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Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in infants in a neonatal intensive care unit
- Hye-Kyung Cho, Joshua N. Yang, Scott A. Cunningham, Kerryl E. Greenwood-Quaintance, Mary L. Dalton, Christopher A. Collura, Jennifer L. Fang, Angela L. Heinrich, W. Charles Huskins, Robin Patel
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue 12 / December 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 September 2020, pp. 1402-1408
- Print publication:
- December 2020
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Objective:
To investigate the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) in infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) using whole-genome sequencing.
Design:Investigation of MSSA epidemiology in a NICU.
Setting:Single-center, level IV NICU.
Methods:Universal S. aureus screening was done using a single swab obtained from the anterior nares, axilla, and groin area of infants in the NICU on a weekly basis. Core genome multilocus sequence type (cgMLST) analysis was performed on MSSA isolates detected over 1 year (2018–2019).
Results:In total, 68 MSSA-colonized infants were identified, and cgMLSTs of 67 MSSA isolates were analyzed. Overall, we identified 11 cgMLST isolate groups comprising 39 isolates (58%), with group sizes ranging from 2 to 10 isolates, and 28 isolates (42%) were unrelated to each other or any of the isolate groups. Cases of infants colonized by MSSA were scattered throughout the 1-year study period, and isolates belonging to the same cgMLST group were typically detected contemporaneously, over a few weeks or a few months. Overall, 13 infants (19.7%) developed MSSA infections: bacteremia (n = 3), wound infection (n = 5), conjunctivitis (n = 4), and cellulitis (n = 1). We detected no association between these clinically manifest infections and specific cgMLST groups.
Conclusions:Although MSSA isolates in infants in a NICU showed high diversity, most were related to other isolates, albeit within small groups. cgMLST facilitates an understanding of the complex transmission dynamics of MSSA in NICUs, and these data can be used to inform better control strategies.
Enhanced lithium-ion transport in organosilyl electrolytes for lithium-ion battery applications
- Leslie J. Lyons, Scott Beecher, Evan Cunningham, Tom Derrah, Shengyi Su, Junmian Zhu, Monica Usrey, Adrián Peña-Hueso, Tobias Johnson, Robert West
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- Journal:
- MRS Communications / Volume 9 / Issue 3 / September 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 September 2019, pp. 985-991
- Print publication:
- September 2019
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The authors report on 7Li, 19F, and 1H pulsed field gradient NMR measurements of 26 organosilyl nitrile solvent-based electrolytes of either lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) or lithium hexafluorophosphate. Lithium transport numbers (as high as 0.50) were measured and are highest in the LiTFSI electrolytes. The authors also report on solvent blend electrolytes of fluoroorganosilyl (FOS) nitrile solvent mixed with ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate. Solvent diffusion measurements on an electrolyte with 6% FOS suggest both the FOS and EC solvate the lithium cation. By comparing lithium transport and transference numbers, the authors find less ion pairing in FOS nitrile carbonate blend electrolytes and difluoroorganosilyl nitrile electrolytes.
Whole-genome sequencing for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreak investigation in a neonatal intensive care unit
- Theresa Madigan, Scott A. Cunningham, Robin Patel, Kerryl E. Greenwood-Quaintance, Jean E. Barth, Priya Sampathkumar, Nicolynn C. Cole, Peggy C. Kohner, Christopher E. Colby, Garth F. Asay, Jennifer L. Fang, Christine A. Baker, Angela L. Heinrich, Kelly A. Fjerstad, Maria J. Lujero, Nicholas Chia, Patricio R. Jeraldo, Heidi Nelson, W. Charles Huskins
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 39 / Issue 12 / December 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 October 2018, pp. 1412-1418
- Print publication:
- December 2018
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Objective
To evaluate whole-genome sequencing (WGS) as a molecular typing tool for MRSA outbreak investigation.
DesignInvestigation of MRSA colonization/infection in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over 3 years (2014–2017).
SettingSingle-center level IV NICU.
PatientsNICU infants and healthcare workers (HCWs).
MethodsInfants were screened for MRSA using a swab of the anterior nares, axilla, and groin, initially by targeted (ring) screening, and later by universal weekly screening. Clinical cultures were collected as indicated. HCWs were screened once using swabs of the anterior nares. MRSA isolates were typed using WGS with core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) analysis and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Colonized and infected infants and HCWs were decolonized. Control strategies included reinforcement of hand hygiene, use of contact precautions, cohorting, enhanced environmental cleaning, and remodeling of the NICU.
ResultsWe identified 64 MRSA-positive infants: 53 (83%) by screening and 11 (17%) by clinical cultures. Of 85 screened HCWs, 5 (6%) were MRSA positive. WGS of MRSA isolates identified 2 large clusters (WGS groups 1 and 2), 1 small cluster (WGS group 3), and 8 unrelated isolates. PFGE failed to distinguish WGS group 2 and 3 isolates. WGS groups 1 and 2 were codistributed over time. HCW MRSA isolates were primarily in WGS group 1. New infant MRSA cases declined after implementation of the control interventions.
ConclusionWe identified 2 contemporaneous MRSA outbreaks alongside sporadic cases in a NICU. WGS was used to determine strain relatedness at a higher resolution than PFGE and was useful in guiding efforts to control MRSA transmission.
Contributors
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- By John A. Bargh, Lisa Feldman Barrett, Veronica Benet-Martínez, Elliot T. Berkman, Jim Blascovich, Marilynn B. Brewer, Heining Cham, Tanya L. Chartrand, Robert B. Cialdini, William D. Crano, William A. Cunningham, Rick Dale, Jan De Houwer, Alice H. Eagly, J. Mark Eddy, Craig K. Enders, Leandre R. Fabrigar, Susan T. Fiske, Shelly L. Gable, Bertram Gawronski, Kevin J. Grimm, K. Paige Harden, Richard E. Heyman, Oliver P. John, Blair T. Johnson, Charles M. Judd, Deborah A. Kashy, David A. Kenny, Norbert L. Kerr, Nuri Kim, Jon A. Krosnick, Paul J. Lavrakas, Matthew D. Lieberman, Kristen A. Lindquist, Todd D. Little, Yu Liu, Michael F. Lorber, Michael R. Maniaci, Kerry L. Marsh, Gina L. Mazza, Gary H. McClelland, Dominique Muller, Elizabeth Levy Paluck, Karen S. Quigley, Harry T. Reis, Mijke Rhemtulla, Michael J. Richardson, Ronald D. Rogge, Alexander M. Schoemann, Eliot R. Smith, R. Scott Tindale, Eric Turkheimer, Penny S. Visser, Duane T. Wegener, Stephen G. West, Tessa V. West, Keith F. Widaman, Vincent Y. Yzerbyt
- Edited by Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Charles M. Judd, University of Colorado Boulder
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- Book:
- Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
- Print publication:
- 24 February 2014, pp vii-viii
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Prevalence of Rectal Colonization with Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae among International Patients Hospitalized at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Shawn Vasoo, Theresa Madigan, Scott A. Cunningham, Jayawant N. Mandrekar, Stephen B. Porter, Brian Johnston, Priya Sampathkumar, Pritish K. Tosh, James R. Johnson, Robin Patel, Ritu Banerjee
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 35 / Issue 2 / February 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 May 2016, pp. 182-186
- Print publication:
- February 2014
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Rectal colonization with multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was found in 23 of 94 consecutively enrolled international patients hospitalized at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. No carbapenemase producers were detected. Twenty-one isolates were extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Colonization was associated with gastrointestinal disease and central venous catheter placement within the antecedent year.
Contributors
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- By Krista Adamek, Ana Luisa K. Albernaz, J. Marcio Ayres†, Andrew J. Baker, Karen L. Bales, Adrian A. Barnett, Christopher Barton, John M. Bates, Jennie Becker, Bruna M. Bezerra, Júlio César Bicca-Marques, Richard Bodmer, Jean P. Boubli, Mark Bowler, Sarah A. Boyle, Christini Barbosa Caselli, Janice Chism, Elena P. Cunningham, José Maria C. da Silva, Lesa C. Davies, Nayara de Alcântara Cardoso, Manuella A. de Souza, Stella de la Torre, Ana Gabriela de Luna, Thomas R. Defler, Anthony Di Fiore, Eduardo Fernandez-Duque, Stephen F. Ferrari, Wilsea M.B. Figueiredo-Ready, Tracy Frampton, Paul A. Garber, Brian W. Grafton, L. Tremaine Gregory, Maria L. Harada, Amy Harrison-Levine, Walter C. Hartwig, Stefanie Heiduck, Eckhard W. Heymann, André Hirsch, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Gareth Jones, Richard F. Kay, Martin M. Kowalewski, Shawn M. Lehman, Laura Marsh, Jesús Martinez, William A. Mason, Hope Matthews, Wynlyn McBride, Shona McCann-Wood, W. Scott McGraw, D. Jeffrey Meldrum, Sally P. Mendoza, Nohelia Mercado, Russell A. Mittermeier, Mirjam N. Nadjafzadeh, Marilyn A. Norconk, Robert Gary Norman, Marcela Oliveira, Marcelo M. Oliveira, Maria Juliana Ospina Rodríguez, Erwin Palacios, Suzanne Palminteri, Liliam P. Pinto, Marcio Port-Carvalho, Leila Porter, Carlos Portillo-Quintero, George Powell, Ghillean T. Prance, Rodrigo C. Printes, Pablo Puertas, P. Kirsten Pullen, Helder L. Queiroz, Luis Reginaldo R. Rodrigues, Adriana Rodríguez, Alfred L. Rosenberger, Anthony B. Rylands, Ricardo R. Santos, Horacio Schneider, Eleonore Z.F. Setz, Suleima S.B. Silva, José S. Silva Júnior, Andrew T. Smith, Marcelo C. Sousa, Antonio S. Souto, Wilson R. Spironello, Masanaru Takai, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Cynthia L. Thompson, Diego G. Tirira, Raul Tupayachi, Bernardo Urbani, Liza M. Veiga, Marianela Velilla, João Valsecchi, Jean-Christophe Vié, Tatiana M. Vieira, Suzanne E. Walker-Pacheco, Rob Wallace, Patricia C. Wright, Charles E. Zartman
- Edited by Liza M. Veiga, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil, Adrian A. Barnett, Roehampton University, London, Stephen F. Ferrari, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brazil, Marilyn A. Norconk, Kent State University, Ohio
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- Book:
- Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Titis, Sakis and Uacaris
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
- Print publication:
- 11 April 2013, pp xii-xv
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Chapter 12 - Cervix, uterus, and ovary
- from Part II - Oncologic applications
- Edited by Victor H. Gerbaudo
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- Book:
- A Case-Based Approach to PET/CT in Oncology
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 July 2012, pp 293-328
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Summary
Introduction
The female genital tract has a complex embryologic origin, tying together elements of the paramesonephric ducts, coelomic epithelium, mesenchyme, and primordial germ cells in an equally intricate physiology, characterized by dramatic changes in function not only over a woman's full life cycle (menarche, pregnancy, and menopause), but with her rapid monthly rhythm of ovulation and menstruation. It should not be surprising that the pathology of this organ system is similarly complex. Tumors of the female pelvis are not only common, but exceedingly varied, including epithelial carcinomas, stromal tumors, sarcomas, and hybrids such as carcinosarcomas. Since these tumors may differ markedly as to FDG avidity, aggressiveness, and route of spread, facile generalizations should be avoided. PET/CT imaging needs to be rigorously correlated with all available clinical and histopathologic information, and with an intimate understanding of the biology of the type of tumor(s) under consideration. The astute PET/CT interpreter also needs to have a clear idea of the clinical purpose of the scan. Is it being performed for initial diagnosis and staging, for therapy planning, or for detection of recurrence? The utility and predictive value of PET may differ in each of these settings, as will be explained in more detail in the case discussions below.
The objectives of this chapter are to furnish the reader with a basic understanding of the range of tumor types affecting each organ, and of the established or emerging role of PET/CT within each clinical context, thus enabling him to derive the maximum amount of information from a given scan. It goes without saying that these principles are to be enlarged from the reader's own fund of experience and personal observation.
Chapter 4 - Functional anatomy of the FDG image
- from Part I - General concepts of PET and PET/CT imaging
- Edited by Victor H. Gerbaudo
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- Book:
- A Case-Based Approach to PET/CT in Oncology
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 July 2012, pp 53-74
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Summary
The physiologic basis of FDG uptake
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is an index molecule for glucose metabolism, a highly complex physiologic process. It is practically a truism that malignant cells proliferate rapidly, and thus tend to have a high metabolic rate (1, 2). However, this statement conceals as much as it reveals. The “metabolism” depicted by a PET scan image cannot be treated as a simple continuum, with benign and inert tissues at the low end (white = “good”), and rampant malignancies at the high end (black = “bad”). There are many kinds of metabolism, and glucose is not the only metabolic currency. Nor is glucose metabolism uniform; it has many competing pathways, often within the same cell. These include both catabolic (energy-producing) or anabolic (energy-consuming) processes, such as the pentose phosphate pathway.
FDG uptake does not directly correspond to the presence or activity of any single molecular target. Every count in every pixel on an ordinary PET scan is a summation of numerous factors, including delivery of tracer molecules to the tissues (plasma input function) and the microscopic and macroscopic architecture of the tissue itself. These are not academic trivia; intimate understanding of these factors is essential for accurate interpretation of PET images. Oversimplification is the most common and perhaps the most dangerous error in reading PET scans.
Contributors
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- By Robert Acosta, Elizabeth M. Alderman, Dan Barlev, Stephen M. Blumberg, Katherine J. Chou, Anthony J. Ciorciari, Christina M. Coyle, Ellen F. Crain, Sandra J. Cunningham, Joan Di Martino-Nardi, Nancy Dougherty, Glenn Fennelly, Sheila Fallon Friedlander, Jeffrey C. Gershel, Michael H. Gewitz, Beatrice Goilav, Michael Gorn, Waseem Hafeez, Dominic Hollman, Olga Jimenez, Carl Kaplan, Jeffrey Keller, Sergey Kunkov, Carolyn Lederman, Martin Lederman, Stephanie R. Lichten, Julie Lin, Stephen Ludwig, Svetlana Lvovich, Frank A. Maffei, Soe Mar, Robert W. Marion, Morri Markowitz, Daniel Mason, Teresa McCann, Alexandra D. McCollum, Mary Mehlman, James Meltzer, Scott Miller, Kirsten Roberts, Michael Rosenberg, Joy Samanich, David P. Sole, Preeti Venkataraman, Joshua Vova, Mark Weinblatt, Paul K. Woolf, Loren Yellin
- Edited by Ellen F. Crain, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Jeffrey C. Gershel, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
- Edited in association with Sandra J. Cunningham
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- Book:
- Clinical Manual of Emergency Pediatrics
- Published online:
- 10 January 2011
- Print publication:
- 02 December 2010, pp x-xiv
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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7c - Spina bifida/myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus across the lifespan: a developmental synthesis
- from Section II - Disorders
- Edited by Jacobus Donders, Scott J. Hunter, University of Chicago
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- Book:
- Principles and Practice of Lifespan Developmental Neuropsychology
- Published online:
- 07 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 14 January 2010, pp 195-204
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Summary
Introduction
As has been well outlined in the two chapters regarding spina bifida/myelomeningocele (SB), SB is a still quite common and often severely disabling birth defect that is typically associated with bowel and bladder complications, complete paralysis, and other congenital defects [1], as well as varying degrees of anomalies in the brain. SB affects many aspects of early and later development, impacting opportunities for academic achievement and vocational success, as well as ongoing independence. It is often associated with neurodevelopmental changes, such as Chiari II malformation or acqueductal stenosis, that can result in hydrocephalus [2–5], leading to the need for shunting. Medical management of the conditions associated with SB (e.g. shunting, catheterization) influence the developmental process of cognitive and psychological functioning into adolescence and adulthood.
As both chapters discussed, SB is associated with significant variability in medical, motor, cognitive, psychosocial, academic, and functional adaptation throughout the lifespan. Complications of SB can range from minor physical problems to severe physical and mental disabilities. Generally, the degree and severity of the primary central nervous system (CNS) insult and its potential secondary CNS insults (e.g. hydrocephalus) lead directly to the set of deficits, such as motor functioning and attention orienting [6], that can be seen as early as infancy. This chapter aims to synthesize information shared in the previous two chapters, by reviewing the core deficits and strengths across the lifespan for individuals with SB, and to highlight issues pertinent to assessment, diagnosis, and intervention.
Software Architecture for Language Engineering
- HAMISH CUNNINGHAM, DONIA SCOTT
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- Journal:
- Natural Language Engineering / Volume 10 / Issue 3-4 / September 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 October 2004, pp. 205-209
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Every building, and every computer program, has an architecture: structural and organisational principles that underpin its design and construction. The garden shed once built by one of the authors had an ad hoc architecture, extracted (somewhat painfully) from the imagination during a slow and non-deterministic process that, luckily, resulted in a structure which keeps the rain on the outside and the mower on the inside (at least for the time being). As well as being ad hoc (i.e. not informed by analysis of similar practice or relevant science or engineering) this architecture is implicit: no explicit design was made, and no records or documentation kept of the construction process.
Neural basis of the Stroop interference task: Response competition or selective attention?
- LARISSA A. MEAD, ANDREW R. MAYER, JULIE A. BOBHOLZ, SCOTT J. WOODLEY, JOSEPH M. CUNNINGHAM, THOMAS A. HAMMEKE, STEPHEN M. RAO
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 8 / Issue 6 / September 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 November 2002, pp. 735-742
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Previous neuroimaging studies of the Stroop task have postulated that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a critical role in resolution of the Stroop interference condition. However, activation of the ACC is not invariably seen and appears to depend on a variety of methodological factors, including the degree of response conflict and response expectancies. The present functional MRI study was designed to identify those brain areas critically involved in the interference condition. Healthy subjects underwent a blocked-trial design fMRI experiment while responding to 1 of 3 stimulus conditions: (1) incongruent color words, (2) congruent color words, and (3) color-neutral words. Subjects responded to the printed color of the word via a manual response. Compared to the congruent and neutral conditions, the incongruent condition produced significant activation within the left inferior precentral sulcus (IpreCS) located on the border between the inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis (BA 44) and the ventral premotor region (BA 6). Significant deactivations in the rostral component of the ACC and the posterior cingulate gyrus were also observed. Selective activation of the left IpreCS is compatible with findings from previous neuroimaging, lesion, electrophysiological, and behavioral studies and is presumably related to the mediation of competing articulatory demands during the interference condition. (JINS, 2002, 8, 735–742.)
Adapting Multisystemic Therapy to Serve Youth Presenting Psychiatric Emergencies: Two Case Studies
- Melisa D. Rowland, Scott W. Henggeler, Anita M. Gordon, Susan G. Pickrel, Phillippe B. Cunningham, James E. Edwards
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- Journal:
- Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / February 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2000, pp. 30-43
- Print publication:
- February 2000
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Multisystemic therapy (MST) is a highly individualised family- and home-based treatment that has successfully served as a clinically effective and cost-effective alternative to out-of-home placements (e.g., incarceration, psychiatric hospitalisation) for youth presenting serious clinical problems. MST clinical procedures are reviewed and two extensive case summaries are used to explicate the MST intervention process for treating serious antisocial behaviour and modifications in that process needed to safely and effectively serve youth presenting psychiatric emergencies.