Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T06:56:13.527Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Introduction to Crumbling Cultures: Deindustrialization, Class, and Memory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2014

Tim Strangleman
Affiliation:
University of Kent, UK
James Rhodes
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, UK
Sherry Linkon
Affiliation:
Georgetown University

Abstract

In this introductory essay we review key themes in the scholarly literature on deindustrialization over the last twenty-five to thirty years. While the term deindustrialization has been in use since the early 1980s, more careful attention needs to be brought to bear on the cultural significance of industrial change over time, including on how individuals and communities reinterpret deindustrialization through the lens of memory. This essay highlights contributions that reflect multiple disciplines and approaches, including interdisciplinary work. We also argue that cultural representations such as photography, literature, the media, and personal narratives offer especially useful insights into the continuing significance of deindustrialization, giving us access to the ways people are drawing on and constructing their memories of industrial work and of the process of deindustrialization itself. This essay and the wider special issue suggest that taking a long view—from the perspective of more than two decades after major shutdowns—and examining documentary, personal, and creative representations provides important insights into the meanings and consequences of the experience of deindustrialization for individuals, communities, and nations.

Type
Crumbling Cultures: Deindustrialization, Class, and Memory
Copyright
Copyright © International Labor and Working-Class History, Inc. 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

NOTES

1. Bamberger, Bill and Davidson, Cathy, Closing: The Life and Death of an American Factory (New York, 1998)Google Scholar, 164.

2. Aditya Chakrabortty, “Why Doesn't Britain Make Things Anymore?” The Guardian, 16 November 2011.

3. Bleasdale, Alan, Boys from the Blackstuff (London, 1985)Google Scholar.

4. Cowie, Jefferson and Heathcott, Joseph, Beyond the Ruins: The Meanings of Deindustrialization (Ithaca, NY, 2003)Google Scholar, 12.

5. Ibid, 5.

6. Hayden, Dolores, The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History (Cambridge, MA, 1997)Google Scholar.

7. Byrne, David and Doyle, Aiden, “The Visual and the Verbal” in Picturing the Social Landscape: Visual Methods and the Sociological Imagination, eds. Knowles, Caroline and Sweetman, Paul (London, 2004)Google Scholar.

8. For analyses of industrial heritage in Great Britain, see Samuel, Raphael, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture Vol. 1 (London, 1994)Google Scholar; Samuel, Raphael, Island Stories: Unravelling Britain, Theatres of Memory Vol. 2 (London, 1998)Google Scholar; see also Russell, Dave Looking North: Northern England and the National Imagination (Manchester, 2004)Google Scholar.

9. Bluestone, Barry and Harrison, Bennett, The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry (New York, 1982)Google Scholar.

10. For an example of this, see Bensman, David and Lynch, Roberta, Rusted Dreams: Hard Times in a Steel Community (New York, 1984)Google Scholar.

11. Cowie and Heathcott, Beyond the Ruins, 5.

12. Ibid, 1–2.

13. Ibid, 4.

14. Byrne, David, “Industrial Culture in a Post-Industrial World: The Case of the North East of England,” in City 6, (3) (2002), 279289 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15. High, Steven, Industrial Sunset: The Making of North America's Rust Belt, 1969–1984 (Toronto, 2003)Google Scholar, 20.

16. High, Steven and Lewis, David, Corporate Wasteland: The Landscape and Memory of Deindustrialization (Cornell, NY, 2007)Google Scholar.

17. Dudley, Kathryn Marie, End of the Line: New Lives in Postindustrial America (Chicago, 1994)Google Scholar.

18. Linkon, Sherry Lee and Russo, John, Steeltown USA: Work and Memory in Youngstown (Lawrence, KS, 2002)Google Scholar.

19. See Bluestone and Harrison, Deindustrialization of America; Massey, Doreen, Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production (London, 1984)Google Scholar; High, Industrial Sunset; Doussard, Marc, Peck, Jamie, and Theodore, Nik, “After Deindustrialization: Uneven Growth and Economic Inequality in ‘Postindustrial’ Chicago,” Economic Geography, 85(2) (2009), 183207 Google Scholar.

20. Doussard et al., “After Deindustrialization,” 185.

21. Byrne, David, “Deindustrialization and Dispossession: An Examination of Social Division in the Industrial City,” Sociology, 29 (1995): 95115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22. Butler, Tim and Hamnett, Chris, Ethnicity, Class and Aspiration: Understanding London's New East End (Bristol, 2011)Google Scholar.

23. Modell, Judith and Brodsky, Charlee, A Town Without Steel: Envisioning Homestead (Pittsburgh, 1998)Google Scholar.

24. Sugrue, Thomas J., The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, NJ, 1996)Google Scholar, 144.

25. Ibid., 149.

26. Wilson, William Julius, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York, 1997)Google Scholar.

27. Wacquant, Loic, Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality (Cambridge, 2008)Google Scholar.

28. McDowell, Linda, Redundant Masculinities: Employment Change and White Working-Class Youth (Oxford, 2003)Google Scholar; Weis, Lois, Class Reunion: The Remaking of the American White Working Class (New York, 2004)Google Scholar; Nayak, Anoop, “Displaced Masculinities: Chavs, Youth and Class in the Post-Industrial City.” Sociology 40 (2006): 813831 Google Scholar; Walkerdine, Valerie and Jimenez, Luis, Gender, Work and Community After Deindustrialization: A Psychosocial Approach to Affect (Basingstoke, UK, 2012)Google Scholar.

29. McDowell, Redundant Masculinities.

30. Nayak, “Displaced masculinities.”

31. Weis, Class Reunion.

32. Modell and Brodsky, A Town Without Steel; Strangleman, Tim, ‘Ways of (Not) Seeing Work: The Visual as a Blind Spot in WES?Work, Employment and Society 19 (2004): 235259 Google Scholar; Strangleman, Tim, “Representations of Labour: Visual Sociology and Work,” Sociological Compass 2 (2008): 14911505 Google Scholar.

33. Edensor, Tim, Industrial Ruins: Space, Aesthetics and Materiality (Oxford, 2005)Google Scholar.

34. Byrne and Doyle, “The Visual and the Verbal,” 167.

35. Ibid.

36. Bamberger and Davidson, Closing.

37. High and Lewis, Corporate Wasteland. For a fuller discussion of how scholars and artists are constructing visual arguments about the meaning and significance of deindustrialization, see Tim Strangleman's piece in this issue.

38. Cowie and Heathcott, Beyond the Ruins; Nadel-Klein, Jane, Fishing for Heritage: Modernity and Loss Along the Scottish Coast (Oxford, 2003)Google Scholar; Smith, Laurajane, Uses of Heritage (London, 2006)Google Scholar.

39. Dicks, Bella, Heritage, Place and Community (Cardiff, 2000)Google Scholar.

40. Smith, Laurajane, Shackel, Paul, and Campbell, Gary, eds., Heritage, Labour and the Working Classes (London, 2011)Google Scholar.

41. For an extended account of the heritage industry and the meaning of post-industrial landscape see Samuel, Theatres of Memory (London, 1994)Google Scholar.

42. Walkerdine, Valerie, “Communal Beingness and Affect: An Exploration of Trauma in an Ex-industrial Community,” Body and Society 16 (2010): 91116 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Walkerdine and Jimenez, Gender, Work and Community After Deindustrialization.

43. Ibid.

44. Ezzy, Douglas, Narrating Unemployment (Aldershot, UK, 2001)Google Scholar.

45. Garfinkel, Harold, Studies in Ethnomethodology (Engelwood Cliffs, NJ, 1967)Google Scholar.

46. Ezzy, Narrating Unemployment.

47. High and Lewis, Corporate Wasteland, 122.

48. Tim Strangleman, “Work Identity in Crisis? Rethinking the Problem of Attachment and Loss at Work,” Sociology.

49. Cowie and Heathcott, Beyond the Ruins, 14.

50. Ibid, 15.

51. K'Meyer, Tracey E. and Hart, Joy L., I Saw it Coming: Worker Narratives of Plant Closing and Job Loss (Basingstoke, UK, 2011), 2122 Google Scholar.

52. Ibid, 23.

53. Ibid, 128.