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Regional Impact of a CRE Intervention Targeting High Risk Postacute Care Facilities (Chicago PROTECT)
- Michael Lin, Mary Carl Froilan, Jinal Makhija, Ellen Benson, Sarah Bartsch, Pamela B. Bell, Stephanie Black, Deborah Burdsall, Michelle Ealy, Anthony Fiore, Sharon Foy, Mabel Frias, Alice Han, David Hines, Olufemi Jegede, John Jernigan, Sarah K. Kemble, Mary Alice Lavin, Bruce Lee, George Markovski, Massimo Pacilli, Sujan Reddy, Erica Runningdeer, Michael Schoeny, Mitali Shah, Rachel Slayton, Elizabeth Soda, Nimalie Stone, Angela S. Tang, Karen Trimberger, Marion Tseng, Yingxu Xiang, Robert Weinstein, William Trick, Mary Hayden
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2020, pp. s48-s49
- Print publication:
- October 2020
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Background: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are endemic in the Chicago region. We assessed the regional impact of a CRE control intervention targeting high-prevalence facilities; that is, long-term acute-care hospitals (LTACHs) and ventilator-capable skilled nursing facilities (vSNFs). Methods: In July 2017, an academic–public health partnership launched a regional CRE prevention bundle: (1) identifying patient CRE status by querying Illinois’ XDRO registry and periodic point-prevalence surveys reported to public health, (2) cohorting or private rooms with contact precautions for CRE patients, (3) combining hand hygiene adherence, monitoring with general infection control education, and guidance by project coordinators and public health, and (4) daily chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing. Informed by epidemiology and modeling, we targeted LTACHs and vSNFs in a 13-mile radius from the coordinating center. Illinois mandates CRE reporting to the XDRO registry, which can also be manually queried or generate automated alerts to facilitate interfacility communication. The regional intervention promoted increased automation of alerts to hospitals. The prespecified primary outcome was incident clinical CRE culture reported to the XDRO registry in Cook County by month, analyzed by segmented regression modeling. A secondary outcome was colonization prevalence measured by serial point-prevalence surveys for carbapenemase-producing organism colonization in LTACHs and vSNFs. Results: All eligible LTACHs (n = 6) and vSNFs (n = 9) participated in the intervention. One vSNF declined CHG bathing. vSNFs that implemented CHG bathing typically bathed residents 2–3 times per week instead of daily. Overall, there were significant gaps in infection control practices, especially in vSNFs. Also, 75 Illinois hospitals adopted automated alerts (56 during the intervention period). Mean CRE incidence in Cook County decreased from 59.0 cases per month during baseline to 40.6 cases per month during intervention (P < .001). In a segmented regression model, there was an average reduction of 10.56 cases per month during the 24-month intervention period (P = .02) (Fig. 1), and an estimated 253 incident CRE cases were averted. Mean CRE incidence also decreased among the stratum of vSNF/LTACH intervention facilities (P = .03). However, evidence of ongoing CRE transmission, particularly in vSNFs, persisted, and CRE colonization prevalence remained high at intervention facilities (Table 1). Conclusions: A resource-intensive public health regional CRE intervention was implemented that included enhanced interfacility communication and targeted infection prevention. There was a significant decline in incident CRE clinical cases in Cook County, despite high persistent CRE colonization prevalence in intervention facilities. vSNFs, where understaffing or underresourcing were common and lengths of stay range from months to years, had a major prevalence challenge, underscoring the need for aggressive infection control improvements in these facilities.
Funding: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (SHEPheRD Contract No. 200-2011-42037)
Disclosures: M.Y.L. has received research support in the form of contributed product from OpGen and Sage Products (now part of Stryker Corporation), and has received an investigator-initiated grant from CareFusion Foundation (now part of BD).
Differential Effects of Chlorhexidine Skin Cleansing Methods on Residual Chlorhexidine Skin Concentrations and Bacterial Recovery
- Yoona Rhee, Louisa J. Palmer, Koh Okamoto, Sean Gemunden, Khaled Hammouda, Sarah K. Kemble, Michael Y. Lin, Karen Lolans, Louis Fogg, Derek Guanaga, Deborah S. Yokoe, Robert A. Weinstein, Gyorgy Frendl, Mary K. Hayden, for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epicenter Program
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 39 / Issue 4 / April 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2018, pp. 405-411
- Print publication:
- April 2018
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BACKGROUND
Bathing intensive care unit (ICU) patients with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)–impregnated cloths decreases the risk of healthcare-associated bacteremia and multidrug-resistant organism transmission. Hospitals employ different methods of CHG bathing, and few studies have evaluated whether those methods yield comparable results.
OBJECTIVETo determine whether 3 different CHG skin cleansing methods yield similar residual CHG concentrations and bacterial densities on skin.
DESIGNProspective, randomized 2-center study with blinded assessment.
PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGHealthcare personnel in surgical ICUs at 2 tertiary-care teaching hospitals in Chicago, Illinois, and Boston, Massachusetts, from July 2015 to January 2016.
INTERVENTIONCleansing skin of one forearm with no-rinse 2% CHG-impregnated polyester cloth (method A) versus 4% CHG liquid cleansing with rinsing on the contralateral arm, applied with either non–antiseptic-impregnated cellulose/polyester cloth (method B) or cotton washcloth dampened with sterile water (method C).
RESULTSIn total, 63 participants (126 forearms) received method A on 1 forearm (n=63). On the contralateral forearm, 33 participants received method B and 30 participants received method C. Immediately and 6 hours after cleansing, method A yielded the highest residual CHG concentrations (2500 µg/mL and 1250 µg/mL, respectively) and lowest bacterial densities compared to methods B or C (P<.001).
CONCLUSIONIn healthy volunteers, cleansing with 2% CHG-impregnated cloths yielded higher residual CHG concentrations and lower bacterial densities than cleansing with 4% CHG liquid applied with either of 2 different cloth types and followed by rinsing. The relevance of these differences to clinical outcomes remains to be determined.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:405–411
Modifiable Risk Factors for the Spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Among Long-Term Acute-Care Hospital Patients
- Koh Okamoto, Michael Y. Lin, Manon Haverkate, Karen Lolans, Nicholas M. Moore, Shayna Weiner, Rosie D. Lyles, Donald Blom, Yoona Rhee, Sarah Kemble, Louis Fogg, David W. Hines, Robert A. Weinstein, Mary K. Hayden
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 38 / Issue 6 / June 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 April 2017, pp. 670-677
- Print publication:
- June 2017
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OBJECTIVE
To identify modifiable risk factors for acquisition of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (KPC) colonization among long-term acute-care hospital (LTACH) patients.
DESIGNMulticenter, matched case-control study.
SETTINGFour LTACHs in Chicago, Illinois.
PARTICIPANTSEach case patient included in this study had a KPC-negative rectal surveillance culture on admission followed by a KPC-positive surveillance culture later in the hospital stay. Each matched control patient had a KPC-negative rectal surveillance culture on admission and no KPC isolated during the hospital stay.
RESULTSFrom June 2012 to June 2013, 2,575 patients were admitted to 4 LTACHs; 217 of 2,144 KPC-negative patients (10.1%) acquired KPC. In total, 100 of these patients were selected at random and matched to 100 controls by LTACH facility, admission date, and censored length of stay. Acquisitions occurred a median of 16.5 days after admission. On multivariate analysis, we found that exposure to higher colonization pressure (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04; P=.002), exposure to a carbapenem (OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.06–4.77; P=.04), and higher Charlson comorbidity index (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01–1.29; P=.04) were independent risk factors for KPC acquisition; the odds of KPC acquisition increased by 2% for each 1% increase in colonization pressure.
CONCLUSIONSHigher colonization pressure, exposure to carbapenems, and a higher Charlson comorbidity index independently increased the odds of KPC acquisition among LTACH patients. Reducing colonization pressure (through separation of KPC-positive patients from KPC-negative patients using strict cohorts or private rooms) and reducing carbapenem exposure may prevent KPC cross transmission in this high-risk patient population.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:670–677