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Methyl t-Butyl Ether (MTBE) Production: A Comparison of Montmorillonite-Derived Catalysts with an Ion-Exchange Resin
- J. M. Adams, K. Martin, R. W. McCabe, S. Murray
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- Journal:
- Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 34 / Issue 5 / October 1986
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 April 2024, pp. 597-603
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Montmorillonite-based catalysts were compared with an acidic ion-exchange resin of the type used industrially for the production of methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) from methanol and isobutene or t-butanol. When 1,4-dioxan was used as solvent, Al3+-exchanged montmorillonites had about half the efficiency of the resin Amberlyst 15 at 60°C; they were, however, about twice as efficient at this temperature at Ti3+-montmorillonite or K10, a commercially available acid-treated bentonite. Montmorillonite exchanged with Chlorhydrol solutions to give interlayer [Al13O4(OH)2(H2O)12]7+ ions and pillared clays derived from such materials were poor catalysts, as was K306, a more drastically acid-treated bentonite- based commercial catalyst. Freeze-drying of the Al3+-clay before reaction to produce a more open, porous structure had no effect on its catalytic efficiency. The activation energy for the reaction of isobutene and methanol in dioxan was 44 kj/mole for an Al3+-clay catalyst compared with 25 kJ/mole for reactions catalyzed by Amberlyst 15. With no solvent (as in industrial processes), the rates of reaction were considerably slower for both the clay- and resin-catalyzed reactions. As has been found previously for resin-catalyzed reactions using stoichiometric amounts or an excess of methanol, the rate was proportional to the isobutene concentration, and the rate-determining step appeared to be protonation of the alkene. The performance of the Al3+-clay catalyst was increased by reducing the water content of the clay. In most reactions the clay catalysts were equilibrated at 12% relative humidity. Exposure of the clay to a low vacuum (10−1 torr) before use increased its catalytic activity from 50 to 60% of that of Amberlyst 15.
Impact of regular outcome assessment on treatment — the MECCA Study
- S. Priebe, J. Bullenkamp, R. McCabe, L. Hansson, W. Roessler, F. Torres-Gonzalez, D. Wiersna
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 17 / Issue S1 / May 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. 7s
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Clinical relevance of findings in trials of CBT for depression
- P. Lepping, R. Whittington, R.S. Sambhi, S. Lane, R. Poole, S. Leucht, P. Cuijpers, R. McCabe, W. Waheed
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 45 / September 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, pp. 207-211
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Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is beneficial in depression. Symptom scores can be translated into Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale scores to indicate clinical relevance. We aimed to assess the clinical relevance of findings of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CBT in depression. We identified RCTs of CBT that used the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). HAMD scores were translated into Clinical Global Impression – Change scale (CGI-I) scores to measure clinical relevance. One hundred and seventy datasets from 82 studies were included. The mean percentage HAMD change for treatment arms was 53.66%, and 29.81% for control arms, a statistically significant difference. Combined active therapies showed the biggest improvement on CGI-I score, followed by CBT alone. All active treatments had better than expected HAMD percentage reduction and CGI-I scores. CBT has a clinically relevant effect in depression, with a notional CGI-I score of 2.2, indicating a significant clinical response. The non-specific or placebo effect of being in a psychotherapy trial was a 29% reduction of HAMD.
Interventions to improve therapeutic communications between Black and minority ethnic patients and professionals in psychiatric services: Systematic review
- Kamaldeep S. Bhui, Rabeea'h W. Aslam, Andrea Palinski, Rose McCabe, Mark R. D. Johnson, Scott Weich, Swaran P. Singh, Martin Knapp, Vittoria Ardino, Ala Szczepura
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 207 / Issue 2 / August 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 95-103
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- August 2015
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Background
Communication may be an influential determinant of inequality of access to, engagement with and benefit from psychiatric services.
AimsTo review the evidence on interventions designed to improve therapeutic communications between Black and minority ethnic patients and clinicians who provide care in psychiatric services.
MethodSystematic review and evidence synthesis (PROSPERO registration: CRD42011001661). Data sources included the published and the ‘grey’ literature. A survey of experts and a consultation with patients and carers all contributed to the evidence synthesis, interpretation and recommendations.
ResultsTwenty-one studies were included in our analysis. The trials showed benefits mainly for depressive symptoms, experiences of care, knowledge, stigma, adherence to prescribed medication, insight and alliance. The effect sizes were smaller for better-quality trials (range of d 0.18–0.75) than for moderate- or lower-quality studies (range of d 0.18–4.3). The review found only two studies offering weak economic evidence.
ConclusionsCulturally adapted psychotherapies, and ethnographic and motivational assessment leading to psychotherapies were effective and favoured by patients and carers. Further trials are needed from outside of the UK and USA, as are economic evaluations and studies of routine psychiatric care practices.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of Pd Encapsulation by Ceria-Zirconia Oxides
- J. C. Jiang, X. Q. Pan, G. W. Graham, R. W. McCabe, J. Schwank
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- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 4 / Issue S2 / July 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 July 2020, pp. 724-725
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- July 1998
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High-temperature catalysts containing Pd supported on high-surface area ceria-zirconia are optimum materials for fuel economy when automotive engines operate under high speed or load conditions. A prerequisite for developing such thermally stable catalysts is to gain a good understanding of the thermal deactivation modes contributing to the aging and degradation of catalysts in harsh thermal environments. It was discovered by X-ray diffraction that upon hightemperature aging, Pd may sinter into large (about 10 nm diameter) particles and become encapsulated in the ceria-zirconia. To confirm this conclusion, a prototype high-temperature catalyst containing Pd supported on high-surface area ceria-zirconia, aged at temperature above 1100 °C is studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
The ceria-zirconia supported Pd (0.25 wt%) catalyst was aged at 1105 °C and calcined at 700 °C for 2 h. For TEM sample preparations, first of all, a large-size aggregate with diameter about 1 mm was selected and sandwiched between by two pieces of silicon crystal.
Sol-Gel Precursors and the Oxygen Storage Capacity of PrOy-ZrO2 Materials
- C. K. Narula, K. L. Taylor, L. P. Haack, L. F. Allard, A. Datye, M. Yu. Sinev, M. Shelef, R. W. McCabe, W. Chun, G. W. Graham
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 497 / 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 15
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- 1997
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The gels derived from mixtures of Pr(OiC3H7)3 and Zr(OiC3H7)4•iC3H7OH, upon hydrolysis and pyrolysis, furnish single-phase PrOy-ZrO2 materials crystallized in the fluorite structure. These materials can be coated onto high-surface-area γ-alumina powders or deposited onto dense α-alumina coupons in the form of thin films from a solution of parent alkoxides modified with 2,4-pentanedione in THF. The fluorite structure of the PrOy-ZrO2 in the films appears to be thermally stable in air up to 1200°C. Temperature-programmed-reduction (TPR) measurements show that the bulk PrOy-ZrO2 material with a Pr. Zr molar ratio of 1:1 can store and release oxygen while that with a molar ratio of 1:3 cannot.
The precursors play an important role in determining phase composition of the resulting PrOy-ZrO2 material. A mixture of monoclinic and cubic or tetragonal phases was found in PrOy-ZrO2 prepared from a new single-source heterometallic alkoxide, Pr2Zr6(μ4-O)2(μ-OAc)6(μ-OiPr)10(OiPr)10, whereas a mixture of cubic and tetragonal phases was present in PrOy-ZrO2 made previously by coprecipitation from aqueous solutions of the metal nitrates.
Medical audit among Scottish child psychiatrists
- H. G. Morton, R. J. R. McCabe, W. Parry-Jones, J. Pickett
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- Psychiatric Bulletin / Volume 16 / Issue 5 / May 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 273-274
- Print publication:
- May 1992
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Working for Patients (DOH, 1989) has provided considerable impetus to the development of medical audit. The Royal College of Psychiatrists (1989) Preliminary Report on Medical Audit defined and distinguished between clinical audit, peer review and performance indicators, and referred to some of the particular problems affecting the development of audit in psychiatric practice. There are special concerns for child and adolescent psychiatrists developing medical audit programmes because of the wide diversity of child and adolescent practice and the considerable variability of resources in the subspecialty. Nicol (1989) has described the initial concern of the National Child Psychiatry Section's Working Group on audit with the Korner Report (HMSO, 1982) and the proposals on performance indicators outlined by the DHSS in 1987.
Zinc taste test and postnatal depression
- P. M. Markovits, A. W. Sankey, D. K. James, R. McCabe, K. Mahomed, J. Golding
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 156 / Issue 3 / March 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 451-452
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- March 1990
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