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4 Educational and Social/Economic Opportunity Associated with IQ in DC Metro Children
- Johanna Nielsen, Madison Berl, Leigh Sepeta, Karin Walsh, Yangfeifei Gao, Mary Godfrey, Rachael Tillman, Ashley Strong, Rachael Arowolo, Hayley Loblein
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 212-213
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- Article
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Objective:
Social determinants of health (SDOH) are social conditions (e.g., employment, access to healthcare, quality schools) which are shown by a growing body of literature to impact many health outcomes, including cognition. The development of community-level measures including the Child Opportunity Index (COI) have allowed for increased understanding of the resources and conditions in neighborhoods and their impact on children’s health. Given the limited existing research on how neighborhood factors impact cognitive development, this study aimed to examine associations between neighborhood context (COI) and cognitive outcomes in children and adolescents who presented for neuropsychological evaluations.
Participants and Methods:Participants included 4,633 youth (ages 2-22; M = 10.8 years; SD = 4.1 years; 63% Male; 33% with a medical condition involving the central nervous system [CNS]) living in the DC-VA-MD-WV Metro Area who presented to an outpatient clinic for evaluation and completed an intellectual functioning (IQ) measure (88% Weschler, 11% DAS, <1% Leiter, <1% RIAS). COI values were extracted from electronic medical records based on home address. COI values include an overall index and three domain scores in educational (educational access, quality, and outcomes), health/environment (access to healthy food, healthcare, and greenspace) and social/economic (income, employment, poverty); higher scores indicate higher opportunity. Using metro-based norms, children from all opportunity levels were represented (14% Very Low, 13% Low, 18% Moderate, 21% High, 34% Very High). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine main effect associations between COI and Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ), Verbal IQ (VIQ), and Non-Verbal IQ (NVIQ) and explore moderation of age, gender, and medical condition on these associations. Additional regression analyses examined these relationships for the three COI domains.
Results:Controlling for age, gender, and medical condition, neighborhood opportunity was positively associated with cognitive function (FSIQ: ß=0.198; VIQ: ß=0.202; NVIQ: ß=0.148, p’s <0.01). Models accounted for approximately 10-14% percent of the variance in cognitive outcomes (FSIQ: F[6,4476]=180.331), Adj.R2=0.138; VIQ: F[6,4556]=161.931), Adj.R2=0.124; NVIQ: F[6,4548]=123.893), Adj.R2=0.098). Age moderated the association between overall COI and cognitive outcomes (FSIQ: ß=0.005, p=0.018; VIQ: ß=0.005, p=0.043; NVIQ: ß=0.005, p<0.01) such that the association between neighborhood opportunity and cognitive outcomes was stronger at older ages, though this was a small effect. When examining subdomains of COI, cognitive outcomes were associated with educational (FSIQ: ß=0.094; VIQ: ß=0.099; NVIQ: ß=0.078, p’s <0.01) and social/economic opportunity (FSIQ: ß=0.115; VIQ: B=0.121; NVIQ: ß=0.084, p’s <0.01) but not health/environmental opportunity (FSIQ: ß=-0.001, p=0.991; VIQ: ß=-0.008, p=0.581; NVIQ: ß=-0.008, p=0.553). Medical diagnosis moderated the association between social/economic opportunity and FSIQ; there was a stronger association between IQ and COI in youth with a medical diagnosis (ß=-0.071, p<0.05).
Conclusions:These findings demonstrate the importance of neighborhood factors, especially education and social/economic opportunities, on cognitive development. Children living in higher opportunity neighborhoods showed higher cognitive functioning. Older age and CNS-involved medical conditions were associated with higher risk in the context of reduced neighborhood opportunities. These findings emphasize the need for advocacy and other efforts to improve community resources (e.g., access to early childhood education) to address inequities in cognitive development.
11 - More than a message: Producing cyclists through public safety advertising campaigns
- from PART II - Strategies for change
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- By Rachael Nielsen, University of Adelaide, Jennifer Bonham, University of Adelaide
- Edited by Jennifer Bonham, University of Adelaide, Marilyn Johnson, Monash University, Melbourne
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- Book:
- Cycling Futures
- Published by:
- The University of Adelaide Press
- Published online:
- 25 July 2017
- Print publication:
- 31 December 2015, pp 229-250
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Summary
Introduction
Despite the burgeoning field of cycling research and widespread concerns over media representations of cyclists (Horton, 2007; Skinner & Rosen, 2007; Advertising Standards Bureau, 2011) very little academic work has been published on cycling and the media. A few notable exceptions include Zac Furness's (2010) detailed account of cycling in North American popular culture (film, literature and television), Ben Fincham's (2007) discussion of bike messengers in the British press, and the comparative study of representations of cyclists in Australian newspapers by Rissel, Bonfigliolo, Emilsen, and Smith (2010). The limited scrutiny of cycling in the Australian media contrasts with the recent spate of government-sponsored road safety advertising campaigns which feature cyclists (for example, ‘Share the road’; ‘Be safe be seen’; ‘It's a two-way street’). Many of these campaigns aim at fostering more positive interactions between cyclists and motorists. In this chapter, we are specifically interested in a road safety campaign which features cyclists as a point of contrast in its advice to young drivers.
Young drivers are often targeted in road safety campaigns because of their over-representation in road crash statistics (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics [BITRE], 2013a; Wundersitz, 2012; Curry, Hafetz, Kallan, Winston, & Durbin, 2011). In 2012, people aged 17-25 made up just 13% of the Australian population yet accounted for 22% of fatalities on Australian roads (BITRE, 2013b, p. iii). Graduated licensing systems and mass media advertising campaigns are two interventions used by Australian state and territory governments to address high crash rates amongst young people. Although a number of evaluative studies have questioned the efficacy of mass advertising campaigns (for example, Ulleberg, 2001, p. 293; Delaney, Lough, Whelan, & Cameron, 2004; Wundersitz, Hutchinson, & Woolley, 2010), they remain an important part of the road safety tool kit. The current chapter analyses the road safety advertising campaign screened by the South Australian Motor Accident Commission [MAC] from 2010 to 2014. We are specifically interested in the characteristics and behaviours assembled together under the term ‘cyclist’ in the MAC campaign.