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Snow effects on brash ice and level ice growth
- Vasiola Zhaka, Robert Bridges, Kaj Riska, Jonny Nilimaa, Andrzej Cwirzen
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- Journal:
- Journal of Glaciology , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 January 2024, pp. 1-15
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Brash ice formation and accumulation occur at a faster rate in ship channels, harbours and turning areas compared to the surrounding level ice. Accurate prediction of brash ice thickness plays an important role in addressing operational challenges and optimisation of ice management strategies. This study enhances existing brash ice growth models by considering the effects of snow and accounting for brash ice expulsion towards the sides of ship channels at each passage. To validate the influence of these critical factors on brash ice thickness, three distinct ship channels located in the Bay of Bothnia, Luleå, Sweden, were investigated. For two test channels formed for study purposes, the slower growth rate of brash ice caused by snow insulation was more prominent than the brash ice growth acceleration caused by the snow–slush–snow ice transformation. In the third channel characterised by frequent navigation, the transformation of slush into snow ice played a more substantial role than snow insulation. In both test channels, the brash ice growth model performed optimally, assuming a 10% expulsion of brash ice sideways at each vessel passage. In the third, wider and more frequently navigated channel, a 1.2% brash ice expelling coefficient predicted well the measured brash ice thicknesses.
Initial snow-ice formation on a laboratory scale
- Vasiola Zhaka, Robert Bridges, Kaj Riska, Axel Hagermann, Andrzej Cwirzen
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- Journal:
- Annals of Glaciology / Volume 64 / Issue 91 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 August 2023, pp. 77-94
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Snow ice (SI) forms from freezing wet snow, known as slush, and contributes to the thickness of level and brash ice. However, the mechanism of snow-slush-snow ice transformation has not been extensively investigated to date, despite the difference in the freezing rate of slush in comparison with water is important for estimating the ice thickness. In this study, we examined the growth of initial congelation ice (CI) and snow ice (SI) in a fresh water tank exposed to outdoor weather conditions in Luleå, northern Sweden. The tank of size 1.8 × 0.65 × 1.2 m in length, width and height was divided into two compartments to facilitate the simultaneous growth of CI and SI. A total of 12 experiments were conducted in the years 2021 and 2022. The transformation from slush to snow ice was achieved by submerging various amounts of snow in the compartments. It was observed that approximately 35% of the initial snow transformed into SI. Snow ice grew 4 mm°C−0.5 d−0.5 faster than congelation ice. The CI growth under SI was 1 mm°C−0.5 d−0.5 slower than the CI growth under CI. This study provides valuable insights for modelling snow-slush-snow ice transformation and designing future laboratory-scale experiments.
Chapter Sixteen - “Pro Bono” in Singapore: Importing, Adopting, Transforming
- from Part Five - Asia
- Edited by Scott L. Cummings, University of California, Los Angeles, Fabio de Sa e Silva, Louise G. Trubek, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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- Book:
- Global Pro Bono
- Published online:
- 06 May 2022
- Print publication:
- 07 April 2022, pp 641-671
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Summary
Singapore is a common-law country in Southeast Asia known for its impressive economic development, the presence of government in many aspects of daily life, and its no-nonsense approach to crime and criminal procedure. Lawyers, referred to as advocates and solicitors, are not self-regulated, although they carry out most stages of the disciplinary process. The Law Society advocates for lawyers’ interests, and it has statutory duties such as maintaining and improving standards of conduct and learning, and assisting the public in matters related to law. Admission of domestic lawyers to the Singapore bar is overseen by the Supreme Court, and the main subsidiary legislation for professional conduct, the Legal Profession (Professional Conduct) Rules 2015, is overseen by a multistakeholder body known as the Professional Conduct Council (PCC). In Singapore, the government is prominent in the law landscape, and it plays a major role in access to justice by funding legal aid, and together with Singapore organizations such as the Law Society Pro Bono Services and the Community Justice Centre, promoting and encouraging pro bono.
A review of level ice and brash ice growth models
- Vasiola Zhaka, Robert Bridges, Kaj Riska, Andrzej Cwirzen
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- Journal:
- Journal of Glaciology / Volume 68 / Issue 270 / August 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 December 2021, pp. 685-704
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Brash ice forms in harbours and ship channels from frequent ship passages and the resulting freezing–breaking cycles create a unique ice formation. The brash ice accumulation over the winter season is a result of meteorological, thermodynamical and mechanical processes. A reliable brash ice growth model is an important asset when determining navigation routes through ice conditions and when establishing port ice management solutions. This review aims to describe the brash ice development and its modelling as well as the key parameters that influence the brash ice growth and its estimation. This paper summarises the brash ice growth models and the fundamental theories of level ice growth upon which these models are based, and outlines the main knowledge gaps. The results highlight the importance of porosity and piece size distribution and their effect on the consolidation process. The inclusion of the brash ice lateral movement and the side ridge formation would improve the accuracy of forecast models. Furthermore, the findings of the study identify the effect of omitting meteorological parameters such as snow and radiation, from the brash ice growth models. Their contribution to the level ice thickness suggests a significant influence on the brash ice consolidation process.
32 - Modern Athens and Its Relationship with the Past
- from Reception
- Edited by Jenifer Neils, American School of Classical Studies, Athens, Dylan K. Rogers, University of Virginia
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- The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Athens
- Published online:
- 10 March 2021
- Print publication:
- 18 February 2021, pp 449-461
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Summary
In 1833, Athens became the capital of the newly created Kingdom of Greece after some 600 years of foreign domination. The creation of the new capital city from its ruins called upon the talents of local and foreign planners, architects, archaeologists, and philhellenes, who emphasized its Classical heritage and cultural achievements, often at the expense of the practicalities of government and the concerns of the local population.
Key Morphological Events following Late-Season Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Germination
- Robert Andrew Kerr, Lambert B. McCarty, William C. Bridges, Matthew Cutulle
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 33 / Issue 1 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2018, pp. 196-201
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Goosegrass is a weedy C4 species throughout the world and a major pest in turfgrass systems. Further research is needed to characterize morphological events of goosegrass germinating in late summer to enhance long-term management programs. The objective of this study was to determine whether goosegrass germinating on August 15 will complete a life cycle before the first killing frost, typically November 15 in Clemson, SC. A biotype from Clemson, SC, was collected and a growth-chamber experiment was conducted to simulate autumn maximum and minimum temperatures. Culm, leaf, root, and raceme biomass measurements were recorded weekly, and growth curves were modeled. The inflection point (i.e., point of maximum growth) occurred for the following growth parameters: culm dry weight at 26.5 d after emergence (DAE), leaf dry weight at 26.6 DAE, number of racemes per plant at 50.7 DAE, raceme dry weight (including germinable seed) at 56.0 DAE, and root dry weight at 42.1 DAE. The completion of the life cycle occurred on October 22 (68 DAE), approximately 3 wk before the typical first killing frost in Clemson, SC. In summary, turf managers need to address goosegrass that germinates through approximately the first week of September at this location to avoid production of viable seed.
Adsorption, dissipation, and movement of fluometuron in three southeastern United States soils
- William T. Willian, Thomas C. Mueller, Robert M. Hayes, Charles E. Snipes, David C. Bridges
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 45 / Issue 1 / February 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 183-189
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Fluometuron adsorption and dissipation under field and laboratory conditions, and distribution within the soil profile was determined in 3 soils from Tennessee, Mississippi, and Georgia that are representative of the cotton-growing regions of the southeastern United States. Fluometuron adsorption was correlated with organic matter, but not with clay content or soil pH. First-order kinetics explained fluometuron dissipation under field and controlled conditions (r2 ≥ 0.82). Field dissipation of fluometuron was slower under dry conditions. Fluometuron was not detected below 15 cm in the soil profile in any soil, and concentrations in the 8- to 15-cm soil zone were < 15 ppbw 112 d after treatment. Fluometuron dissipation was more rapid in soil from the 0- to 8-cm depth in Tennessee soil than in Mississippi soil under controlled conditions. Dissipation was more rapid under field conditions than under laboratory conditions at 2 of 3 locations. Fluometuron half-lives in soils from the 0- to 8-cm depth ranged from 9 to 28 d under field conditions and from 11 to 43 d in the laboratory. Fluometuron dissipation in soils from 30- to 45- and 60- to 90-cm depths was not different among soils, with half-lives ranging from 58 to 99 d under laboratory conditions. Fluometuron half-life was positively correlated with soil depth and inversely correlated with organic matter. These data indicate that organic matter, soil depth, and environmental conditions affect fluometuron dissipation.
Economics of Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) Management
- David C. Bridges, Robert H. Walker
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 35 / Issue 4 / July 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 594-598
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Research was conducted from 1979 through 1982 in east-central Alabama to determine the effect of various cropping and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L. # CASOB) management systems on yields and total net returns to land and management. Intense weed management inputs resulted in higher levels of sicklepod control than did standard inputs with spring tillage, but sicklepod control was good regardless of management intensity with no spring tillage. Sicklepod control in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] – corn (Zea mays L.) rotations was similar to that in continuous soybeans regardless of planting method. Even though intense management inputs often resulted in increased sicklepod control, total net returns from these systems were often less due to increased herbicide and application costs. Total net returns from summer-fallow systems were generally low since only a winter wheat crop was produced each year.
Norflurazon adsorption and dissipation in three southern soils
- William T. Willian, Thomas C. Mueller, Robert M. Hayes, David C. Bridges, Charles E. Snipes
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 45 / Issue 2 / April 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 301-306
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Norflurazon adsorption and dissipation under field and laboratory conditions, and distribution within the soil profile were determined in three soils representative of cotton-growing regions of the southeastern U.S. Norflurazon adsorption was greater in soil from 0 to 8 cm in a Lexington silt loam (Tennessee) and a Beulah silt loam (Mississippi) than in a Dothan loamy sand (Georgia). Adsorption was directly related to organic matter. Norflurazon degradation under controlled conditions in soil from 0 to 8 cm from each state was not different among locations, with half-lives ranging from 63 to 167 d. Degradation at 30 C in soil from the 30- to 45- and 60- to 90-cm depths was not different among locations, and was slower at the 60- to 90-cm depth than in surface soil. Norflurazon dissipation was more rapid under field conditions than under laboratory conditions, with half-lives ranging from 7 to 79 d in the 0- to 8-cm soil horizon. Dry field conditions slowed norflurazon dissipation. Norflurazon was not detected below 15 cm in the profile in any soil, and concentrations in the 8- to 15-cm soil zone were < 36 ppbw 112 d after treatment.
Comparison of PRZM and GLEAMS Computer Model Predictions with Field Data for Fluometuron and Norflurazon Behavior in Soil
- William T. Willian, Thomas C. Mueller, Robert M. Hayes, David C. Bridges, Charles E. Snipes
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 13 / Issue 3 / September 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 561-570
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The ability of the pesticide root zone model (PRZM) and the groundwater-loading effects of agricultural management systems (GLEAMS) model to predict movement of two herbicides in soil was evaluated using site-specific environmental data from sites in three states. Predictions of herbicide movement with site-specific data were compared to predictions using more generalized database soil and pesticide data within each model. Field experiments examined fluometuron and norflurazon movement in three soils representative of the cotton-growing regions of the southeastern United States. In comparing the use of site-specific vs. database values, the small increase in accuracy using site-specific inputs would not justify the large cost to obtain the data. The databases for each model gave predictions similar to those using the site-specific numbers. Both the PRZM and the GLEAMS model had similar accuracy levels in predicting the presence of fluometuron or norflurazon present in three surface soils, although each model tended to overpredict movement and total herbicide concentration, especially at lower herbicide concentrations. At higher herbicide concentrations, prediction accuracy was less than that probably needed to predict agronomically relevant herbicide concentrations in surface soils.
Influence of Weed Management and Cropping Systems on Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) Seed in the Soil
- David C. Bridges, Robert H. Walker
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 33 / Issue 6 / November 1985
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 800-804
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Research was conducted from 1979 through 1982 in east-central Alabama to monitor changes in sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L. ♯ CASOB) seed numbers in the soil under various cropping and weed management systems in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Significant declines in sicklepod seed numbers were attained only when mechanical summer fallow each year prevented replenishment of seed in soil. Repeated disking favored germination and emergence of sicklepod seed and thus caused a reduction in seed numbers. Chemical summer fallow, which relied on postemergence control of emerged sicklepod, did not result in a disturbed seedbed and was less effective in reducing seed numbers. Permitting subcompetitive densities of sicklepod, 0.45 and 0.90 plants/m2, to reach maturity each year resulted in increases in seed numbers in the soil. Increases were more dramatic in conventionally planted soybeans than in no-till culture. Sicklepod produced more pods per plant in tilled culture than in no-till. Sicklepod seed distribution in the upper 30 cm of the soil was not affected by the type of primary tillage.
Efficiency of Chemical and Mechanical Methods for Controlling Weeds in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
- David C. Bridges, Robert H. Walker, John A. McGuire, Neil R. Martin
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 32 / Issue 5 / September 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 584-591
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Research was conducted from 1978 through 1980 at Headland, AL, to evaluate the use of herbicides, mechanical cultivation, and hand-hoeing as components of a total weed control system for peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Herbicides or two cultivations alone failed to provide acceptable weed control, peanut yields, or net returns for the 3-yr period. However, adding two cultivations to the herbicide treatments produced acceptable weed control, peanut yields, and net returns for the 3-yr period. Average peanut yield for herbicide(s) plus two cultivations was 3200 kg/ha with an average net return of $260/ha. Two cultivations plus two hoeings without herbicide(s) produced good results with an average 3-yr yield of 3380 kg/ha and a net return of $280/ha. Herbicide(s) plus two cultivation treatments that had net returns equal to two cultivations plus two hoeing treatments were: dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) at 5.0 kg ai/ha applied at ground-cracking ($300/ha); dinoseb + alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 1.7 + 3.4 kg ai/ha applied at ground-cracking ($310/ha); and alachlor at 4.5 kg/ha applied preemergence ($320/ha). Treatments containing herbicide(s) plus two cultivations plus two hoeings did not substantially improve weed control, peanut yields, or net returns over herbicide(s) plus two cultivations.
Comparison of Enzyme and Growth Characteristics in ALS-Inhibitor Susceptible and Resistant Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Biotypes
- Robert B. Cross, Lambert B. McCarty, J. Scott McElroy, Nishanth Tharayil, William C. Bridges, Jr.
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 63 / Issue 1 / March 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 220-228
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Acetolactate synthase–- (ALS-) inhibiting herbicides are frequently used to control annual bluegrass in managed turfgrass systems. Recently, the number of annual bluegrass populations resistant to these herbicides has increased on golf courses. Previous research involving annual bluegrass resistance to ALS inhibitors has included elucidating the mechanism of resistance and in vivo response of ALS to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The purpose of this research was to generate baseline information on enzymatic parameters of resistant (R) and susceptible (S) annual bluegrass biotypes and further distinguish these biotypes by comparing vegetative growth and reproductive characteristics. The R biotype contained a mutation in the ALS gene resulting in a Trp574 to Leu amino acid substitution. Compared to the S biotype, the R biotype exhibited a 27- and 10-fold resistance to trifloxysulfuron at the whole-plant level and under in vitro conditions, respectively. No significant differences were observed in substrate concentration at one-half maximum rate of enzyme activity (pyruvate) or extractable ALS activity between biotypes, but the maximum rate of enzyme activity was higher for the R biotype. The feedback inhibition of ALS activity by the branched-chain amino acids was higher for the R biotype than the S biotype, with leucine, valine, and isoleucine inhibiting ALS activity 20, 6, and 4% more in the R biotype, respectively. The R biotype produced more inflorescences and seeds per plant in comparison with the S biotype, but relative growth rates between biotypes were similar at all harvest intervals. Our research provides baseline information regarding ALS enzyme response, vegetative growth, and reproductive characteristics of annual bluegrass biotypes resistant and susceptible to ALS-inhibiting herbicides.
A Pro106 to Ala Substitution is Associated with Resistance to Glyphosate in Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua)
- Robert B. Cross, Lambert B. McCarty, Nishanth Tharayil, J. Scott McElroy, Shu Chen, Patrick E. McCullough, Brian A. Powell, William C. Bridges, Jr.
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 63 / Issue 3 / September 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 613-622
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Glyphosate is used in the transition zone to control annual bluegrass in fully dormant warm-season grasses. A suspected resistant (R) biotype of annual bluegrass was identified on a golf course in South Carolina after at least 10 consecutive years of glyphosate application. Greenhouse bioassays revealed the R biotype was 4.4-fold resistant to glyphosate compared with a standard susceptible (S) biotype. Further studies were conducted to investigate the mechanism conferring glyphosate resistance in the R biotype. Leaf discs of both biotypes accumulated shikimate in response to increasing glyphosate concentration, but the glyphosate concentration resulting in 50% EPSP synthase inhibition as a result of shikimate accumulation (I50) was 4.2-fold higher in the R biotype compared with the S biotype. At the whole plant level, similar levels of shikimate accumulation were observed between biotypes at 6 and 24 h after treatment (HAT) with glyphosate, but greater shikimate accumulation occurred in the S biotype at 72, 120, and 168 HAT. Shikimate levels decreased in the R biotype after 72 HAT. There were no differences in 14C-glyphosate absorption between biotypes. However, more 14C-glyphosate translocated out of the treated leaf in the R biotype and into root tissues over time compared with the S biotype. Partial sequencing of the EPSP synthase gene revealed a point mutation that resulted in an Ala substitution at Pro106. Although other mechanisms may contribute to glyphosate resistance, these results confirm a Pro106 to Ala substitution is associated with resistance to glyphosate in the R annual bluegrass biotype.
Detecting Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides Using a Rapid Diagnostic Assay
- Robert B. Cross, Lambert B. McCarty, Nishanth Tharayil, Ted Whitwell, William C. Bridges, Jr.
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 61 / Issue 3 / September 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 384-389
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Annual bluegrass is the most problematic winter annual weed in managed turfgrass. Acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides are effective for annual bluegrass control, but reliance on this mode of action can select for herbicide-resistant biotypes. Two annual bluegrass biotypes not controlled with ALS-inhibiting herbicides were reported at golf courses in South Carolina and Georgia. Research was initiated at Clemson University to verify the level of resistance of these biotypes to ALS inhibitors. Two ALS-susceptible (S) and suspected resistant (SCr, GAr) annual bluegrass biotypes were established in a greenhouse. Dose-response experiments were conducted on mature annual bluegrass plants using trifloxysulfuron, foramsulfuron, and bispyribac-sodium, all ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Additionally, a rapid diagnostic ALS activity assay was optimized and conducted using the same herbicides. For dose-response experiments, the rate of herbicide that reduced shoot biomass 50% (I50) values for the S biotypes were 13.6 g ai ha−1 for trifloxysulfuron, 7.0 g ai ha−1 for foramsulfuron, and 38.3 g ai ha−1 for bispyribac-sodium. Fifty percent shoot biomass reduction was not observed in either the SCr or GAr biotypes at eight times the labeled field rate of all ALS-inhibiting herbicides tested. For in vivo tests of ALS activity, the SCr biotype yielded I50 (concentration of herbicide that reduced ALS activity 50%) values 3,650, 3,290, and 13 times the S biotypes following treatment with trifloxysulfuron, foramsulfuron, and bispyribac-sodium, respectively. Similarly, I50 values for the GAr biotype were 316, 140, and 64 times greater than the S biotypes following the same herbicide treatments. This research indicates high levels of annual bluegrass resistance to multiple ALS-inhibiting herbicides in South Carolina and Georgia. Future research should focus on the mechanisms of ALS resistance in these annual bluegrass biotypes as well as alternative options for control not targeting the ALS enzyme.
Evaluating Annual Bluegrass Herbicide Resistance Evolution in Golf Course Fairways
- Robert B. Cross, William C. Bridges, Jr., Lambert B. McCarty, J. Scott McElroy
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 29 / Issue 3 / September 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 488-500
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Annual bluegrass is one of the most diverse plant species in the world and is the most problematic winter annual weed in commercial turfgrass. Continuous application of the same herbicide mechanism of action for annual bluegrass control on golf courses has increased herbicide-resistant populations. The purpose of this research was to simulate six herbicide-use strategies to evaluate the risk of annual bluegrass resistance evolution to glyphosate. In a worst-case scenario of yearly glyphosate applications at dormancy, resistance evolved within 10 yr and was predicted to evolve in > 90% of populations by yr 20. When glyphosate was rotated on alternate years with a unique mechanism of action, resistance was delayed for 12 to 15 yr. Season-long control of annual bluegrass often requires multiple herbicide applications. Therefore, additional strategies were simulated in which glyphosate was applied at dormancy with combinations of PRE and/or POST herbicides at various timings. Resistance was most effectively delayed with a PRE application in late summer, a POST application in fall, and alternating glyphosate with a different POST option at dormancy. This delayed resistance by 25 yr and a 35% risk was predicted after 50 yr. Strategies utilizing three annual herbicide applications with unique mechanisms of action were more effective for controlling population growth compared to other strategies. Resistance was predicted to evolve within 35 yr for each of the strategies simulated. However, these results indicate annual bluegrass herbicide resistance can be managed by using an integrated herbicide program, rotating unique mechanisms of action as frequently as possible.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. 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- By Michael H. Allen, Leora Amira, Victoria Arango, David W. Ayer, Helene Bach, Christopher R. Bailey, Ross J. Baldessarini, Kelsey Ball, Alan L. Berman, Marian E. Betz, Emily A. Biggs, R. Warwick Blood, Kathleen T. Brady, David A. Brent, Jeffrey A. Bridge, Gregory K. Brown, Anat Brunstein Klomek, A. Jacqueline Buchanan, Michelle J. Chandley, Tim Coffey, Jessica Coker, Yeates Conwell, Scott J. Crow, Collin L. Davidson, Yogesh Dwivedi, Stacey Espaillat, Jan Fawcett, Steven J. Garlow, Robert D. Gibbons, Catherine R. Glenn, Deborah Goebert, Erica Goldstein, Tina R. Goldstein, Madelyn S. Gould, Kelly L. Green, Alison M. Greene, Philip D. Harvey, Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, Donna Holland Barnes, Andres M. Kanner, Gary J. Kennedy, Stephen H. Koslow, Benoit Labonté, Alison M. Lake, William B. Lawson, Steve Leifman, Adam Lesser, Timothy W. Lineberry, Amanda L. McMillan, Herbert Y. Meltzer, Michael Craig Miller, Michael J. Miller, James A. Naifeh, Katharine J. Nelson, Charles B. Nemeroff, Alexander Neumeister, Matthew K. Nock, Jennifer H. Olson-Madden, Gregory A. Ordway, Michael W. Otto, Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Giampaolo Perna, Jane Pirkis, Kelly Posner, Anne Rohs, Pedro Ruiz, Molly Ryan, Alan F. Schatzberg, S. Charles Schulz, M. Katherine Shear, Morton M. Silverman, April R. Smith, Marcus Sokolowski, Barbara Stanley, Zachary N. Stowe, Sarah A. Struthers, Leonardo Tondo, Gustavo Turecki, Robert J. Ursano, Kimberly Van Orden, Anne C. Ward, Danuta Wasserman, Jerzy Wasserman, Melinda K. Westlund, Tracy K. Witte, Kseniya Yershova, Alexandra Zagoloff, Sidney Zisook
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Coordinated Microanalyses of Seven Particles of Probable Interstellar Origin from the Stardust Mission.
- Andrew J. Westphal, Rhonda M. Stroud, Hans A. Bechtel, Frank E. Brenker, Anna L. Butterworth, George J. Flynn, David R. Frank, Zack Gainsforth, Jon K. Hillier, Frank Postberg, Alexandre S. Simionovici, Veerle J. Sterken, Carlton Allen, David Anderson, Asna Ansari, Saˇsa Bajt, Ron K. Bastien, Nabil Bassim, John Bridges, Donald E. Brownlee, Mark Burchell, Manfred Burghammer, Hitesh Changela, Peter Cloetens, Andrew M. Davis, Ryan Doll, Christine Floss, Eberhard Gru¨n, Philipp R. Heck, Peter Hoppe, Bruce Hudson, Joachim Huth, Anton Kearsley, Ashley J. King, Barry Lai, Jan Leitner, Laurence Lemelle, Ariel Leonard, Hugues Leroux, Robert Lettieri, William Marchant, Larry R. Nittler, Ryan Ogliore, Wei Jia Ong, Mark C. Price, Scott A. Sandford, Juan-Angel Sans Tresseras, Sylvia Schmitz, Tom Schoonjans, Kate Schreiber, Geert Silversmit, Vicente A. Solé, Ralf Srama, Frank Stadermann, Thomas Stephan, Julien Stodolna, Stephen Sutton, Mario Trieloff, Peter Tsou, Tolek Tyliszczak, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze, Joshua Von Korff, Naomi Wordsworth, Daniel Zevin, Michael E. Zolensky
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- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 20 / Issue S3 / August 2014
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- August 2014
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