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2 - Co-creation and the State in a Global Context
- Edited by Christina Horvath, University of Bath, Juliet Carpenter, Oxford Brookes University
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- Book:
- Co-Creation in Theory and Practice
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 March 2021
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2020, pp 23-40
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- Chapter
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Summary
Introduction
Co-creation1 narratives are gaining global currency, with initiatives and governments around the world increasingly using the term to label their activities across very different contexts, in an example of what McCann and Ward (2011) refer to as ‘policy mobility’. This chapter critically explores the implications of this in two ways. First, by drawing on debates about the need for theory to ‘see from the South’ (Watson, 2009), it discusses whether existing definitions and conceptualisations of co-creation, which tend to come from the Global North, can adequately characterise and understand the experience of the Global South. Such debates overlap with decolonial approaches seeking to challenge the geopolitics of knowledge production, which are of particular relevance to considerations of co-creation (see for example Mignolo, 2000; Quijano, 2007). This chapter therefore asks the question: is co-creation a colonising concept or can it be explored in ways which break down dichotomies and change relations between the Global North and South as well as addressing other examples of marginalisation and exclusion?
Second, the chapter focuses on the relationship between cocreation and the state as a way of illustrating these debates in more depth. In liberal democracies, the ideal of co-creation sees communities and the state working together in addressing inequalities, allowing voices to be heard, providing emancipatory potential and thus changing the relationship between the state and its publics. But as Pritchard's (2017) critique among others points out, in both the Global North and South, such initiatives can be coopted by the state and other agencies as a way of devolving responsibilities, implementing growth-oriented urban agendas and organising voluntary effort leading to the potential cooption of groups and initiatives into a restrictive narrative of co-creation. In other more extreme cases, an oppressive and militarised state can close down spaces of co-creation. How do projects and communities navigate these differing contexts, and what forms of co-creation emerge within them?
These questions are significant ones for a project that brings together partners from the Global North and South, but the origins of which could arguably be seen as adding to the colonisation of urban theory and practice.
A comprehensive biochemical and genetic analysis of the yeast U1 snRNP reveals five novel proteins
- ALEXANDER GOTTSCHALK, JIE TANG, OSCAR PUIG, JOSEFA SALGADO, GITTE NEUBAUER, HILDUR V. COLOT, MATTHIAS MANN, BERTRAND SÉRAPHIN, MICHAEL ROSBASH, REINHARD LÜHRMANN, PATRIZIA FABRIZIO
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The U1 snRNP is essential for recognition of the pre-mRNA 5′-splice site and the subsequent assembly of the spliceosome. Yeast U1 snRNP is considerably more complex than its metazoan counterpart, which suggests possible differences between yeast and metazoa in early splicing events. We have comprehensively analyzed the composition of yeast U1 snRNPs using a combination of biochemical, mass spectrometric, and genetic methods. We demonstrate the specific association of four novel U1 snRNP proteins, Snu71p, Snu65p, Nam8p, and Snu56p, that have no known metazoan homologues. A fifth protein, Npl3p, is an abundant cellular component that reproducibly co-purifies with the U1 snRNP, but its association is salt-sensitive. Therefore, we are unable to establish conclusively whether it binds specifically to the U1 snRNP. Interestingly, Nam8p and Npl3p were previously assigned functions in (pre-m)RNA-metabolism; however, so far, no association with U1 snRNP has been demonstrated or proposed. We also show that the yeast SmB protein is a U1 snRNP component. Yeast U1 snRNP therefore contains 16 different proteins, including seven snRNP core proteins, three homologues of the metazoan U1 snRNP-specific proteins, and six yeast-specific U1 snRNP proteins. We have simultaneously continued the characterization of additional mutants isolated in a synthetic lethal (MUD) screen for genes that functionally cooperate with U1 snRNA. Consistent with the biochemical results, mud10, mud15, and mud16 are alleles of SNU56, NAM8, and SNU65, respectively. mud10 and mud15 affect the in vivo splicing efficiency of noncanonical introns. Moreover, mud10p strongly affects the in vitro formation of splicing complexes, and extracts from the mud15 strain contain a U1 snRNP that migrates aberrantly on native gels. Finally, we show that Nam8p/Mud15p contributes to the stability of U1 snRNP.