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Chapter 5 - Energy and Security
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- By Aleh Cherp, Central European University, Adeola Adenikinju, University of Ibadan, Andreas Goldthau, Central European University, Francisco Hernandez, Lund University, Larry Hughes, Dalhousie University, Jaap Jansen, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Jessica Jewell, Central European University, Marina Olshanskaya, United Nations Development Programme, Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, Oxford University, Benjamin Sovacool, National University of Singapore, Sergey Vakulenko, Cambridge Energy Research Associates, Morgan Bazilian, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, David J. Fisk, Imperial College London, Saptarshi Pal, Central European University, Ogunlade Davidson, Ministry of Energy and Water Resources
- Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
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- Book:
- Global Energy Assessment
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
- Print publication:
- 27 August 2012, pp 325-384
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Summary
Executive Summary
Uninterrupted provision of vital energy services (see Chapter 1, Section 1.2.2) – energy security – is a high priority of every nation. Energy security concerns are a key driving force of energy policy. These concerns relate to the robustness (sufficiency of resources, reliability of infrastructure, and stable and affordable prices); sovereignty (protection from potential threats from external agents); and resilience (the ability to withstand diverse disruptions) of energy systems. Our analysis of energy security issues in over 130 countries shows that the absolute majority of them are vulnerable from at least one of these three perspectives. For most industrial countries, energy insecurity means import dependency and aging infrastructure, while many emerging economies have additional vulnerabilities such as insufficient capacity, high energy intensity, and rapid demand growth. In many low-income countries, multiple vulnerabilities overlap, making them especially insecure.
Oil and its products lack easily available substitutes in the transport sector, where they provide at least 90% of energy in almost all countries. Furthermore, the global demand for transport fuels is steadily rising, especially rapidly in Asian emerging economies. Disruptions of oil supplies may thus result in catastrophic effects on such vital functions of modern states as food production, medical care, and internal security. At the same time, the global production capacity of conventional oil is widely perceived as limited. These factors result in rising and volatile prices of oil affecting all economies, especially low-income countries, almost all of which import over 80% of their oil supplies.
Chapter 8 - Energy End-Use: Industry
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- By Rangan Banerjee, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Yu Cong, Energy Research Institute, Dolf Gielen, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Gilberto Jannuzzi, University of Campinas, François Maréchal, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Aimee T. McKane, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Marc A. Rosen, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Denis van Es, Energy Research Centre, Ernst Worrell, Utrecht University, Robert Ayres, European Institute of Business Administration, Marina Olshanskaya, United Nations Development Programme, Lynn Price, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Deǧer Saygin, Utrecht University, Ashutosh Srivastava, Indian Institute of Technology, Eberhard Jochem, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research
- Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
-
- Book:
- Global Energy Assessment
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
- Print publication:
- 27 August 2012, pp 513-574
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Summary
Executive Summary
The industrial sector accounts for about 30% of the global final energy use and accounts for about 115 EJ of final energy use in 2005. Cement, iron and steel, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminum are key energy intensive materials that account for more than half the global industrial use.
There is a shift in the primary materials production with developing countries accounting for the majority of the production capacity. China and India have high growth rates in the production of energy intensive materials like cement, fertilizers and steel (12–20%/yr). In different economies materials demand is seen to grow initially with income and then stabilize. For instance in industrialized countries consumption of steel seems to saturate at about 500 kg/ capita and 400–500 kg/capita for cement.
The aggregate energy intensities in the industrial sectors in different countries have shown steady declines – due to an improvement in energy efficiency and a change in the structure of the industrial output. As an example for the EU-27 the final energy use by industry has remained almost constant (13.4 EJ) at 1990 levels. Structural changes in the economies explain 30% of the reduction in energy intensity with the remaining due to energy efficiency improvements.
In different industrial sectors adopting the best achievable technology can result in a saving of 10–30% below the current average. An analysis of cost cutting measures for motors and steam systems in 2005 indicates energy savings potentials of 2.2 EJ for motors and 3.3 EJ for steam.