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Between- and within-herd variation in blood and milk biomarkers in Holstein cows in early lactation
- M. A. Krogh, M. Hostens, M. Salavati, C. Grelet, M. T. Sorensen, D. C. Wathes, C. P. Ferris, C. Marchitelli, F. Signorelli, F. Napolitano, F. Becker, T. Larsen, E. Matthews, F. Carter, A. Vanlierde, G. Opsomer, N. Gengler, F. Dehareng, M. A. Crowe, K. L. Ingvartsen, L. Foldager
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Both blood- and milk-based biomarkers have been analysed for decades in research settings, although often only in one herd, and without focus on the variation in the biomarkers that are specifically related to herd or diet. Biomarkers can be used to detect physiological imbalance and disease risk and may have a role in precision livestock farming (PLF). For use in PLF, it is important to quantify normal variation in specific biomarkers and the source of this variation. The objective of this study was to estimate the between- and within-herd variation in a number of blood metabolites (β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids, glucose and serum IGF-1), milk metabolites (free glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, urea, isocitrate, BHB and uric acid), milk enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase)) and composite indicators for metabolic imbalances (Physiological Imbalance-index and energy balance), to help facilitate their adoption within PLF. Blood and milk were sampled from 234 Holstein dairy cows from 6 experimental herds, each in a different European country, and offered a total of 10 different diets. Blood was sampled on 2 occasions at approximately 14 days-in-milk (DIM) and 35 DIM. Milk samples were collected twice weekly (in total 2750 samples) from DIM 1 to 50. Multilevel random regression models were used to estimate the variance components and to calculate the intraclass correlations (ICCs). The ICCs for the milk metabolites, when adjusted for parity and DIM at sampling, demonstrated that between 12% (glucose-6-phosphate) and 46% (urea) of the variation in the metabolites’ levels could be associated with the herd-diet combination. Intraclass Correlations related to the herd-diet combination were generally higher for blood metabolites, from 17% (cholesterol) to approximately 46% (BHB and urea). The high ICCs for urea suggest that this biomarker can be used for monitoring on herd level. The low variance within cow for NAGase indicates that few samples would be needed to describe the status and potentially a general reference value could be used. The low ICC for most of the biomarkers and larger within cow variation emphasises that multiple samples would be needed - most likely on the individual cows - for making the biomarkers useful for monitoring. The majority of biomarkers were influenced by parity and DIM which indicate that these should be accounted for if the biomarker should be used for monitoring.
Probability of major depression diagnostic classification using semi-structured versus fully structured diagnostic interviews
- Brooke Levis, Andrea Benedetti, Kira E. Riehm, Nazanin Saadat, Alexander W. Levis, Marleine Azar, Danielle B. Rice, Matthew J. Chiovitti, Tatiana A. Sanchez, Pim Cuijpers, Simon Gilbody, John P. A. Ioannidis, Lorie A. Kloda, Dean McMillan, Scott B. Patten, Ian Shrier, Russell J. Steele, Roy C. Ziegelstein, Dickens H. Akena, Bruce Arroll, Liat Ayalon, Hamid R. Baradaran, Murray Baron, Anna Beraldi, Charles H. Bombardier, Peter Butterworth, Gregory Carter, Marcos H. Chagas, Juliana C. N. Chan, Rushina Cholera, Neerja Chowdhary, Kerrie Clover, Yeates Conwell, Janneke M. de Man-van Ginkel, Jaime Delgadillo, Jesse R. Fann, Felix H. Fischer, Benjamin Fischler, Daniel Fung, Bizu Gelaye, Felicity Goodyear-Smith, Catherine G. Greeno, Brian J. Hall, John Hambridge, Patricia A. Harrison, Ulrich Hegerl, Leanne Hides, Stevan E. Hobfoll, Marie Hudson, Thomas Hyphantis, Masatoshi Inagaki, Khalida Ismail, Nathalie Jetté, Mohammad E. Khamseh, Kim M. Kiely, Femke Lamers, Shen-Ing Liu, Manote Lotrakul, Sonia R. Loureiro, Bernd Löwe, Laura Marsh, Anthony McGuire, Sherina Mohd Sidik, Tiago N. Munhoz, Kumiko Muramatsu, Flávia L. Osório, Vikram Patel, Brian W. Pence, Philippe Persoons, Angelo Picardi, Alasdair G. Rooney, Iná S. Santos, Juwita Shaaban, Abbey Sidebottom, Adam Simning, Lesley Stafford, Sharon Sung, Pei Lin Lynnette Tan, Alyna Turner, Christina M. van der Feltz-Cornelis, Henk C. van Weert, Paul A. Vöhringer, Jennifer White, Mary A. Whooley, Kirsty Winkley, Mitsuhiko Yamada, Yuying Zhang, Brett D. Thombs
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 212 / Issue 6 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 May 2018, pp. 377-385
- Print publication:
- June 2018
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Background
Different diagnostic interviews are used as reference standards for major depression classification in research. Semi-structured interviews involve clinical judgement, whereas fully structured interviews are completely scripted. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), a brief fully structured interview, is also sometimes used. It is not known whether interview method is associated with probability of major depression classification.
AimsTo evaluate the association between interview method and odds of major depression classification, controlling for depressive symptom scores and participant characteristics.
MethodData collected for an individual participant data meta-analysis of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) diagnostic accuracy were analysed and binomial generalised linear mixed models were fit.
ResultsA total of 17 158 participants (2287 with major depression) from 57 primary studies were analysed. Among fully structured interviews, odds of major depression were higher for the MINI compared with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (odds ratio (OR) = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.15–3.87). Compared with semi-structured interviews, fully structured interviews (MINI excluded) were non-significantly more likely to classify participants with low-level depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 scores ≤6) as having major depression (OR = 3.13; 95% CI = 0.98–10.00), similarly likely for moderate-level symptoms (PHQ-9 scores 7–15) (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.56–1.66) and significantly less likely for high-level symptoms (PHQ-9 scores ≥16) (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.26–0.97).
ConclusionsThe MINI may identify more people as depressed than the CIDI, and semi-structured and fully structured interviews may not be interchangeable methods, but these results should be replicated.
Declaration of interestDrs Jetté and Patten declare that they received a grant, outside the submitted work, from the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, which was jointly funded by the Institute and Pfizer. Pfizer was the original sponsor of the development of the PHQ-9, which is now in the public domain. Dr Chan is a steering committee member or consultant of Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Lilly, MSD and Pfizer. She has received sponsorships and honorarium for giving lectures and providing consultancy and her affiliated institution has received research grants from these companies. Dr Hegerl declares that within the past 3 years, he was an advisory board member for Lundbeck, Servier and Otsuka Pharma; a consultant for Bayer Pharma; and a speaker for Medice Arzneimittel, Novartis, and Roche Pharma, all outside the submitted work. Dr Inagaki declares that he has received grants from Novartis Pharma, lecture fees from Pfizer, Mochida, Shionogi, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, Meiji Seika and Takeda, and royalties from Nippon Hyoron Sha, Nanzando, Seiwa Shoten, Igaku-shoin and Technomics, all outside of the submitted work. Dr Yamada reports personal fees from Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Seishin Shobo, Seiwa Shoten Co., Ltd., Igaku-shoin Ltd., Chugai Igakusha and Sentan Igakusha, all outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. No funder had any role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Capacity building for conservation: problems and potential solutions for sub-Saharan Africa
- M. J. O'Connell, O. Nasirwa, M. Carter, K. H. Farmer, M. Appleton, J. Arinaitwe, P. Bhanderi, G. Chimwaza, J. Copsey, J. Dodoo, A. Duthie, M. Gachanja, N. Hunter, B. Karanja, H. M. Komu, V. Kosgei, A. Kuria, C. Magero, M. Manten, P. Mugo, E. Müller, J. Mulonga, L. Niskanen, J. Nzilani, M. Otieno, N. Owen, J. Owuor, S. Paterson, S. Regnaut, R. Rono, J. Ruhiu, J. Theuri Njoka, L. Waruingi, B. Waswala Olewe, E. Wilson
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To achieve their conservation goals individuals, communities and organizations need to acquire a diversity of skills, knowledge and information (i.e. capacity). Despite current efforts to build and maintain appropriate levels of conservation capacity, it has been recognized that there will need to be a significant scaling-up of these activities in sub-Saharan Africa. This is because of the rapid increase in the number and extent of environmental problems in the region. We present a range of socio-economic contexts relevant to four key areas of African conservation capacity building: protected area management, community engagement, effective leadership, and professional e-learning. Under these core themes, 39 specific recommendations are presented. These were derived from multi-stakeholder workshop discussions at an international conference held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 2015. At the meeting 185 delegates (practitioners, scientists, community groups and government agencies) represented 105 organizations from 24 African nations and eight non-African nations. The 39 recommendations constituted six broad types of suggested action: (1) the development of new methods, (2) the provision of capacity building resources (e.g. information or data), (3) the communication of ideas or examples of successful initiatives, (4) the implementation of new research or gap analyses, (5) the establishment of new structures within and between organizations, and (6) the development of new partnerships. A number of cross-cutting issues also emerged from the discussions: the need for a greater sense of urgency in developing capacity building activities; the need to develop novel capacity building methodologies; and the need to move away from one-size-fits-all approaches.
Paranoia and post-traumatic stress disorder in the months after a physical assault: a longitudinal study examining shared and differential predictors
- D. Freeman, C. Thompson, N. Vorontsova, G. Dunn, L.-A. Carter, P. Garety, E. Kuipers, M. Slater, A. Antley, E. Glucksman, A. Ehlers
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 43 / Issue 12 / December 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2013, pp. 2673-2684
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Background
Being physically assaulted is known to increase the risk of the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms but it may also skew judgements about the intentions of other people. The objectives of the study were to assess paranoia and PTSD after an assault and to test whether theory-derived cognitive factors predicted the persistence of these problems.
MethodAt 4 weeks after hospital attendance due to an assault, 106 people were assessed on multiple symptom measures (including virtual reality) and cognitive factors from models of paranoia and PTSD. The symptom measures were repeated 3 and 6 months later.
ResultsFactor analysis indicated that paranoia and PTSD were distinct experiences, though positively correlated. At 4 weeks, 33% of participants met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, falling to 16% at follow-up. Of the group at the first assessment, 80% reported that since the assault they were excessively fearful of other people, which over time fell to 66%. Almost all the cognitive factors (including information-processing style during the trauma, mental defeat, qualities of unwanted memories, self-blame, negative thoughts about self, worry, safety behaviours, anomalous internal experiences and cognitive inflexibility) predicted later paranoia and PTSD, but there was little evidence of differential prediction.
ConclusionsParanoia after an assault may be common and distinguishable from PTSD but predicted by a strikingly similar range of factors.
Migration & Extra-solar Terrestrial Planets: Watering the Planets
- Jade C. Carter-Bond, David P. O'Brien, Sean N. Raymond
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 8 / Issue S293 / August 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 April 2014, pp. 229-234
- Print publication:
- August 2012
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A diverse range of terrestrial planet compositions is believed to exist within known extrasolar planetary systems, ranging from those that are relatively Earth-like to those that are highly unusual, dominated by species such as refractory elements (Al and Ca) or C (as pure C, TiC and SiC)(Bond et al. 2010b). However, all prior simulations have ignored the impact that giant planet migration during planetary accretion may have on the final terrestrial planetary composition. Here, we combined chemical equilibrium models of the disk around five known planetary host stars (Solar, HD4203, HD19994, HD213240 and Gl777) with dynamical models of terrestrial planet formation incorporating various degrees of giant planet migration. Giant planet migration is found to drastically impact terrestrial planet composition by 1) increasing the amount of Mg-silicate species present in the final body; and 2) dramatically increasing the efficiency and amount of water delivered to the terrestrial bodies during their formation process.
Contributors
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- By J. Todd Arnedt, Nazem Atassi, Judith Bebchuk, Devin L. Brown, Rickey E. Carter, Rick Chappell, William R. Clarke, Christopher S. Coffey, Peter G. Como, Merit Cudkowicz, Jeffrey Cummings, Gary R. Cutter, Gerald J. Dal Pan, E. Ray Dorsey, Susan S. Ellenberg, Jordan Elm, Changyong Feng, Elizabeth Fisher, Jacqueline A. French, Jean-Michel Germain, Joshua D. Grill, Robert G. Holloway, Karen C. Johnston, S. Claiborne Johnston, Cornelia L. Kamp, Russell Katz, Kathryn M. Kellogg, Karl Kieburtz, Scott Y. H. Kim, Jonathan Kimmelman, Bruce Levin, Michael P. McDermott, Eric A. Mann, John Markman, D. Troy Morgan, Gilmore N. O’Neill, Yuko Y. Palesch, John R. Pollard, R. Michael Poole, Mary E. Putt, Bemard Ravina, Richard A. Rudick, David Schoenfeld, Andrew D. Siderowf, Janet Wittes, Robert F. Woolson, Michael E. Yurcheshen
- Edited by Bernard Ravina, Jeffrey Cummings, Michael McDermott, R. Michael Poole
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- Book:
- Clinical Trials in Neurology
- Published online:
- 05 May 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2012, pp ix-xii
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polymer Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering
- P Mekael, J Basu, N Syam, C Laurencin, CB Carter
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- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 16 / Issue S2 / July 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 August 2010, pp. 1032-1033
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- July 2010
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Contributors
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- By Sayeda Abu-Amero, Ivo Brosens, Jan Brosens, Graham J. Burton, Anthony M. Carter, Judith E. Cartwright, Brianna Cloke, Christophe L. Depoix, Sascha Drewlo, Caroline Dunk, Qi Fu, Luca Fusi, David Haig, Myriam C. Hanssens, Frans M. Helmerhorst, Pak Chung Ho, Eric Jauniaux, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Marc J. N. C. Keirse, Eliyahu V. Khankin, T. Yee Khong, Stephen R. Killick, Chong Jai Kim, John C. P. Kingdom, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Robert H. Lane, Piotr Lesny, Robert D. Martin, Robert A. McKnight, Kari K. Melve, Ashley Moffett, Gudrun E. Moore, Linda Morgan, Ernest Hung Yu Ng, Robert Pijnenborg, Leslie Proctor, Sarosh Rana, Roberto Romero, Rolv Skjaerven, Gordon C. S. Smith, Robert N. Taylor, May Lee Tjoa, Lars J. Vatten, Lisbeth Vercruysse, Guy St. J. Whitley
- Edited by Robert Pijnenborg, Ivo Brosens, Roberto Romero
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- Placental Bed Disorders
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- 06 July 2010
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- 03 June 2010, pp ix-xii
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Molecular and spatial epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis: source association and genotype-related risk factors
- P. MULLNER, T. SHADBOLT, J. M. COLLINS-EMERSON, A. C. MIDWINTER, S. E. F. SPENCER, J. MARSHALL, P. E. CARTER, D. M. CAMPBELL, D. J. WILSON, S. HATHAWAY, R. PIRIE, N. P. FRENCH
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- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 138 / Issue 10 / October 2010
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- 09 February 2010, pp. 1372-1383
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The epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis is complex but in recent years understanding of this disease has advanced considerably. Despite being a major public health concern in many countries, the presence of multiple hosts, genotypes and transmission pathways has made it difficult to identify and quantify the determinants of human infection and disease. This has delayed the development of successful intervention programmes for this disease in many countries including New Zealand, a country with a comparatively high, yet until recently poorly understood, rate of notified disease. This study investigated the epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni at the genotype-level over a 3-year period between 2005 and 2008 using multilocus sequence typing. By combining epidemiological surveillance and population genetics, a dominant, internationally rare strain of C. jejuni (ST474) was identified, and most human cases (65·7%) were found to be caused by only seven different genotypes. Source association of genotypes was used to identify risk factors at the genotype-level through multivariable logistic regression and a spatial model. Poultry-associated cases were more likely to be found in urban areas compared to rural areas. In particular young children in rural areas had a higher risk of infection with ruminant strains than their urban counterparts. These findings provide important information for the implementation of pathway-specific control strategies.
Antigenic differences between strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus of type SAT 1
- N. St G. Hyslop, J. Davie, Sally P. Carter
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- Journal of Hygiene / Volume 61 / Issue 2 / June 1963
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- 15 May 2009, pp. 217-230
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Antigenic differences between the strains RV 11 and SA 13/61 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (type SAT 1) were studied in vivo by cross-protection tests. Cattle inoculated with formolized antigen of either strain developed good immunity to experimental infection with the identical strain but little resistance to the other strain.
In vitro the results of complement fixation tests and of serum-virus neutralization tests in tissue culture were consistent with the observations made in vivo. The results of studies on the serological relationships between four strains of type SAT 1 are presented.
The importance of strain differences in the epizootiology and control of the disease is discussed briefly.
The authors wish to thank Dr I. A. Galloway and Dr J. B. Brooksby for their advice and criticism, and to acknowledge the valuable technical assistance of Mr K. Herniman, Mr R. L. G. King and Mr E. Scoates.
Differential regulation of murine Mesocestoides corti infection by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ
- P. Jenkins, J. B. Dixon, S. Haywood, N. K. Rakha, S. D. Carter
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- Parasitology / Volume 102 / Issue 1 / February 1991
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- 06 April 2009, pp. 125-132
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Many liver-invasive parasites cause extensive liver damage which may result in an impaired ability to catabolize endotoxin. The influence of endogenous endotoxin on the progress of liver-invasive parasitic diseases has been investigated in murine Mesocestoides corti infection. Invasion of liver tissue by tetrathyridia resulted in extensive parenchymal destruction with fibrosis. In association with this, undetoxified endotoxin, in potentially biologically active concentration, was found on peritoneal macrophages, 5 months post-M. corti infection. Host susceptibility was influenced by the Lps gene for responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The parasite burden of LPS-responsive (C3H/HeN) mice was significantly increased in the livers of these mice when compared to LPS-resistant (C3H/HeJ) mice. LPS reduced the ability of normal peritoneal macrophages to kill tetrathyridia, when co-cultured in vitro. LPS also abrogated the ability of recombinant interferon-γ (r.IFN-γ) to enhance macrophage larvicidal activity. These in vitro findings were confirmed in vivo. Daily intraperitoneal administration of LPS, at low concentration, caused a 4-fold increase in parasite burden in the liver, while r.IFN-γ at optimal concentration reduced parasite burden by 57%. Post-infection macrophages have previously been shown to be refractory to cytokine-activation for larval killing. In this report, we conclude that (1) this refractoriness may be due to the presence of undetoxified endotoxin on post-infection macrophages and (2) endotoxin may reduce host resistance by abrogating effector macrophage response to IFN-γ.
Transmission of Schistosoma mansoni from man to snail: experimental studies of miracidial survival and infectivity in relation to larval age, water temperature, host size and host age
- R. M. Anderson, J. G. Mercer, R. A. Wilson, N. P. Carter
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- Parasitology / Volume 85 / Issue 2 / October 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 April 2009, pp. 339-360
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We report the results of experimental work on (a) the influence of temperature on the age-dependent survival and infectivity of the mira-cidia of Schistosoma mansoni and (b) the relationship between snail age, snail size and susceptibility to infection. The death rate of miracidia declined exponentially with age where life-expectancy was maximal (approximately 16 h) at 15 °C. Infectivity also declined rapidly with larval age but, in contrast to larval survival, the rate of infection was at a maximum at 25 °C. Snail susceptibility was shown to be more closely correlated with host size rather than host age. Susceptibility declined exponentially with increased host size. Size-dependent susceptibility was shown to generate concave age-prevalence curves for infection within snail populations, where the maximum prevalence is generated in snails of intermediary age. Simple mathematical models are developed to aid estimation of larval survival and infection rates and experimental results are discussed in relation to the overall transmission success of the parasite from man to snail.
Lymphoreticular responses to metacestodes: Taenia multiceps (Cestoda) can modify interaction between accessory cells and responder cells during lymphocyte activation
- N. K. Rakha, J. B. Dixon, G. C. Skerritt, S. D. Carter, P. Jenkins, S. Marshall-Clarke
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 102 / Issue 1 / February 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 April 2009, pp. 133-140
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This study was designed to test the accessory function of macrophages after activation with products of Taenia multiceps coenuri. Activation was carried out by intraperitoneal injection of mice with coenurus fluid or protoscolex culture supernatant, and function was assessed by adding these macrophages in progressively increasing numbers to macrophage-depleted lymphocyte cultures transforming under the influence of plant mitogens or coenurus-fluid mitogen. In contrast to normal macrophages, which have a progressively enhancing action on the above reactions, parasite-activated macro-phages at similar concentrations were progressively inhibitory. However, low concentrations of the activated macrophages enhanced mitosis as well as, or better than, normal. Lymph node cells from injected mice showed abnormal response to macrophage-derived signals. In particular there was subnormal reaction to macrophages in the presence of coenurus mitogen. These results suggest that T. multiceps coenuri may survive in the host because of their ability to reduce effective interaction between lymphocytes and accessory cells.
Modification of cellular immunity by Taenia multiceps (Cestoda): accessory macrophages and CD4+ lymphocytes are affected by two different coenurus factors
- N. K. Rakha, J. B. Dixon, P. Jenkins, S. D. Carter, G. C. Skerritt, S. Marshall-Clarke
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 103 / Issue 1 / August 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 April 2009, pp. 139-147
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Taenia multiceps coenurus fluid was analysed by fast protein liquid chromatography in order to separate the factors responsible for previously reported modification of immunological activity in macrophages and T-cells. One factor, F7, was found to be mitogenic for murine L3T4+ T-cells, to be macrophage dependent, to require macrophage compatibility at the I region of the H2 complex, to increase the sensitivity of T-cells to regulatory signals from macrophages and to increase the rate of generation of splenic rosette-forming cells (RFC) against sheep red cells. A second factor, F24, was found to alter macrophages so as to render them suppressive, rather than stimulatory, for parasite-activated and Con A-activated lymphocyte transformation, to depress the rate of generation of RFC and to antagonize the mitogenic effect of F7. The combined actions of these two factors are, therefore, sufficient to explain the known immunomodulatory effects of the metacestode.
Regulation of macrophage-mediated larvicidal activity in Echinococcus granulosus and Mesocestoides corti (Cestoda) infection in mice
- P. Jenkins, J. B. Dixon, N. K. Rakha, S. D. Carter
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 100 / Issue 2 / April 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 April 2009, pp. 309-315
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Killing of metacestodes by normal or post-infection macrophages and the regulation of this activity by cytokines were studied in vitro. The protoscolecidal activity of normal macrophages against Echinococcus granulosus was inhibited by a product of naive T-enriched lymphocytes co-cultured with protoscoleces (PSC). By contrast, supernates from co-cultures of Mesocestoides corti tetrathyridia (MCT) and T-enriched or B-enriched normal lymphocytes increased killing of MCT by normal macrophages. Larvicidal activity (against both PSC and MCT) was enhanced by high concentrations of macrophage-activating factors produced by Con A-stimulated rat lymphocytes (Con A-LK), but was reduced by low concentrations of these factors.
Transmission of Schistosoma mansoni from man to snail: laboratory studies on the influence of snail and miracidial densities on transmission success
- N. P. Carter, R. M. Anderson, R. A. Wilson
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 85 / Issue 2 / October 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 April 2009, pp. 361-372
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The relationship between infection success, the density of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and the density of the snail host Biomphalaria glabrata was examined experimentally. Within laboratory infection arenas, the distribution of miracidial infections/snail was approximately uniform and the net rate of snail infection was directly positive binomial to miracidial density. In contrast, however, the rate of infection declined exponentially as snail density increased. Mathematical models are developed to aid in the estimation of infection rates and experimental results are discussed in the context of the transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis.
Wide geographical distribution of internationally rare Campylobacter clones within New Zealand
- S. M. McTAVISH, C. E. POPE, C. NICOL, K. SEXTON, N. FRENCH, P. E. CARTER
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 136 / Issue 9 / September 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2007, pp. 1244-1252
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During the southern hemisphere winter of 2006 New Zealand experienced a significant increase in the number of reported cases of Campylobacter infection. In total, 112 Campylobacter isolates from eight district health boards (DHBs) located across New Zealand were submitted for PFGE, MLST and Penner serotyping analysis. Distinct clusters of Campylobacter isolates were identified, several of which were composed of isolates from up to five different DHBs located on both the North and South islands of New Zealand. One sequence type, ST-474, was identified in 32 of the 112 isolates and may represent an endemic sequence type present in New Zealand. The spatial pattern of genotypes, combined with the generalized increase in notifications throughout the country is consistent with a common source epidemic, most likely from a source contaminated with the dominant sequence types ST-474 and ST-190 and may also represent widely distributed stable clones present in New Zealand.
COPD education and cognitive behavioral therapy group treatment for clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety in COPD patients: a randomized controlled trial
- M. E. Kunik, C. Veazey, J. A. Cully, J. Souchek, D. P. Graham, D. Hopko, R. Carter, A. Sharafkhaneh, E. J. Goepfert, N. Wray, M. A. Stanley
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 38 / Issue 3 / March 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 October 2007, pp. 385-396
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Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects 14 to 20 million Americans and is associated with increased prevalence of affective disorders, contributing significantly to disability. This study compared cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) group treatment for anxiety and depression with COPD education for COPD patients with moderate-to-severe anxiety and/or depressive symptoms.
MethodA randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted between 11 July 2002 and 30 April 2005 at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX. Participants were 238 patients treated for COPD the year before, with forced expiratory value in 1 second (FEV)1/forced vital capacity (FVC)<70% and FEV1<70% predicted, and symptoms of moderate anxiety and/or moderate depression, who were being treated by a primary care provider or pulmonologist. Participants attended eight sessions of CBT or COPD education. Assessments were at baseline, at 4 and 8 weeks, and 4, 8 and 12 months. Primary outcomes were disease-specific and generic quality of life (QoL) [Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) and Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36 (SF-36) respectively]. Secondary outcomes were anxiety [Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)], depressive symptoms [Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)], 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) and use of health services.
ResultsBoth treatments significantly improved QoL, anxiety and depression (p<0.005) over 8 weeks; the rate of change did not differ between groups. Improvements were maintained with no significant change during follow-up. Ratios of post- to pretreatment use of health services were equal to 1 for both groups.
ConclusionsCBT group treatment and COPD education can achieve sustainable improvements in QoL for COPD patients experiencing moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression or anxiety.
Psychiatric bed utilization: 1896 and 1996 compared
- D. HEALY, M. SAVAGE, P. MICHAEL, M. HARRIS, D. HIRST, M. CARTER, D. CATTELL, T. McMONAGLE, N. SOHLER, E. SUSSER
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 31 / Issue 5 / July 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 July 2001, pp. 779-790
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Background. The 1896 and 1996 populations of North West Wales are similar in number, ethnic and social mix and rurality, enabling a study of the comparative incidence and prevalence of service utilization over the course of a century.
Methods. We collected records on all psychiatric admissions from North-West Wales in 1894–1896 and 1996. These were assessed and diagnosed by the responsible sector area consultant.
Results. The data reveal substantially more patients admitted for all diagnoses in 1996, even when comparisons are restricted to detained patients. The incidence of hospitalization by detention for schizophrenia is slightly lower 1996 than in 1896 but the incidence of hospitalization is higher now than in 1996. The incidence of hospitalization by detention for non-affective disorder psychoses is the same in both 1896 and 1996 but there is a doubling of incidence of hospitalization. The incidence of hospitalization for bipolar disorders is similar in the two periods. Modern mental health services admit large numbers of personality disordered patients, where none were admitted 100 years ago.
Conclusions. Factors general to changing health care and expectations and others specific to mental health would appear to have led to the increase in rates of admissions observed in the modern period.