Underdogs, curses and ‘Neymaresque’ histrionics: what’s got us talking during this year's World Cup?

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The research team here at Cambridge have been following the language used during the World Cup closely and can reveal the top words and themes to come from this year’s tournament, including underdogs and the ‘Curse of the Holder‘. For the first time this year, our research into the language of sport also included an open call to fans to give us their own views on the national teams taking part. This resulted in ‘young’ England, Argentina’s ‘Messi’ and ‘diving’ Brazil all featuring heavily in the People’s Corpus.

On Sunday, the ‘formidable‘ France claimed victory over the ‘dark-horse’ Croatian team to become the winners of the 2018 FIFA World Cup™ in Russia. But which teams came out on top in the media? Building on similar research conducted during the 2014 World Cup, our researchers mined over 12 million words of media coverage, to analyse the language used when discussing the various teams over the course of this year’s tournament. Comparison with the language collected in 2014 shows that, whilst traditionally successful teams such as Brazil have gone from ‘stylish’ to ‘nervous’ and Argentina from having ‘flair’ to ‘struggling’, World Cup 2018 underdogs such as England have gone from being ‘inexperienced’ to ‘confident’.

Key themes from this year’s World Cup

There has been no shortage of surprises during this year’s competition, and this shines through in the language data. Expressions such as ‘premature exit’ reflect that several of the predicted favourites haven’t fared as well as expected, with the odd ‘unforgivable blunder’ making an appearance, too. The data reflects that several teams have defied expectations – the word ‘underdogs’ features frequently in media reports, along with related language like ‘plucky’, ‘determined’, and ‘punch above their weight’ also making an appearance.

As fans ‘root‘ for their home teams, the verb ‘overcome‘ is commonly found alongside words such as ‘obstacles’, ‘hurdles‘ and ‘adversity‘. Even England’s long-standing ‘penalty curse‘ has been ‘overcome‘, whereas previous champions Germany fell victim to the ‘curse of the holders‘. Despite the introduction Video Assisted Referee (VAR) technology for the first time, bad behaviour still abounds; the word ‘histrionics’ is prominent in the data across the media and the with the fans – often found alongside adjectives such as ‘ridiculous‘, ‘headline-grabbing‘, and ‘amateurish‘. Thanks to the particularly dramatic moves from a forward on the Brazil nation team, a new term has even been coined: ‘neymaresque’.

Top 3 words per team

As well as analysing the language used by journalists and media commentators, we’ve been asking fans to submit the words they would use to describe their national teams.
It’s been great to see the correlation between the language used by the media and the descriptive words submitted by football fans. We’ve combined these two datasets to select the three words most strongly associated with each team!

TeamWords
ArgentinaMessi
 scraped
 struggled
  
Australiahead home
 bow out
 failed
  
Belgiumeased
 star-studded
 cruised
  
Brazilfavourite(s)
 nervous
 expect
  
Colombiadangerous
 unsporting
 struggled
  
Costa Ricaeliminated
 suffered
 Navas
  
Croatiadark horse
 dominate
 impress
  
Denmarkpenalty
 propel
 concede
  
Egypthappy
 hope
 lack
  
EnglandSouthgate
 confident
 fresh
  
Franceformidable
 dramatic
 lucky
  
Germanyupset
 stunned
 eliminated
  
Icelanddebutants
 surprise
 newcomer
  
Iranunderdog
 ambitious
 VAR
  
Japanheartbroken
 emotional
 clean
  
Mexicothumped
 thrashed
 stunned
  
Moroccofined
 eliminated
 upset
  
Nigeriafail
 struggle
 kit
  
Panamapitiful
 Minnows
 bully
  
Perustruggle
 missed
 waste
  
Polandfail
 suffer
 concede
  
Portugalthrilling
 hat-trick
 Ronaldo
  
Russialow-ranking
 host
 fans
  
Saudi Arabiahappy
 defeat
 thrashing
  
Senegalyellow cards
 partying
 stunned
  
Serbiacontroversial
 gesture
 dominate
  
South Koreaplucky
 skill
 hope
  
Spainsack
 frustrate
 fail
  
Swedenimpressive
 clinched
 dominate
  
Switzerlandbattle
 held
 secure
  
Tunisiaredeemed
 failed
 keeper
  
Uruguaydangerous
 success
 defence

Find out how you can bring sport psychology into the language learning classroom by checking out this article by Christine Muir.