4 results
An entropy-viscosity large eddy simulation study of turbulent flow in a flexible pipe
- Zhicheng Wang, Michael S. Triantafyllou, Yiannis Constantinides, George Em Karniadakis
-
- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 859 / 25 January 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 November 2018, pp. 691-730
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
We present a new approach – the entropy-viscosity method (EVM) – for numerical modelling of high Reynolds number flows and investigate its potential by simulating fully developed incompressible turbulent flow, first in a stationary pipe and subsequently in a flexible pipe. This method, which was first proposed by Guermond et al. (J. Comput. Phys., vol. 230 (11), 2011, pp. 4248–4267), introduces the concept of entropy viscosity, computed based on the nonlinear localized residual obtained from the energy equation. Specifically, this nonlinear viscosity based on the local size of entropy production is added to the spectral element discretization employed in our work for stabilization at insufficient resolution. Unlike its original formulation, which includes an ad hoc tuneable parameter $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$, here, we determine the value of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ by assuming that the entropy viscosity is analogous to the eddy viscosity of the Smagorinsky model. However, the overall approach has the flavour of the implicit large eddy simulation (ILES) instead of the standard large eddy simulation (LES). Given the empiricism of our approach, we have performed systematic studies of homogeneous isotropic turbulence for validation (see appendix A). We have also carried out a more complete numerical simulation study to investigate incompressible turbulent flow in a stationary pipe at $Re_{D}=5300$ and $Re_{D}=44\,000$, following the work of Wu & Moin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 608, 2008, pp. 81–112) who performed very accurate direct numerical simulations (DNS) of these two cases. We found that the mean flow, turbulence fluctuations, and two-point correlations of the EVM-based LES are in good agreement with the DNS of Wu & Moin despite the fact that we employed grids with resolution two orders of magnitude smaller. If we instead use the standard Smagorinsky model in our simulations, the computations become unstable due to insufficient resolution of the smaller scales. Another important difference is that the entropy-viscosity model scales with the cube of the distance from the wall and approaches zero at the wall, which is theoretically correct, as shown by our a posteriori tests. Based on the validated EVM approach, we then simulated fully developed turbulent flow at $Re_{D}=5300$ in a flexible pipe subject to prescribed vibrations in the cross-flow plane corresponding to a standing wave of amplitude $A$ and wavelength $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=3D$, where $D=2R$ is the pipe diameter and $R$ is the radius. We have simulated 11 cases corresponding to increasing values of wave steepness $s_{o}=2A/\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$, with $s_{o}\in [0,0.067]$. We found a quadratic dependence of the friction factor on $s_{o}$ with the minimum at approximately $s_{o}\approx 0.01$, so, surprisingly, we have a slight decrease in drag at first and then a substantial increase compared to the stationary pipe. To obtain the turbulence statistics, we averaged the simulated flow over twenty time periods at the nodes and anti-nodes separately. We found substantial changes in the mean velocity profile at distances $(1-r)^{+}>5$ while the peaks of turbulent intensities were amplified by 50 % in the axial direction and by 200 % in the normal and azimuthal directions at $s_{o}=0.067$. The peak shear stress at the node increased by more than 200 % whereas at the anti-node it attained negative values. Turbulent budgets revealed large changes close to the wall at $(1-r)^{+}<50$ while flow visualizations showed that many more strong worm-like vortices were generated in the near-wall regions compared to the stationary pipe. We have also computed various spatio-temporal correlations that show that the pressure fluctuations are very sensitive to the pipe vibration and scale quadratically with $s_{o}$. Both pressure and velocity correlations exhibit cellular patterns consistent with the standing-wave pipe motion.
Direct numerical simulations of two-phase flow in an inclined pipe
- Fangfang Xie, Xiaoning Zheng, Michael S. Triantafyllou, Yiannis Constantinides, Yao Zheng, George Em Karniadakis
-
- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 825 / 25 August 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 July 2017, pp. 189-207
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
We study the instability mechanisms leading to slug flow formation in an inclined pipe subject to gravity forces. We use a phase-field approach, where the Cahn–Hillard model is used to model the interface. At the inlet, a stratified flow is imposed with a specified velocity profile. We validate our numerical results by comparing against previous theoretical models and by predicting the various flow regimes for horizontal and inclined pipes, including stratified flow, slug flow, dispersed bubble flow and annular flow. Subsequently, we focus on slug formation in an inclined pipe and connect its appearance with specific vortical dynamics. A two-dimensional channel geometry is first considered. When the heavy fluid is injected as the top layer, inverted vortex shedding emerges, which periodically impacts on the bottom wall, as it develops further downstream. The accumulation of heavy fluid in the bottom wall causes a back flow that induces rolling waves and interacts with the upstream jet. When the heavy fluid is placed as the bottom layer, the heavy fluid accumulates and initially forms a massive slug at the bottom region, close to the inlet. Subsequently, the heavy fluid slug starts to break into smaller pieces, some of which translate along the pipe. During the accumulation phase, a back flow forms also generating rolling waves. Occasionally, a rolling wave can reach the top of the pipe and form a new slug. To describe the generation of vorticity from the two-phase interface and pipe walls in the slug formation, we study the circulation dynamics and connect it with the resulting two-phase flow patterns. Finally, we conduct three-dimensional (3-D) simulations in a circular pipe and compare the differences between the 3-D flow patterns and its circulation dynamics against the 2-D simulation results.
The flow dynamics of the garden-hose instability
- Fangfang Xie, Xiaoning Zheng, Michael S. Triantafyllou, Yiannis Constantinides, George Em Karniadakis
-
- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 800 / 10 August 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 July 2016, pp. 595-612
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
We present fully resolved simulations of the flow–structure interaction in a flexible pipe conveying incompressible fluid. It is shown that the Reynolds number plays a significant role in the onset of flutter for a fluid-conveying pipe modelled through the classic garden-hose problem. We investigate the complex interaction between structural and internal flow dynamics and obtain a phase diagram of the transition between states as function of three non-dimensional quantities: the fluid-tension parameter, the dimensionless fluid velocity and the Reynolds number. We find that the flow patterns inside the pipe strongly affect the type of induced motion. For unsteady flow, if there is symmetry along a direction, this leads to in-plane motion whereas breaking of the flow symmetry results in both in-plane and out-of-plane motions. Hence, above a critical Reynolds number, complex flow patterns result for the vibrating pipe as there is continuous generation of new vorticity due to the pipe wall acceleration, which is subsequently shed in the confined space of the interior of the pipe.
U-shaped fairings suppress vortex-induced vibrations for cylinders in cross-flow
- Fangfang Xie, Yue Yu, Yiannis Constantinides, Michael S. Triantafyllou, George Em Karniadakis
-
- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 782 / 10 November 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 October 2015, pp. 300-332
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
We employ three-dimensional direct and large-eddy numerical simulations of the vibrations and flow past cylinders fitted with free-to-rotate U-shaped fairings placed in a cross-flow at Reynolds number $100\leqslant \mathit{Re}\leqslant 10\,000$. Such fairings are nearly neutrally buoyant devices fitted along the axis of long circular risers to suppress vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs). We consider three different geometric configurations: a homogeneous fairing, and two configurations (denoted A and AB) involving a gap between adjacent segments. For the latter two cases, we investigate the effect of the gap on the hydrodynamic force coefficients and the translational and rotational motions of the system. For all configurations, as the Reynolds number increases beyond 500, both the lift and drag coefficients decrease. Compared to a plain cylinder, a homogeneous fairing system (no gaps) can help reduce the drag force coefficient by 15 % for reduced velocity $U^{\ast }=4.65$, while a type A gap system can reduce the drag force coefficient by almost 50 % for reduced velocity $U^{\ast }=3.5,4.65,6$, and, correspondingly, the vibration response of the combined system, as well as the fairing rotation amplitude, are substantially reduced. For a homogeneous fairing, the cross-flow amplitude is reduced by about 80 %, whereas for fairings with a gap longer than half a cylinder diameter, VIVs are completely eliminated, resulting in additional reduction in the drag coefficient. We have related such VIV suppression or elimination to the features of the wake flow structure. We find that a gap causes the generation of strong streamwise vorticity in the gap region that interferes destructively with the vorticity generated by the fairings, hence disorganizing the formation of coherent spanwise cortical patterns. We provide visualization of the incoherent wake flow that leads to total elimination of the vibration and rotation of the fairing–cylinder system. Finally, we investigate the effect of the friction coefficient between cylinder and fairing. The effect overall is small, even when the friction coefficients of adjacent segments are different. In some cases the equilibrium positions of the fairings are rotated by a small angle on either side of the centreline, in a symmetry-breaking bifurcation, which depends strongly on Reynolds number.