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Chapter 15 - Energy Supply Systems
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- By Robert N. Schock, World Energy Council, UK and Center for Global Security Research, Ralph Sims, Massey University, Stan Bull, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Hans Larsen, Technical University, Vladimir Likhachev, Russian Academy of Sciences, Koji Nagano, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Hans Nilsson, FourFact, Seppo Vuori, VTT Technical Research Centre, Kurt Yeager, Electric Power Research Institute and Galvin Electricity Initiative, Li Zhou, Tsinghua University, Xiliang Zhang, Tsinghua University, John Weyant, Stanford University
- Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
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- Book:
- Global Energy Assessment
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
- Print publication:
- 27 August 2012, pp 1131-1172
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Summary
Executive Summary
A sustainable future depends on more efficient use of the Earth's abundant energy resources in order to meet the rapidly increasing demand for energy services as well as to provide broader access to everyone. In 2005 the overall efficiency of the energy system from primary energy to useful energy was only about 34%. Owing to diverse geographic inequities in both sources and people, supply cannot always meet the demand where needed. Energy pathways from source through conversion, transmission, storage, and distribution to end-users are complicated and presently consist of numerous discrete pathways that differ widely for each energy source and carrier. These include solid fuels, liquid fuels, gaseous fuels (including hydrogen), electricity and heat. Aging equipment, congested networks, and extreme demands complicate this picture in many countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Development of new infrastructure in both non-OECD and OECD countries will lock-in future dependence on conventional or non-conventional energy sources. This chapter aims to assist decision-makers by providing up-todate knowledge on the full range of energy pathways, their management, and operation. Energy systems to achieve a sustainable future should be made much more flexible in order to deal with societal needs and the probable deployment of technologies not yet commercially available (such as smart appliances, electric vehicles, fuel cells, and carbon capture and storage). Technology and policy solutions are available for supporting more energy for sustainable development, but in order to meet the transition necessary to avoid unacceptable events such as social unrest and/or climate change driven temperature rise, they should be put in place rapidly, and done in concert with each other.
Chapter 22 - Policies for Energy System Transformations: Objectives and Instruments
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- By Mark Jaccard, Simon Fraser University, Lawrence Agbemabiese, United Nations Environment Programme, Christian Azar, Chalmers University of Technology, Adilson de Oliveira, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Carolyn Fischer, Resources for the Future, Brian Fisher, BAEconomics, Alison Hughes, University of Cape Town, Michael Ohadi, University of Maryland, Kenji Yamaji, University of Tokyo, Xiliang Zhang, Tsinghua University, Igor Bashmakov, Center for Energy Efficiency, Sabine Schnittger, BAEconomics, Julie Tran, British Columbia Utilities Commission, David Victor, University of California, Charlie Wilson, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Mohan Munasinghe, Munasinghe Institute for Development, Sri Lanka and University of Manchester, Ian Johnson, Club of Rome
- Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
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- Book:
- Global Energy Assessment
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
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- 27 August 2012, pp 1551-1602
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Summary
Executive Summary
The Global Energy Assessment (GEA) emphasizes the importance of energy to all societies, which explains a longstanding tendency for governments to be closely involved in the energy sector. The nature and extent of this involvement – the degree and types of energy-related policies – depends on a government's ideological orientation, the particular energy resource endowment in its jurisdiction, the development level of its economy, and specific concerns of its society with respect to energy access, energy security, and the environmental and human health impacts of energy supply and use.
In every country, energy's critical role for the goal of sustainable development is widely acknowledged. This means that energy-related policies need to be assessed in terms of performance with respect to the social, economic, and environmental dimensions that are encompassed by the concept of sustainable development. Ideally, energyrelated policies will make advances with respect to all three of these critical sustainability dimensions. But frequently policymakers are faced with difficult trade-offs in which improvement in one dimension is at the cost of another. Thus, the first goal of energy-related policy design should be to seek win-win opportunities for simultaneously advancing social, economic, and environmental goals. When this is not possible, the goal should be to apply decision-support mechanisms that integrate diverse social objectives and values into the policy design process, such as the application of multi-criteria analysis as described by Munasinghe (1992; 2009).
Photoelectrochemical properties and crystalline structure change of Sb-doped TiO2 thin films prepared by the sol-gel method
- Zongmin Bei, Dasen Ren, Xiaoli Cui, Jie Shen, Xiliang Yang, Zhuangjian Zhang
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- Journal:
- Journal of Materials Research / Volume 19 / Issue 11 / November 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 November 2004, pp. 3189-3195
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- November 2004
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Ti1−XSbXO2 samples were obtained from dip-coating sol-gel method and a subsequent anneal at 450 °C. They had an average crystallite size of 13.3–20 nm. Cyclic voltammograms taken under ultraviolet (UV) and Xe lamp illumination in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte showed that the Sb-doped samples had greater photocurrent densities than pure titania electrode, with an optimal Sb concentration of 0.2%. Oxidative peaks were observed in the cyclic voltammograms obtained in the dark after certain exposure duration to UV light. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra show a phase transformation from brookite to anatase in the samples with Sb concentration up to 0.2%. Ti4+ ions were substituted by Sb to form the anatase structure of Sb–O–Ti, improving the crystallization efficiency. The Sb–Sb bonds were formed due to the introduction of excessive Sb atoms.