics (scenario 3) to determine their respective cost-effectiveness. Sensitivity analyses were performed to address model uncertainty.
Results:On average compared with scenario 1, scenario 2 resulted in 14 fewer patients with CRAB, 59 additional QALYs, and $75,099 cost savings. Scenario 3, compared with scenario 1, resulted in 18 fewer patients with CRAB, 74 additional QALYs, and $93,822 in hospital cost savings. The likelihoods that scenario 2 and scenario 3 were cost-effective were 57% and 60%, respectively.
Conclusions:The use of WGS and metagenomics in infection control processes were predicted to produce favorable economic and clinical outcomes.
5 - Achieving Gender Equality: Understanding Gender Equality and Health Among Vulnerable Adolescents in the Sustainable Development Goals Era
- Edited by Prerna Banati, UNICEF
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- Book:
- Sustainable Human Development across the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 05 January 2022
- Print publication:
- 24 February 2021, pp 113-134
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Summary
Introduction
The goal of global gender equality is articulated in the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 5). This objective signifies the global community's recognition, for the first time, of the central role that gender equality plays in sustainable development. However, the importance of gender equality in the Sustainable Development Goals goes beyond SDG 5. Issues of equality, and specifically gender equality, are interwoven throughout the SDGs and are central to both SDG targets and their related efforts that range in scope from the individual through macro-national and global political institutions.
Independent of the SDGs, adolescent health and well-being have recently emerged as national and global priorities (Patton et al, 2016). For some, the increased importance of adolescents and youth reflects the impressive child survival successes under the MDGs (Bhutta et al, 2019). It is also an acknowledgement that this segment of the population represents a political and social force; there is a critical need to support young people's growth and development if they are to participate in national growth and development. The SDG era (2015– 30) provides an opportunity to highlight the needs of adolescents worldwide, by putting a growing body of longitudinal evidence into practice in the evaluation of SDG-relevant programmes, tracking the achievement of SDG targets among adolescents, and ultimately developing policies that ensure no one, especially this next generation of national and global leaders, is left behind. In order to ensure just and sustainable global development, policy makers must understand the experiences and concerns of adolescents around the world. However, despite their critical role in global development, adolescents are essentially absent from most SDG indicators (Guglielmi and Jones, 2019).
The work of the Global Early Adolescent Study (GEAS) is especially compelling within the SDG context because, until recently, little was known about the first five years of adolescence. Most research began at age 15 and approached young adolescents with assumptions about their experiences, rather than evidence. We know now that early adolescence is not only a time of rapid pubertal development but also of neurological development that impacts social and cognitive functioning (Dahl et al, 2018).
These developmental changes take place within the context of dramatic shifts in social expectations, and in adolescents’ relationships with family, friends and romantic partners as they mature (Cohen et al, 2003).
Learning gaps among statistical competencies for clinical and translational science learners
- Robert A. Oster, Katrina L. Devick, Sally W. Thurston, Joseph J. Larson, Leah J. Welty, Paul J. Nietert, Brad H. Pollock, Gina-Maria Pomann, Heidi Spratt, Christopher J. Lindsell, Felicity T. Enders
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 June 2020, e12
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Introduction:
Statistical literacy is essential in clinical and translational science (CTS). Statistical competencies have been published to guide coursework design and selection for graduate students in CTS. Here, we describe common elements of graduate curricula for CTS and identify gaps in the statistical competencies.
Methods:We surveyed statistics educators using e-mail solicitation sent through four professional organizations. Respondents rated the degree to which 24 educational statistical competencies were included in required and elective coursework in doctoral-level and master’s-level programs for CTS learners. We report competency results from institutions with Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs), reflecting institutions that have invested in CTS training.
Results:There were 24 CTSA-funded respondents representing 13 doctoral-level programs and 23 master’s-level programs. For doctoral-level programs, competencies covered extensively in required coursework for all doctoral-level programs were basic principles of probability and hypothesis testing, understanding the implications of selecting appropriate statistical methods, and computing appropriate descriptive statistics. The only competency extensively covered in required coursework for all master’s-level programs was understanding the implications of selecting appropriate statistical methods. The least covered competencies included understanding the purpose of meta-analysis and the uses of early stopping rules in clinical trials. Competencies considered to be less fundamental and more specialized tended to be covered less frequently in graduate courses.
Conclusion:While graduate courses in CTS tend to cover many statistical fundamentals, learning gaps exist, particularly for more specialized competencies. Educational material to fill these gaps is necessary for learners pursuing these activities.
A REDCap-based model for electronic consent (eConsent): Moving toward a more personalized consent
- Colleen E. Lawrence, Leah Dunkel, Mark McEver, Tiffany Israel, Robert Taylor, Germán Chiriboga, Karin Valentine Goins, Elizabeth J. Rahn, Amy S. Mudano, Erik D. Roberson, Carol Chambless, Virginia G. Wadley, Maria I. Danila, Melissa A. Fischer, Yvonne Joosten, Kenneth G. Saag, Jeroan J. Allison, Stephenie C. Lemon, Paul A. Harris
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 4 / Issue 4 / August 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 April 2020, pp. 345-353
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Introduction:
The updated common rule, for human subjects research, requires that consents “begin with a ‘concise and focused’ presentation of the key information that will most likely help someone make a decision about whether to participate in a study” (Menikoff, Kaneshiro, Pritchard. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 376(7): 613–615.). We utilized a community-engaged technology development approach to inform feature options within the REDCap software platform centered around collection and storage of electronic consent (eConsent) to address issues of transparency, clinical trial efficiency, and regulatory compliance for informed consent (Harris, et al. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 2009; 42(2): 377–381.). eConsent may also improve recruitment and retention in clinical research studies by addressing: (1) barriers for accessing rural populations by facilitating remote consent and (2) cultural and literacy barriers by including optional explanatory material (e.g., defining terms by hovering over them with the cursor) or the choice of displaying different videos/images based on participant’s race, ethnicity, or educational level (Phillippi, et al. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 2018; 47(4): 529–534.).
Methods:We developed and pilot tested our eConsent framework to provide a personalized consent experience whereby users are guided through a consent document that utilizes avatars, contextual glossary information supplements, and videos, to facilitate communication of information.
Results:The eConsent framework includes a portfolio of eight features, reviewed by community stakeholders, and tested at two academic medical centers.
Conclusions:Early adoption and utilization of this eConsent framework have demonstrated acceptability. Next steps will emphasize testing efficacy of features to improve participant engagement with the consent process.
Using resting-state intrinsic network connectivity to identify suicide risk in mood disorders
- Jonathan P. Stange, Lisanne M. Jenkins, Stephanie Pocius, Kayla Kreutzer, Katie L. Bessette, Sophie R. DelDonno, Leah R. Kling, Runa Bhaumik, Robert C. Welsh, John G. Keilp, K. Luan Phan, Scott A. Langenecker
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 50 / Issue 14 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 October 2019, pp. 2324-2334
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Background
Little is known about the neural substrates of suicide risk in mood disorders. Improving the identification of biomarkers of suicide risk, as indicated by a history of suicide-related behavior (SB), could lead to more targeted treatments to reduce risk.
MethodsParticipants were 18 young adults with a mood disorder with a history of SB (as indicated by endorsing a past suicide attempt), 60 with a mood disorder with a history of suicidal ideation (SI) but not SB, 52 with a mood disorder with no history of SI or SB (MD), and 82 healthy comparison participants (HC). Resting-state functional connectivity within and between intrinsic neural networks, including cognitive control network (CCN), salience and emotion network (SEN), and default mode network (DMN), was compared between groups.
ResultsSeveral fronto-parietal regions (k > 57, p < 0.005) were identified in which individuals with SB demonstrated distinct patterns of connectivity within (in the CCN) and across networks (CCN-SEN and CCN-DMN). Connectivity with some of these same regions also distinguished the SB group when participants were re-scanned after 1–4 months. Extracted data defined SB group membership with good accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (79–88%).
ConclusionsThese results suggest that individuals with a history of SB in the context of mood disorders may show reliably distinct patterns of intrinsic network connectivity, even when compared to those with mood disorders without SB. Resting-state fMRI is a promising tool for identifying subtypes of patients with mood disorders who may be at risk for suicidal behavior.
9 - Psycholinguistic and Neurolinguistic Methods
- from Part II - Methods
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- By Leah Roberts
- Edited by John W. Schwieter, Alessandro Benati, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Language Learning
- Published online:
- 25 June 2019
- Print publication:
- 27 June 2019, pp 208-230
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Summary
Language learning involves more than acquiring knowledge of the target language; learners must also be able to put their knowledge to use during real-time processing, and in the past twenty years, sophisticated psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic methods have been employed to allow for a deep investigation into these processes. A number of techniques, such as self-paced reading and cross-modal priming rely on speed responses (for instance a button-push) to infer the underlying comprehension processes that are involved in the real-time processing of linguistic material. Specifically, in comparison to a control condition, a slower response indicates difficulty in, for instance, lexical access, or the processing of ambiguous, complex, or ungrammatical input, at certain points in a sentence. Eye-tracking during reading can also be used to examine lexical and sentence processing in a similar way, but this method can add detail to the study of the comprehension processes via the examination of specific eye-movement measures thought to tap early (first fixations) and later comprehension processes (go-past times and regressions).
3285 Toxicity of Released B Cell Products in Multiple Sclerosis: Effects on Neurons and Oligodendrocytes
- Leah Zuroff, Hanane Touil, Micah Romer, Liljana Nedelkoska, Joyce A. Benjamins, Robert P. Lisak, Judith B. Grinspan, Amit Bar-Or
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 3 / Issue s1 / March 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2019, p. 116
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: We previously demonstrated that products released by cultured B cells from patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are cytotoxic to neurons and oligodendrocytes, while minimal toxicity was observed in response to B cell secretory products from age- and sex-matched normal controls. The goal of this proposal is to identify the range of brain cells susceptible to MS B cell-mediated cytotoxicity, to define the cytotoxic factor(s) released by MS B cells, and to determine whether particular subset(s) of MS B cells harbor the greatest pathogenic potential. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The toxicity of B cell products will be demonstrated by incubating primary rat cultures of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) with B cell supernatants. B cells will be isolated from the peripheral circulation of untreated relapse-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and age- and sex-matched normal controls. The identification of specific toxic factor(s) in MS B cell supernatants will be achieved through a combination of exosome-depletion/enrichment of conditioned media, proteomics, next generation sequencing, and lipidomics. Determining pathogenic B cell subsets will be achieved by cell sorting into memory and naïve B cell subsets prior to collection of supernatants. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that the toxicity of MS B cell products is mediated, at least in part, by extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes. We expect depletion of these exosomes from the B cell conditioned media or inhibition of their biogenesis will mitigate the observed toxicity. Furthermore, differences in B cell-derived exosomal content, such as proteins, (mi)RNAs, or lipids, likely explain the differences in observed toxicity. Lastly, we hypothesize that memory B cells, which are enriched in the CNS of MS patients and demonstrate a more pro-inflammatory profile than naïve B cells, are responsible for the toxicity observed in supernatants of total B cells. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: MS is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS, affecting more than 2 million people worldwide. Although over a dozen disease-modifying therapies are approved for the treatment of RRMS, none are meaningfully effective at limiting disease progression. This proposal will provide new insight into immune-CNS interactions in progressive MS and provide much-needed novel targets for therapeutic intervention, either via blocking identified toxic molecule(s) or by selectively depleting pathogenic B cell subsets.
8 - Risk Management and Coping Strategies
- from PART II - Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Sustainability of Philippine Agriculture
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- By Majah-Leah V. Ravago, Research Faculty at the Department of Economics, Ateneo de Manila University, and previously Assistant Professor at the School of Economics, University of the Philippines, Diliman., James A. Roumasset, Professor (emeritus) at the Department of Economics, University of Hawaii, USA., Karl Robert L. Jandoc, Assistant Professor at the School of Economics, University of the Philippines, Diliman.
- Edited by Mark W. Rosegrant, Mercedita A. Sombilla
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- Book:
- The Future of Philippine Agriculture under a Changing Climate
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
- Published online:
- 29 May 2019
- Print publication:
- 30 November 2018, pp 324-374
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Summary
The Philippines is inherently vulnerable to adverse natural events of extreme intensity purely based on its geographic location.1 The warm western Pacific waters, normally around 28°C, contribute to the formation of typhoons, 18–20 of which reach the Philippines each year on average. Cagayan Valley (Region 2), Central Luzon (Region 3), and the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) are particularly vulnerable, averaging about seven to nine typhoons per year (Figure 8.1). Flooding occurs in a number of regions, the Western Visayas registering the highest incidence. The Philippines also rests on the Pacific “Ring of Fire”, where most of the earth's volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur. Geophysical events, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, occur with regularity, albeit at long intervals. The Bicol Region, home of the active Mayon Volcano, experienced the greatest number of volcanic eruptions during 1991–2006. Earthquakes of moderate and high magnitude occur most frequently in the Central Visayas and Bicol regions (Figure 8.1).
Climate projections for the Philippines are similar to those in many other parts of the world (Chapters 2 and 4, this volume). Using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the “A1B scenario” most relevant to the Philippines, Cinco et al. (2013) projected that mean yearly temperatures will rise between 1.9°C and 2.2°C by 2050, over baseline levels of between 25.5°C and 27.6°C (derived as averages of minimum and maximum temperatures for the 1971–2000 period). Increasing rainfall concentration and mean rainfall levels indicate that the wet seasons of June–August and September–November will become wetter in Luzon and Visayas towards 2050, yet higher rainfall concentrations combined with higher temperatures are likely to increase moisture stress in the dry season. In particular, it is expected that the frequency of damaging storms will increase. Although disputed by some (Cruz et al. 2007), evidence also suggests that the frequency of droughts will increase (Miyan 2015). One implication of these changes is that farmers’ experience of the frequency, duration, strength, and timing of rainfall and the frequency of droughts will be less reliable than previously; hence, the accuracy of their subjective decision-making processes will decline, causing their level of risk to rise. Past experience will become — and is already becoming — less useful as a predictor of future experience. The bottom line is that risk and uncertainty facing farmers are increasing.
6 - Environmental Resources, Shocks and National Well-Being
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- By James Roumasset, Australian National University, Majah-Leah Ravago, University of the Philippines, Karl Robert Jandoc, University of the Philippines, Clarisa Arellano
- Edited by Ramon L. Clarete, Emmanuel F. Esguerra, Hal Hill
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- Book:
- The Philippine Economy
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
- Published online:
- 12 February 2019
- Print publication:
- 10 September 2018, pp 231-268
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Summary
This chapter deals with promoting the common good through better energy, resource and environmental policies as well as improved management of natural disaster risks, including climate change. Increasing gross domestic product (GDP) will be insufficient to meet the aspirations of the Philippine people for higher levels of living, inasmuch as GDP does not measure welfare. Largely because of the omission of these elements, we begin with a discussion of green accounting — the method of extending national income accounting to include the degradation of the environment and the depletion of natural resources.
As we discuss in the second part, comprehensive national income accounting can be further extended to include natural disasters and other shocks to the ecological–economic system. Even policy distortions can be accounted for by including them as constraints to the system. Thus, environmental resource conservation, disaster preparedness and policy reform all become potential sources of welfare growth. The later section deals with the mission of sustainable development, particularly how the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relate to the mission of improving the welfare of Filipinos.
Increasing Levels of Living in the Face of Environmental Degradation and Resource Depletion
Stewardship of natural resources and the environment should not be treated as a separate objective from management of the economy (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987). The fundamental premise of sustainable income and green accounting, which have a long history in the Philippines and other countries, is that nature and the economy are part of the same system (the environomy) as shown in Figure 6.1. And one system requires one unifying measure of performance.
To convert the most common indicator of the size of an economy, GDP, into a measure of national well-being, several adjustments must be made. It is well known that GDP overestimates public welfare by failing to deduct depreciation — that portion of investment that simply replaces capital which has worn out or become obsolete. Deducting capital depreciation from GDP yields net domestic product (NDP). And since income is a better measure of welfare than production, we need to subtract the income earned in the Philippines by foreigners, add income earned by Philippine citizens abroad, and add remittances to the Philippines by non-citizens.
Statistical competencies for medical research learners: What is fundamental?
- Felicity T. Enders, Christopher J. Lindsell, Leah J. Welty, Emma K. T. Benn, Susan M. Perkins, Matthew S. Mayo, Mohammad H. Rahbar, Kelley M. Kidwell, Sally W. Thurston, Heidi Spratt, Steven C. Grambow, Joseph Larson, Rickey E. Carter, Brad H. Pollock, Robert A. Oster
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 May 2017, pp. 146-152
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Introduction
It is increasingly essential for medical researchers to be literate in statistics, but the requisite degree of literacy is not the same for every statistical competency in translational research. Statistical competency can range from ‘fundamental’ (necessary for all) to ‘specialized’ (necessary for only some). In this study, we determine the degree to which each competency is fundamental or specialized.
MethodsWe surveyed members of 4 professional organizations, targeting doctorally trained biostatisticians and epidemiologists who taught statistics to medical research learners in the past 5 years. Respondents rated 24 educational competencies on a 5-point Likert scale anchored by ‘fundamental’ and ‘specialized.’
ResultsThere were 112 responses. Nineteen of 24 competencies were fundamental. The competencies considered most fundamental were assessing sources of bias and variation (95%), recognizing one’s own limits with regard to statistics (93%), identifying the strengths, and limitations of study designs (93%). The least endorsed items were meta-analysis (34%) and stopping rules (18%).
ConclusionWe have identified the statistical competencies needed by all medical researchers. These competencies should be considered when designing statistical curricula for medical researchers and should inform which topics are taught in graduate programs and evidence-based medicine courses where learners need to read and understand the medical research literature.
Chapter 42 - Sickle Cell Disease
- from Subpart IVF - Clinical – Hematologic
- Edited by Sharon E. Mace
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- Book:
- Observation Medicine
- Published online:
- 31 March 2017
- Print publication:
- 16 March 2017, pp 244-249
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11 - Syntactic processing
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- By Leah Roberts
- Edited by Vivian Cook, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Li Wei
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Multi-Competence
- Published online:
- 05 May 2016
- Print publication:
- 26 April 2016, pp 227-247
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Contributors
- Edited by Patrick Gray, University of Durham, John D. Cox, Hope College, Michigan
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- Book:
- Shakespeare and Renaissance Ethics
- Published online:
- 05 August 2014
- Print publication:
- 24 July 2014, pp vii-viii
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USING EYE-TRACKING TO INVESTIGATE TOPICS IN L2 ACQUISITION AND L2 PROCESSING
- Leah Roberts, Anna Siyanova-Chanturia
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- Journal:
- Studies in Second Language Acquisition / Volume 35 / Issue 2 / June 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 June 2013, pp. 213-235
- Print publication:
- June 2013
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Second language (L2) researchers are becoming more interested in both L2 learners’ knowledge of the target language and how that knowledge is put to use during real-time language processing. Researchers are therefore beginning to see the importance of combining traditional L2 research methods with those that capture the moment-by-moment interpretation of the target language, such as eye-tracking. The major benefit of the eye-tracking method is that it can tap into real-time (or online) comprehension processes during the uninterrupted processing of the input, and thus, the data can be compared to those elicited by other, more metalinguistic tasks to offer a broader picture of language acquisition and processing. In this article, we present an overview of the eye-tracking technique and illustrate the method with L2 studies that show how eye-tracking data can be used to (a) investigate language-related topics and (b) inform key debates in the fields of L2 acquisition and L2 processing.
Plausibility and recovery from garden paths in second language sentence processing
- LEAH ROBERTS, CLAUDIA FELSER
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- Journal:
- Applied Psycholinguistics / Volume 32 / Issue 2 / April 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 March 2011, pp. 299-331
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In this study, the influence of plausibility information on the real-time processing of locally ambiguous (“garden path”) sentences in a nonnative language is investigated. Using self-paced reading, we examined how advanced Greek-speaking learners of English and native speaker controls read sentences containing temporary subject–object ambiguities, with the ambiguous noun phrase being either semantically plausible or implausible as the direct object of the immediately preceding verb. Besides providing evidence for incremental interpretation in second language processing, our results indicate that the learners were more strongly influenced by plausibility information than the native speaker controls in their on-line processing of the experimental items. For the second language learners an initially plausible direct object interpretation lead to increased reanalysis difficulty in “weak” garden-path sentences where the required reanalysis did not interrupt the current thematic processing domain. No such evidence of on-line recovery was observed, in contrast, for “strong” garden-path sentences that required more substantial revisions of the representation built thus far, suggesting that comprehension breakdown was more likely here.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Animacy affects the processing of subject–object ambiguities in the second language: Evidence from self-paced reading with German second language learners of Dutch
- CARRIE N. JACKSON, LEAH ROBERTS
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- Journal:
- Applied Psycholinguistics / Volume 31 / Issue 4 / October 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 August 2010, pp. 671-691
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The results of a self-paced reading study with German second language (L2) learners of Dutch showed that noun animacy affected the learners' on-line commitments when comprehending relative clauses in their L2. Earlier research has found that German L2 learners of Dutch do not show an on-line preference for subject–object word order in temporarily ambiguous relative clauses when no disambiguating material is available prior to the auxiliary verb. We investigated whether manipulating the animacy of the ambiguous noun phrases would push the learners to make an on-line commitment to either a subject- or object-first analysis. Results showed they performed like Dutch native speakers in that their reading times reflected an interaction between topichood and animacy in the on-line assignment of grammatical roles.
ONLINE PRONOUN RESOLUTION IN L2 DISCOURSE: L1 Influence and General Learner Effects
- Leah Roberts, Marianne Gullberg, Peter Indefrey
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- Journal:
- Studies in Second Language Acquisition / Volume 30 / Issue 3 / September 2008
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- 16 July 2008, pp. 333-357
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- September 2008
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This study investigates whether advanced second language (L2) learners of a nonnull subject language (Dutch) are influenced by their null subject first language (L1) (Turkish) in their offline and online resolution of subject pronouns in L2 discourse. To tease apart potential L1 effects from possible general L2 processing effects, we also tested a group of German L2 learners of Dutch who were predicted to perform like the native Dutch speakers. The two L2 groups differed in their offline interpretations of subject pronouns. The Turkish L2 learners exhibited a L1 influence, because approximately half the time they interpreted Dutch subject pronouns as they would overt pronouns in Turkish, whereas the German L2 learners performed like the Dutch controls, interpreting pronouns as coreferential with the current discourse topic. This L1 effect was not in evidence in eye-tracking data, however. Instead, the L2 learners patterned together, showing an online processing disadvantage when two potential antecedents for the pronoun were grammatically available in the discourse. This processing disadvantage was in evidence irrespective of the properties of the learners' L1 or their final interpretation of the pronoun. Therefore, the results of this study indicate both an effect of the L1 on the L2 in offline resolution and a general L2 processing effect in online subject pronoun resolution.