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10 - Social Structures of Accumulation and the Criminal Justice System
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- By Susan M. Carlson, Department of Sociology, Western Michigan University, Michael D. Gillespie, Department of Sociology, Western Michigan University, Raymond J. Michalowski, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northern Arizona University
- Edited by Terrence McDonough, National University of Ireland, Galway, Michael Reich, University of California, Berkeley, David M. Kotz, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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- Book:
- Contemporary Capitalism and its Crises
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 11 January 2010, pp 239-264
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Summary
Introduction
Social structure of accumulation (SSA) theory posits that at particular historical moments a unique set of economic, political, and social institutions come together to provide the conditions necessary for a period of sustained, vigorous capital accumulation, particularly by regulating class conflict and competition (Kotz 1987). Gordon, Edwards, and Reich (1982: 25) further suggest that “… different social structures of accumulation may incorporate (or exclude) differing sets of social institutions” with a tendency of the institutional ensemble to become more complex and include more institutions over time.
To date, SSA analyses of the post-World War II SSA in the United States have been limited to the four pillars that comprise the SSA – limited capital-labor accord, capital-citizen accord, pax Americana, and containment of inter-capitalist rivalry (Bowles, Gordon, and Weisskopf 1990) – or “core institutions” (Kotz 1987; McDonough 1994) that impinge most directly on the accumulation process. Scant attention has been given to other institutions that may play an important supportive role in facilitating capital accumulation.
This chapter provides an analysis of one such institution – the criminal justice system – across phases of the post-World War II SSA in the United States. Several SSA authors have discussed prisons and the new “garrison state” (Bowles, Gordon, and Weisskopf 1990; Gordon 1996), rising expenditures on the criminal justice system (Lippit 1997), and the war on drugs (Houston 1992) as characterizing the most recent phase of the post-World War II SSA, but none have theorized the role of the criminal justice system in the capital accumulation process.
Characterization of a soluble ternary complex formed between human interferon-β-1a and its receptor chains
- ROBERT M. ARDUINI, KATHRYN L. STRAUCH, LAURA A. RUNKEL, MELISSA M. CARLSON, XIAOPING HRONOWSKI, SUSAN F. FOLEY, CARMEN N. YOUNG, WENJIE CHENG, PAULA S. HOCHMAN, DARREN P. BAKER
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- Journal:
- Protein Science / Volume 8 / Issue 9 / September 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 1999, pp. 1867-1877
- Print publication:
- September 1999
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The extracellular portions of the chains that comprise the human type I interferon receptor, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, have been expressed and purified as recombinant soluble His-tagged proteins, and their interactions with each other and with human interferon-β-1a (IFN-β-1a) were studied by gel filtration and by cross-linking. By gel filtration, no stable binary complexes between IFN-β-1a and IFNAR1, or between IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 were detected. However, a stable binary complex formed between IFN-β-1a and IFNAR2. Analysis of binary complex formation using various molar excesses of IFN-β-1a and IFNAR2 indicated that the complex had a 1:1 stoichiometry, and reducing SDS-PAGE of the binary complex treated with the cross-linking reagent dissucinimidyl glutarate (DSG) indicated that the major cross-linked species had an apparent M>r consistent with the sum of its two individual components. Gel filtration of a mixture of IFNAR1 and the IFN-β-1a/IFNAR2 complex indicated that the three proteins formed a stable ternary complex. Analysis of ternary complex formation using various molar excesses of IFNAR1 and the IFN-β-1a/IFNAR2 complex indicated that the ternary complex had a 1:1:1 stoichiometry, and reducing SDS-PAGE of the ternary complex treated with DSG indicated that the major cross-linked species had an apparent Mr consistent with the sum of its three individual components. We conclude that the ternary complex forms by the sequential association of IFN-β-1a with IFNAR2, followed by the association of IFNAR1 with the preformed binary complex. The ability to produce the IFN-β-1a/IFNAR2 and IFN-β-1a/IFNAR1/IFNAR2 complexes make them attractive candidates for X-ray crystallography studies aimed at determining the molecular interactions between IFN-β-1a and its receptor.
4 - Quality of quantity in comparative/historical analysis: temporally changing wage labor regimes in the United States and Sweden
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- By Larry W. Isaac, Florida State University, Susan M. Carlson, University of North Carolina, Mary P. Mathis, Emory University
- Thomas Janoski, Duke University, North Carolina, Alexander M. Hicks, Emory University, Atlanta
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- Book:
- The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 28 January 1994, pp 93-135
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Summary
Comparative/historical social inquiry is enjoying a renaissance (Sztompka 1986; McDonald in press) signified in the reevaluation and reform of metatheoretical, strategic, and methodological practices. Although not always explicit, there is a growing awareness that comparative/ historical inquiry could be improved by creative attempts to bridge the gulf between intensive-qualitative, case-centered research and extensivequantitative, variable-based analysis. Ragin (1987), a pioneer of one particularly creative bridging strategy, has argued that “new directions in comparative research over the next several decades will involve greater attention to the gulf between intensive and extensive research and more creative effort to bridge the gulf” (Ragin 1989, p. 61). Following Ragin's forecast while recognizing limitations of his bridging strategy for the kind of research question addressed here (Griffin et al. 1991), we propose an alternative – an “intensive comparative/historical time-series” approach. We argue that this strategy (1) is capable of spanning the intensive-extensive gulf, (2) allows for changing qualitative features of quantitative relations, (3) increases the prospects for constructing historically contingent causality (Abbott 1990, 1991), and (4) can accommodate both internal and external comparison (Janoski 1991). Following brief discussion of the gulf and the foundations of our bridging strategy, we illustrate this approach in a comparative/historical analysis of U.S. and Swedish wage labor regimes.
THE GULF: INTENSIVE-QUALITATIVE VERSUS EXTENSIVE-QUANTITATIVE STRATEGIES
Comparative/historical inquiry currently follows two primary paths (cf. Rubinson 1977; Bach 1977; Treiman 1977; Burawoy 1977). More than just alternatives, these two are often characterized as alien to one another, separated by a substantial philosophical and practical gulf.