The Languages of the Andes

CONTENTS

	List of tables	page x
	List of maps	xiv
	Preface	xv
	Orthographic conventions	xvi
	List of abbreviations	xx

1	Introduction	1
1.1	The languages of the Andes	4
1.2	Physical description	6
1.3	Brief history of the region	7
1.4	A brief overview of the different Andean countries	10
1.5	History of the study of the Andean languages	15
1.5.1	The colonial period	15
1.5.2	The nineteenth century	18
1.5.3	Contemporary Andean linguistics	19
1.6	Sources for the study of the languages of the Andes	20
1.7	Genetic relations of South American Indian languages	22
1.7.1	History of classificatory efforts	23
1.7.2	Quechuan and Aymaran, Quechumaran	34
1.7.3	Other proposals for individual language families	36
1.7.4	The Greenberg (1987) proposal	41

2	The Chibcha Sphere	46
2.1	The language groups and their distribution	50
2.2	Research on the native languages of Colombia	54
2.3	Chocoan	56
2.4	Yurumanguí	60
2.5	Cuna	61
2.6	The languages of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta	66
2.7	Chimila	75
2.8	Barí	80
2.9	The Muisca language	81
2.9.1	Sources	82
2.9.2	Phonology	83
2.9.3	Grammar	89
2.9.4	Lexicon	103
2.9.5	A Muisca text	106
2.10	Tunebo (Uw Cuwa)	109
2.11	Yukpa and Magdalena valley Cariban	112
2.12	The Arawakan languages of the Caribbean coast	115
2.13	Timote–Cuica	124
2.14	Jirajaran	129
2.15	Páez (Nasa Yuwe)	130
2.16	Andaquí and the languages of the Upper Magdalena valley	138
2.17	Barbacoan languages	141
2.18	Kamsá	151
2.19	Esmeraldeño	155
2.20	Overview of the languages of the eastern Colombian lowlands	161

3	The Inca Sphere	165
3.1	The languages and their distribution	168
3.2	The Quechuan language family	179
3.2.1	The Quechua homeland	180
3.2.2	Historical overview of the colonial period	182
3.2.3	Dialect situation	183
3.2.4	Quechua studies	191
3.2.5	Phonology	194
3.2.6	Grammar	207
3.2.7	Characteristics of the Quechua lexicon	233
3.2.8	A sketch of an Ecuadorian Quechua dialect (Salasaca)	237
3.2.9	A sketch of a Peruvian Quechua dialect (Pacaraos)	242
3.2.10	A Cuzco Quechua text fragment	249
3.2.11	Literary production in Quechua	254
3.2.12	Social factors influencing the future of Quechua	256
3.3	The Aymaran language family	259
3.3.1	Past and present distribution	260
3.3.2	Homeland and expansion	263
3.3.3	Internal variation in the Aymaran language family	264
3.3.4	Salient features of the Aymaran language family	267
3.3.5	Aymara phonology	270
3.3.6	Aymara grammar	274
3.3.7	Aymara lexicon	293
3.3.8	Literary production in Aymara	296
3.3.9	Aymara sample text	296
3.3.10	The Jaqaru language	301
3.3.11	Jaqaru sample text	315
3.4	The Mochica language	319
3.4.1	The sounds of Mochica	321
3.4.2	Mochica grammar	328
3.4.3	Mochica sample texts	344
3.5	Puquina and Callahuaya	350
3.6	The Uru–Chipaya languages	362
3.7	The Atacameño language	375
3.8	The Lule–Tonocoté language	385
3.9	Extinct and poorly documented languages of the Inca Sphere	391
3.9.1	Ecuador	392
3.9.2	Northern Peru	397
3.9.3	Northwestern Argentina	407

4	The languages of the eastern slopes	411
4.1	The Pano–Tacanan languages	418
4.2	The Arawakan languages	422
4.2.1	Yaneshaʹ phonology	424
4.2.2	The principal grammatical features of Yaneshaʹ	425
4.2.3	Complex sentences in Yaneshaʹ	430
4.3	Tupi–Guaraní	430
4.4	The Jivaroan languages	432
4.4.1	Shuar phonology	433
4.4.2	The principal grammatical features of Shuar	435
4.4.3	Complex sentences in Shuar	445
4.5	Cahuapana	447
4.6	Bora–Huitoto	449
4.7	The Zaparoan languages	451
4.8	The Tucanoan languages	453
4.9	Small families and supposed language isolates in Ecuador	454
4.10	Small families and supposed language isolates in Peru	456
4.11	Cholón	460
4.11.1	The Cholón lexicon and relationship with Hibito	461
4.11.2	Gender-determined language use	462
4.11.3	Cholón phonology	463
4.11.4	The principal grammatical features of Cholón	463
4.11.5	The basic word order of Cholón	475
4.12	Small families and supposed language isolates in Bolivia	475
4.13	Chiquitano	477
4.13.1	Gender-determined language use in Chiquitano	478
4.13.2	Chiquitano phonology	479
4.13.3	The principal grammatical features of Chiquitano	480
4.13.4	Chiquitano word order	488
4.14	The languages of the Chaco region: Guaicuruan, Matacoan, Zamucoan and Lengua–Mascoy	488
4.15	Quechua influences on eastern slopes languages	499

5	The Araucanian Sphere	502
5.1	Araucanian or Mapuche	508
5.1.1	Mapuche studies	510
5.1.2	The sounds of Mapuche	512
5.1.3	Grammar	517
5.1.4	Lexicon	537
5.1.5	Mapuche sample text	539
5.2	The Allentiac language	544

6	The languages of Tierra del Fuego	550
6.1	The languages and their distribution	552
6.2	Ethnohistory	555
6.3	Problems in classification	556
6.4	Linguistic features	558
6.4.1	The Chonan languages	558
6.4.2	Chono and Kawesqar	564
6.4.3	Yahgan	567
6.4.4	Areal-typological features of the Fuegian languages	578
6.5	Oral literature	580
6.6	Language contact	580
6.7	A Tehuelche text	582

7	The Spanish presence	585
7.1	Characteristics of Andean Spanish	585
7.1.1	Demography and the Iberian dialectal origins	586
7.1.2	Linguistic features	587
7.2	Amerindian substratum influence	589
7.3	Language mixture and pidginisation in the Andes and the Amazon basin	602
7.4	African influences	604
7.5	Language planning and policy with respect to the Amerindian languages and to bilingual education	605
7.6	Andean languages in the modern world	608

	Appendix: Inventory of languages and language families of the Andean region	610
	References	625
	Author index	681
	Index of languages and ethnic groups	690
	Subject index	703

Details

Library of Congress

Series: Cambridge Language Surveys

Willem F. H. Adelaar

Universiteit Leiden

With Pieter C. Muysken

Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Hardback

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$189.00 (Z)

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