16 results
Contributors
-
- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Contextual information and temporal terms*
- Paul Gorrell, Stephen Crain, Janet Dean Fodor
-
- Journal:
- Journal of Child Language / Volume 16 / Issue 3 / October 1989
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 February 2009, pp. 623-632
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
We report an experiment designed to identify how contextual information can influence children's performance on an experimental task involving temporal terms. Grain (1982) reported improved performance on a comprehension task when subjects were provided with contextual information, and he suggested that the improvement was due to satisfaction of presuppositions. However, this contextual information might have served to simplify task demands by providing prior information concerning an important aspect of the task. The present study distinguishes these factors by incorporating contextual information into the subordinate clause of the test sentences in a comprehension experiment (to satisfy presupposions) or into the main clause (to provide comparable prior information without satisfying presuppositions). We conclude that contextual information results in a significant improvement only when such information can be used to satisfy presuppositions.
Lyn Frazier & Charles Clifton, Jr., Construal. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. Pp. x+230.
- PAUL GORRELL
-
- Journal:
- Journal of Linguistics / Volume 33 / Issue 2 / September 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 1997, pp. 563-641
- Print publication:
- September 1997
-
- Article
- Export citation
The Influence of Strengthening Mechanisms on Stress Relaxation in Thin Aluminum Metallization
- Jonathan Gorrell, Paul Holloway, Hal Jerman
-
- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 436 / 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 27
- Print publication:
- 1996
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
With the development of microelectromechanical systems there is a need for stronger aluminum thin films that resist stress relaxation. A number of strengthening mechanisms are used extensively for bulk aluminum alloys, but very few have been used to improve the performance of thin films. Pure aluminum, standard microelectronicsmetallization (A1-.04Cu-.017Si), alloy T201 (Al-.046Cu-.006Ag-.004Mn-.003Mg-.003Ti), and alloy 2090 (Al-.026Cu-.021Li-.001Zr) were electron beam evaporated or sputter deposited onto (100) silicon substrates.. Stress versus temperature and stress relaxation were measured in the films. Pure aluminum and AlSiCu alloy films exhibited plastic deformation at low stresses and low temperatures. The T201 and 2090 films exhibited residual elastic stresses at room temperature of 350 MPa and 500 MPa, and did not plastically deform until 240°C at 100 MPa stress, or 270°C at 200 MPa stress, respectively. The T201 film also showed a low stress relaxation rate. We speculate that solid solution strengthening caused the increase in strength of the T201 film, and that age hardening caused the increase in strength of the 2090 film.
Frontmatter
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp i-viii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
References
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp 167-177
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
5 - Modularity and Structural Determinism
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp 149-162
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Modularity is certainly a term whose time has come … What is considerably less clear is whether the term retains a constant meaning when it passes from one author to another.
John C. MarshallIn this chapter I will be taking up the specific issue of the role of semantic and pragmatic factors in syntactic processing. I will not, however, be developing a theory of semantic and discourse processing. Rather, the focus here will be on incremental, deterministic, structure building and how this process is affected by nonsyntactic information. In order to draw out the main issues, I will contrast two views: (i) the modular theory (MT) of Rayner et al. (1983) and Clifton and Ferreira (1989), and (ii) the interactive theory (IT) of Crain and Steedman (1985) and Steedman and Altmann (1989). One reason to contrast these particular proposals is that they have each focused on the use of discourse information in the processing of a particular ambiguity – the reduced-relative ambiguity which has been a focus of research since Bever (1970). Also, this ambiguity has been extensively studied with sensitive experimental techniques for the last few years. Thus, there is perhaps more data available for assessing the time course of information availability and use in ambiguous reduced-relative constructions than for any other type of processing phenomenon. Given this, it will serve as a useful probe into how Structural Determinism might be embedded in a more general language comprehension mechanism.
Syntax and Parsing
- Paul Gorrell
-
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995
-
This book examines the role of syntax in theories of sentence comprehension, and argues for a distinct processing component which is devoted to the recovery of syntactic structure and which utilizes the contrasting types of information found within a Government-Binding grammar. Paul Gorrell contrasts the primary relations (dominance and precedence) and secondary relations (case assignment, theta-role assignment, etc.) in a phrase-structure tree, and shows how this computational distinction of information types is reflected in the internal structure of the parser, which consists of two sub-components: a structure builder (responsible for creating nodes in a tree and positing primary relations between them), and a structure interpreter (responsible for analysing the tree in terms of secondary relations). This model can also predict garden-path phenomena in the processing of verb-final clauses.
Index
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp 178-180
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
1 - Introduction
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp 1-8
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
There should be clear linkages between linguistic descriptions and cognitive/perceptual requirements.
William Marslen-WilsonSince the mid-1970s specific proposals for the form of syntactic knowledge have had difficulty finding their way into theories of language comprehension. This is not to say that syntax does not play a role in such theories, but it is usually limited to a reference to a fairly imprecise phrase structure. Much of the work that is of interest to syntacticians provokes (at best) scant interest from those working in experimental psycholinguistics. To a certain extent this is justified; investigations into syntactic knowledge and into sentence processing are related, but clearly distinct, research programs.
It is a central thesis of this book that recent work within Government-Binding (GB) theory (Chomsky 1981, and subsequent work) raises questions about the nature of syntactic knowledge that have long concerned researchers into syntactic processing (parsing). Consider the term minimal. Since the important work of Frazier and Fodor (1978), which introduced the concept of Minimal Attachment to the psycholinguistics literature, the concept of minimal structure building has played a significant role in studies of properties of the parser. More recently, work in syntactic theory has become concerned both with insuring minimal structure generation (e.g. Speas 1990) and with establishing minimal connections between related elements within a structure (e.g. Rizzi 1990). As will become clear below, the form of the grammar within much current work in GB requires principles of minimal structure generation in much the same way that properties of the parser require a principle of minimal structure computation.
3 - Analyses of previous work
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp 43-93
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Be on the watch to take the best parts of many beautiful faces.
Leonardo da VinciStructural ambiguity
The parsing model to be described in detail in Chapter 4 addresses particular questions that have arisen from two related, but distinct, research programs investigating natural language processing. The first seeks to investigate hypotheses concerning human sentence comprehension within the context of experimental psycholinguistics; the second is concerned with the computational implications of such hypotheses. In recent years there has been a considerable amount of convergence concerning basic principles of language comprehension. For example, the important role of phrase structure in language processing has been convincingly demonstrated, and it is a rare processing model which does not make some reference to syntactic constituents and structural relations. There is a growing consensus that, given ambiguous input, the perceptual mechanism has an initial bias toward the reading consistent with the minimal structural representation.
Further, owing to the important work of Marslen-Wilson (1973, 1975) there is general agreement that models of syntactic processing must be responsive to the experimental demonstrations of the speed and efficiency of human language processing.
As this chapter will make clear, important, and interesting, differences remain, but real progress has been made since the mid-1970s. The purpose of this chapter is to outline some of the main avenues of research responsible for this progress. This will give a context for the parsing model described in Chapter 4. This model, as will become clear, incorporates significant aspects of the parsers described in the following sections.
2 - Properties of the grammar
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp 9-42
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Dick Feynman told me about his “sum over histories” version of quantum mechanics. “The electron does anything it likes,” he said. “It goes in any direction at any speed, forward or backward in time, however it likes, and then you add up the amplitudes and it gives you the wave function.” I said to him, “You're crazy.” But he wasn't.
Freeman DysonGrammatical assumptions: Government-Binding theory
In order to properly investigate the nature of the relation between syntax and perception, it is necessary to begin with a discussion of the syntactic framework being assumed. I will outline two aspects of syntactic phenomena as they are treated within the GB framework: the generation of structure and the relations which exist between elements in a syntactic representation. The particular type of structure I will consider is a phrase-structure tree. Structural relations involving discontinuous dependencies will first be discussed from the derivational perspective of standard GB (Chomsky 1981). I will then turn to the representational approach of Koster (1986). As noted in Chapter 1, it is this representational form of GB which I will assume in subsequent discussion of the parser's properties (Chapter 4).
As noted above, there are many aspects of syntactic theory in general, and GB in particular, which I will gloss over or ignore. The intent of this chapter is to describe the form of syntactic knowledge in sufficient detail so that we can, in a meaningful way, address the issue of the manner in which syntactic knowledge is put to use in the perceptual process.
Contents
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp ix-x
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
6 - Conclusion
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp 163-166
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Again, one thinks of Don Quixote. He may see a windmill as a giant, but he doesn't see a giant unless there is a windmill there.
W. H. AudenIn this book I have outlined a theory of syntactic knowledge and examined its role in language comprehension. Although I have argued that syntax plays a significant role in perception, it is clearly the case that numerous other factors also play a role. For example, there are currently underway a number of important studies within the general framework of constraintbased comprehension systems. As briefly discussed in the last chapter, it is important that theories of syntactic processing incorporate, in some way, the effects of frequency of both individual lexical items as well as cooccurrence probabilities (MacDonald 1994, Trueswell et al. 1993). I have not attempted to do that here. Rather the focus has been to establish the role of structural variables in sentence processing.
One of the most important aspects of the parsing model proposed here is the grammatical distinction between primary and secondary structural relations in a phrase-structure tree. This distinction is reflected in the design of the processing model, given in (1). The types of syntactic relations which a GB-based parser must encode in the structural representation it builds are listed in (2).
Acknowledgments
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp xi-xii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
4 - Properties of the parser
- Paul Gorrell, Universität Potsdam, Germany
-
- Book:
- Syntax and Parsing
- Published online:
- 30 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 April 1995, pp 94-148
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Unfortunately, there is as yet no standard terminology in this field, so the author has followed the usual practice … namely to use words that are similar but not identical to the terms used in other books.
Donald E. KnuthIntroduction
The properties of the parser described in this chapter are motivated by the form of the grammar and the speed and efficiency with which interpretive processes are able to make use of the structural representation constructed by the parser. Before detailing the specific properties of the parser I will first consider some general issues. One important question concerns the role of primary structural relations in a principle-based parser and its grammatical database.
Following the work of Pritchett (1987, 1992), a number of proposals of the last few years have sought to move from form-based parsing strategies such as Minimal Attachment (Frazier 1978) to content-based strategies (e.g. Pritchett's 1992 Generalized Theta Attachment or Crocker's 1992 Argument Attachment). There appear to be two motivations for this. The first is based on the intuition that the form of a phrase marker (however that is instantiated, e.g. as a tree or reduced phrase marker, etc.) is, in some sense, derivative or secondary whereas the licensing relations (theta, case, etc.) are more central in current linguistic theory. That is, the role of a particular structural form is to allow certain licensing relations to hold between elements in the representation. Thus, content-based approaches are taken to be more “grammatically responsible” than form-based models.