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Progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs) are a group of genetic neurological disorders characterised by the occurrence of epileptic seizures, myoclonus and progressive neurological deterioration including cerebellar involvement and dementia. The primary cause of PMEs is variable and alterations in the corresponding mutated genes determine the progression and severity of the disease. In most cases, they lead to the death of the patient after a period of prolonged disability. PMEs also share poor information on the pathophysiological bases and the lack of a specific treatment. Recent reports suggest that neuroinflammation is a common trait under all these conditions. Here, we review similarities and differences in neuroinflammatory response in several PMEs and discuss the window of opportunity of using anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of several of these conditions.
In recent decades, concern about rabbit welfare and sustainability has increased. The housing system is a very important factor for animal welfare. However, information about how different available housing types for female rabbits affect their health status is scarce, but this is an important factor for their welfare. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the health status of female rabbits in five common housing systems: three different single-housing systems with distinct available surfaces and heights; a single-housing system with a platform; a collective system. Female rabbits in the collective and platform cages had greater cortisol concentrations in hair than those in the single-housing system with no platform. Haptoglobin concentrations and kit mortality rates during lactation were greater for the collective-cage female rabbits. The collective group had more culled females and more lesions than in the other groups. The main reasons for culling in all the groups were reproduction problems and presence of abscesses, and the collective group of females was the most affected. In conclusion, it appears that keeping females together in collective systems negatively affects their health status and welfare, while single-housing systems imply lower kit mortality rates during lactation and cortisol concentrations, and fewer lesions in female rabbits.
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 sheds new light on what the World Health Organization described as "the single most devastating infectious disease outbreak ever recorded" by situating the Iberian Peninsula as the key point of connection, both epidemiologically and discursively, between Europe and the Americas. The essays in this volume elucidate specific aspects of the pandemic that have received minimal attention until now, including social control, gender, class, religion, national identity, and military medicine's reactions to the pandemic and its relationship with civilian medicine, all in the context of World War I. As the authors point out, however, the experiences of 1918-19 remain persistently relevant to contemporary life, particularly in view of events such as the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic. Contributors: Mercedes Pascual Artiaga, Catherine Belling, Josep Bernabeu-Mestre, Ryan A, Davis, Esteban Domingo, Magda Fahrni, Hernán Feldman, Pilar León-Sanz, Maria Luísa Lima, Maria deFátima Nunes, María-Isabel Porras-Gallo, Anny Jackeline Torres Silveira, José Manuel Sobral, Paulo Silveira e Sousa, Christiane Maria Cruz de Souza. María-Isabel Porras-Gallo is Professor of History of Science in the Medical Faculty of Ciudad Real at the University of Castile-La Mancha (Spain). She is the author of Un reto para la sociedad madrileña: la epidemia de gripe de 1918-1919 and co-editor of El drama de la polio. Un problema social y familiar en la España franquista. Ryan A. Davis is Assistant Professor in the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures at Illinois State University. He is the author of The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918.
The degree of development of Spanish agriculture at the end of the XIX century and the beginning of XX is a controversial issue. In this respect the study of the integration of the domestic market could provide new evidence since the degree of the market integration can be considered an indicator of economic development. By using regional wheat prices this paper analyzes the Spanish market integration between 1891 and 1905. With this aim in mind we employ the usual cointegration approach as well as an alternative method based on spectral analysis that allows taking into consideration the existence of no synchronized cycles.
By
J. M. Mas-Hesse, Laboratorio de Astrofísica Espacial y Física Fundamental, POB 50727, E-28080 Madrid, Spain,
P. M. Rodriguez-Pascual, ESA IUE Observatory, POB 50727, E-28080 Madrid, Spain,
L. Sanz Fernandez De Cordoba, Laboratorio de Astrofísica Espacial y Física Fundamental, POB 50727, E-28080 Madrid, Spain,
Th. Boller, Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, D-85740 Garching, Germany
G. Tenorio-Tagle, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife
Cross-correlation of the ROSAT All Sky Survey and the IRAS Point Source Catalog has provided a sample of 244 galaxies with strong emission at both far-infrared and soft X-ray ranges. IRAS 13224-3809 appeared as an outstanding object within this sample due to its extreme X-ray luminosity (Lx = 3 · 1044 erg s−1), steep X-ray spectrum and rapid X-ray variability, with a doubling timescale of only 800 s (Boiler et al. 1993). We have performed repeated IUE observations of this object in January, February and May 1993, looking for variable features in its spectrum, having detected a strong variability in the Lyα line. While a relatively broad Lyα component (FWHM ∼ 5000 km s−1) remains essentially constant over the three IUE observations, the initially strong and narrow core emission component vanishes completely becoming a strong absorption. A maximum variation of 50% has also been detected in the UV continuum level. IRAS 13224-3809 has a deficit of UV emission when compared to Seyfert 1 galaxies. The UV-X-ray energy distribution suggests that the UV bump frequently found in these galaxies might be present at higher energies, well within the ROSAT band (0.1–2.4 keV). If this bump is due to thermal emission of a heated accretion disk, as proposed by several authors, its temperature should be significantly higher than in other similar objects (blackbody temperature kT ∼ 100 eV).
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