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Index
‘Abbâs, Shâh, 435
Abbot, George (archbishop of Canterbury), 194
‘Abd al-Masîh al-Habashî, 504,505,507
‘Abdallâh ibn al-Tayyib, 394
‘Abdallâh ibn Faḍl, 393,395
Abdel-Ahad, Ignatius Peter VIII (Syrian Catholic patriarch), 518
Abdisho, 394
abortion, 598
Abovean, Xačatur, 447
Abraham (Arciwean), Armenian Uniate patriarch, 442
Abreham (Ethiopian bishop), 485
AbÛ Ishâq ibn al-‘Assâl, 392
AbÛ’l-Barakât, 393
AbÛ’l-Faraj ibn al-‘Ibrî (Bar Hebraeus), 391,395,399,401
AbÛ’l-Makârim, 389,398,399
Acton, Lord, 333
Adam as first practitioner of hesychasm, 116
Addai II (patriarch of Old Calendarists), 526
Addia and Mari, Eucharistic prayer of, 534
adelphata (monastic annuity), 161,164
administrative and organisational problems of modern Orthodoxy, 596–7
Adrian (Russian patriarch), 326,327,348, 351
Adrianople, treaty of (1829), 446
Afanas’ev, Nikolai, 557,585
Afghan revolt of, 1722 437
afterlife, concepts of, 98–9
Agallianos, Theodoros, 171,175
Agapetos, treatise on imperial authority by, 48,49
Agathangelos (ecumenical patriarch), 233
Agathe, St, 93
agriculture
eastern Christianities under Islam, 401
lay piety associated with, 93,100
monasticism associated with colonisation of land, 41–6,267
pagan festivals, persistence of, 100
Aḥmad ibn Ibrahim ‘Grañ’, 462–3,471,473
Akathistos hymn and art, 130,148,150,151
Akathistos icon, 203
Akhijan, Andreas, 515
Akindynos, Gregory, 101,112
Aksakov, Ivan, 357
Aksentejevic, Pavel, 590
Aksum. See Ethiopian Christianity
Aktash, Timotheos Samuel, 513
Alania, See of, 23–5
Alans (Germanic tribe)
asylum sought by, 25
conversion of, 4
Aʈbakec‘i, Barsel, 437
Aʈbakec‘i, P‘ilipos, 437
Alban, St. See St Alban and St Sergius, Fellowship of
Albania, modern Orthodox church in, 594
Aleksandr (bishop of Viatka), 320
Alekseev, Pëtr, 338
Alekseevna, Anna, 269
Aleksei Mikhailovich (tsar), 313,314,315,319–21,326,348
Aleksii (metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia), 29–31,43,293
Aleksii I (Simanskii), Russian patriarch, 548,569,570,572,585
Aleksii II (Ridiger), Russian patriarch, 572,574–5
Alexander Cuza (prince of Romania), 239
Alexander I (tsar), 329
Alexander II (tsar), 331,345,350,356
Alexander III (tsar), 447
Alexander Nevsky monastery, 338
Alexander the Clerk, 87
Alexandria, Bars’kyj’s drawing of Cleopatra’s Needle in, 224
Alexandrian patriarchate. See also specific patriarchs
abandonment of Alexandria by Coptic patriarchs, 375
Coptic Christianity organised around, 375
See also Coptic Christianity
Ethiopian church’s reliance on theology of, 457,460,481
History of the patriarchs of Alexandria, 389,391,395
under Ottoman rule, 171,184
Alexios Axouch, 413
Alexios I Komnenos (emperor), 90
Alexios III Angelos (Byzantine emperor), 15,16,415
Alexios III (emperor of Trebizond), 20
‘Alî ibn Dâwud al-Arfâdî, 393
Allatios, Leo, 188
Alp Arslan (Seljuk sultan), 155
Alpin, Prosper, 490
Alvares, Francisco, 471–3
Alypios the Stylite, St, 91
Amadaeus of Savoy, Count, 67
Amalfitan monastery on Mount Athos, 15
Amdä Ṣeyon (Ethiopian ruler), 468
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 444
amulets, 47,92–3
Amvrosii (Grenkov), Russian monk, 338
Anania (Armenian anti-catholicos), 408
Anastasii (Gribanovskii), Russian diaspora metropolitan, 548
Anavarzec‘i, Grigor (Armenian ruler), 420–2,424
Anderson, Paul, 552
Andreae, Jacob, 189
Andrei the Holy Fool, St, 47,364
Andrew of Longjumeau, 384
Andronikos I Doukas (emperor), 81
Andronikos II (emperor), 17,18,25,58,60,62
Andronikos III (emperor), 19,62–4
Andronikov monastery, Moscow, 289
Andropov, Iuri, 571
Andrusovo, truce of (1667), 312
Angarathos monastery, Crete, 193
Angelos, Alexios (caesar of Thessaly), 160
Anglicans, Cyril I Loukaris’s contacts with, 194
Anna Dalassene, 90
Anna Komnene, 90
Anna of Kashin, 310,365
Anne (mother of Virgin Mary), St, 264
Anselm of Canterbury, St, 71
Anthimos IV (ecumenical patriarch), 236
Anthimos VI (ecumenical patriarch), 242
Anthimos (patriarch of Jerusalem), 207
Anthimos (David Kritopoulos), metropolitan of Oungrovlachia, 27,40
Anthony, founder of Kievan Cave-Monastery, 15,36
Anthony, St, 504
Anthony IV (ecumenical patriarch), 31,32,45,271
Anthrakitis, Methodios, 204
Antioch, patriarchate of
Arab nationalism and, 245
Armenian ecclesiastical ambitions centred on, 406,416
Jacobite patriarchs of Antioch and Syria, 377,383
Latin patriarch, refusal of Greek Christians to recognise, 383
Ottoman rule, under, 171,184
Antonii (Khrapovitskii), Russian bishop, 341,343,553
Antonii (Vadkovskii), Russian metropolitan, 336,341,342
Anzerskii Skit, 314
Apeiranthos, Naxos, church of the Virgin at, 81
Aplłarip Arcruni (Armenian king), 408
Apocalypse of Anastasia, 47
apocalyptic. See eschatology
Apokaukos, Demetrios, 172,176
Apokaupos, John, metropolitan of Naupaktos, 86
Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas
Arab nationalism
Copts and, 497,498,501
patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem and, 245–6
arabisation and Arab Christianity, 376, 389–92
Aram (K‘ešišean), Armenian catholicos 453
Aramaic speakers, arabisation of, 390,391
Archangels, monastery of, Cyprus, 225
archontes, 177–8,180,183
Arciwean, Abraham, 442
Arewelc‘i, Vardan, 418
Arghun (Iranian Ilkhân), 385
‘Arîḍah, Anṭun, 522
Aristotle, 76,205,234,309,424,426
Ar ʈut’eanc’, Yovsëp‘, 443
Armenian Christianity, 430
See also Latin-Armenian relations, 1050–1350 404–6
Antiochene patriarchate, 406,416
art and religion, 409,412
Byzantine empire and hierarchy, relationship with, 406–7,413–15
complexity of Armenian religion, 427–9
conversion to Islam, 410
crusades, effect of, 383,406,410
interiority, spirituality based on, 412
Islam, conflicts with. See Islam
large-scale movements of peoples during, 405
Latins, relationship with. See Latin-Armenian relations
liturgy, 409
Mamluk sultanate, resistance to, 408,420–3
monasteries and monasticism, 409,411–12,426
Mongol invasions, effects of, 417,419–20,423
trading activities and religious interchange, 408,419–20,428
16th century, 430–1
17th century and Counter-Reformation, contacts with west during, 431–3
18th–20th centuries
constitution of, 1863 445–6
education, secularism, and cultural revival, 446,447–9
genocide (1915–1923), 450–1
modern ecumenical movement, 453–5
political parties, formation of, 449–50
Russia, entry of South Caucasus into, 446–7
Soviet Republic of Armenia, 453,454
Tanzimat era, 444–5
art and religion in
1050–1350 409,412
19th and 20th centuries, 448
in New Julfa, 437
autocephaly of, 407,413,447
conversion of Armenians to Christianity, 4
crusades, effect of, 383,406,410
evangelical Protestants, 444,454,455
fragmentation and dispersion of Armenian nation and peoples, 407–8,428,430,450–1,453,455–6
French missions, 432
genocide (1915–1923), 450–1,512
in Georgia, 414,446–7
Greater Armenia
14th-century Roman mission to, 424–7
in 17th century, 424–7
independent Republic of Armenia, 454–5
in India, 442–3,455
Islam and. See under Islam
L’viv community, 434–5
military prowess, Armenians noted for, 409
as millet in Ottoman empire, 440,441,442
in Moldavia, 434
monasticism of. See monasteries and monasticism
Mxit‘arists, Uniate order of, 441,443,447,455
nationalism
constitution of, 1863 445–6
education, secularism and cultural revival, 446,447–9
independent Republic of Armenia, 454–5
in India, 442–3
revolutionary movements, 449–50
Soviet Republic of Armenia, 453,454
Tanzimat era, 444–5
New Julfa community, 435–7,442–3
one-nature Christology of, 404
in Ottoman Empire, 430–1,439–1,444,449–50
See also subhead ‘nationalism’, this entry.
resettlement of Armenians in Cappadocia, 406
in Russia, 438–9,446–9,453
Soviet Republic of Armenia, 453,454
under Stalin, 451,452
Syrian Orthodox Christians and, 512
Tanzimat era, 444–5
in Wallachia, 434
Zart‘onk‘ (Awakening) 445
Arnor the Earl’s Poet, 3
Arsenije (Serbian bishop), 577
Arsenios the Greek, 315
art and religion. See also books, art and religion; church architecture; embroidery; icons; vestments
art and religion in Armenian Christianity
1050–1350 409,412
19th and 20th centuries, 448
in New Julfa, 437
art and religion in later Byzantine empire, 127–9
Bars’kyj’s use of drawings in journal, 215,222–4
communication of church dogma and saints’ Lives via, 91
earthly and heavenly time in, 152–3
funeral and burial rites, 145–6
in funeral chapels, 98
liturgical year
divine office and, 147
gospel lectionaries, 137–9
hagiographic collections, 141–3
homilies, collections of, 139
naos decoration and, 143–5
praxapostolos and prophetologion, 138
Mount Athos renovations of mid-sixteenth century, 166
non-cyclical ecclesiastical rites, 144,145–6
polyvalent nature of, 152–3
art and religion in Russia
diaspora, 555–6
iconostasis, 283–7
under Ivan IV, 290,295–301
Kremlin, 265,282,286,288,292–5
Moscow, 281–3
Novgorod, 278–81
symbolists, 366
Tatar conquest, effect of, 276–8
women’s devotional art, 264
Artazec‘i, Zak‘aria, 424
asceticism vs. hesychasm, 102,109
Ašegean, Xorën, 449
Asen brothers, Bulgarian uprising of 15–16
Ašot IV (Armenian king), 406
Assemani, Joseph Simon, 520
Assemani, Stephen Evodius, 520
associationism, 394
Assyrian Church. See Church of the East; Nestorians
Athanasios (ethnomartyr of Greek Revolution), 230
Athanasios I (patriarch of Constantinople), 83,89,91,100
Athanasios (Mount Athos monk) 158
Athanasios of Nikomedeia, 230
Athanasios, St, 44,505
liturgy of, 409
Athonite Academy, 202,205
Audo, Joseph, 528
Augsburg Confession
presentation of copies to Orthodox, 188,189
refutation by Orthodox, 190
Augustine of Hippo, St, 57,428
autocephalous Orthodox churches
Armenians, 407,413,447
Bulgarian exarchate, 240–4,542
ecumenical patriarchate’s resistance to, 237,541
Ethiopians, 484,486,487
Greek church
ecumenical patriarchate’s rejection and resolution of autocephaly of, 236
as model for autocephaly of other nationalist churches, 236,238
Malankar Syriac church in India, 514
in modern world, 591–4
OCA (Orthodox Church of America), 592
Romania, 238–40
Russia, 253,272,275,305
Russian diaspora church, 557
Serbs, 237–8
state control of church and, 248
Yugoslavia and patriarchate of the Serbs, 238
Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 428
Avvakum, 313,320,321
Awanik‘, Matt‘ēos, 433
Awetik‘ (Ewdokac‘i), Armenian patriarch, 440
Aygekc‘i, Vardan, 414
Aynt‘apc‘i, Eliazar, 438
Ayvalik Academy, 208
Babić, Gordana, 128
Babik, Aṙak‘el, 432
Bachkovo monastery, 37
Badr al-Jamâlî, 375
Bä’edä Maryam (Ethiopian ruler), 471
al-Bakrî 401
Balaban, Dmitrii, 312
Baldwin of Boulogne, 410
Baʈišec’i, Vardan, 440
Balitza, 27
Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 247
Baʈramian, Movsës, 442
Balsamon, Theodore, 84
Banate of Severin, 26
banks of deposit, Mount Athos monasteries functioning as, 162–4
BanÛ ‘Assâl, 392,400
baptism
lay piety in Russia and, 355
naming of children, 94
triple immersion, Orthodox insistence on, 307
Bar Hebraeus (AbÛ al-Faraj Ibn al-‘Ibrî), 391,395,399,401
Bar Ma’dânî (Jacobite patriarchal candidate), 380
Baranovych, Lazar, 312,320
Bari, shrine of St Nicholas at, 211,212
Barjrberdc‘i, Kostandin, 418
Barlaam of Calabria
on hesychasm, 101,102,110–13,120,124
Palamas’s opposition to, 63–6,101–2,110–13,121–6
on Thomas Aquinas, 63
thought of, 62–5,110–13
Barsaum, Ephrem, 512
BarṢaumâ, Jacobite monastery of, 377,380,384,399
Barsawmã (Nestorian monk), 385
Barseʈ (Armenian catholicos), 408
Bars’kyj, Vasyl Hryhovyc, pilgrimages of, 210–12
1723–25 (first part of journal), 212–13
1725–29 (second part of journal), 213–19
1730–44 (third part of journal), 219–26,227
1744–47 (letters, drawings and miscellaneous documents), 219,227–8
analytical approach to sites visited, development of, 216
biographical information, 210–12
death of, 219,228
drawings, use of, 215,222–4
education, effect of, 224
foreign peoples, shift in attitudes towards, 213,225
languages
growing fluency in, 218
initial difficulties with, 212–13
literary vs. oral sources, reliance on, 217,219,222,225
manuscript and editions of journal, 210,228
method of composition of journal
final collection of materials for later organisation and presentation, 219–22
initial on-the-spot recording of events and observations, 212
later composition of diary-like entries intended for further revision, 219
Orthodox liturgy, interest in, 213,219,226
purpose and emphasis of journal, 210–12,226
on Roman Catholic persecution of Orthodox, 211,226,227
on Turkish rule, 226
Bartholomaios I (ecumenical patriarch), 576,597
Bartolomeo da Poggio, 424,426
BäṢälotä Mika’él, 468–9
Basel, Council of, 73
Baselyos (Gäbrä Giyorgis), Ethiopian bishop and patriarch, 484–7
Bashîr II al-Shehâbî (Amîr), 521
Basil I (emperor), 406
Basil II (emperor), Menologion of, 141,144,145–6
Basil, St, liturgy of, 84,127,129–30,134
Basil the Blessed, St, 258,300
Basil and Nikolai of Pskov, 48
Baybars (Mamluk sultan), 388,402,420
Bayezid II (sultan), 166,186
Belarus
re-establishment of Orthodox hierarchy in, 306,324
Russia, effect of separation from, 255
Russian occupation of, 312
Beliaev, Innokentii, 343
Belinskii, Vissarion, 357
Bellavin, Tikhon (American Orthodox bishop), 592
Bellavin, Tikhon (Russian patriarch), 325,347,558,559
Belting, H., 151
Benedict XII (pope), 427
Benedict XV (pope), 517,518,521
Benjamin (ecumenical patriarch), 242
Berdi-Beg, khan, assassination of, 29
Berdyaev, Nikolai, 587
Bessarion, cardinal, 73,74,75,76,77
betrothal rites in medieval Byzantium, 94–6
Bible. See scripture
Bidawid, Raphael, 529
birth control, 598
bishops
Coptic Christianity, episcopate of, 492,507
Ethiopian Christianity, episcopate of. See Ethiopian Christianity
sanctuary space, portrayal in, 134–6
Black Death, 19,277
Blakhernai, church of Virgin at, 87,88
Blakhernai, council of, 159
Blastares, Matthew, 8
Blemmydes, Nikephoros, 56
Blok, Alexander, 253
Bloody Sunday (9 January, 1905) 342
Bloom, Anthony, 583
Blue Dormition, 281
Boca, Arsenie, 566
Bogdanov, Sila, 318
Bogdanovich, Aleksandra, 344
Bogoiavlenskii, Elevferii, 553
Bogoiavlenskii, Vladimir, 343
Bogoliubov, D. I., 345
Bogomils, 47,124,254
Bohemond VI, prince of Antioch, 387
Bolkhovitinov, Evgenii, 329
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 206,441
Bondarchuk, Sergei, 574
books, art and religion. See also printing and publishing
eastern monasteries under Islam, 397–401
Glajor Gospel, 425
under Ivan IV, 295
in late Byzantine empire, 137–9,141–3
in Novgorod, 281
translations of scripture. See scripture
Boretsky, Iov, 306
Boris, St, 279,295
Boris (king of Bulgaria), 561
Borisov, Innokentii, 331
Borovskii Gospels, 295
Boucher de la Richardière, Fr., 491
Brachamios, Philaretos (Armenian prince), 408
brainwashing or re-education, 563–5
Brâncoveanu monastery, Romania, 566
Branković, George, 162,163
Branković, Maria (Mara), 164,175,177
Brest-Litovsk, pseudo-union of (1595), 193
Brezhnev, Leonid, 571
Brianchaninov, Ignatii, 332
bridges, chapels as part of, 82
Britain
Church of the East and, 515
Coptic Christianity and British in Egypt, 497,498,503
Cyril I Loukaris’s contacts with, 194
Orkneys poet Arnor, 3
Peter I influenced by Bishop Gilbert Burnet, 327
Russian metropolitan received by George VI, 547
Siberia, British missions in, 329
British and Foreign Bible Society, 360
Briusova, G. E., 288
Brock, Sebastian, 531
Brotherhood of Theologians (Zoë movement), 589
The Brothers Karamazov (Dostoevsky), 339
Broumalia, 99
Bruni, Leonardo, 76
Bukharev, Fedor, 336
Bulgakov, Sergii, 551,552–4,587
Bulgaria
Asen brothers, uprising of, 15–16
Byzantine commonwealth, participation in, 7,8,52
communism and socialism in, 561–2,575–6
conversion of, 4
diaspora, ecclesiastical authority over, 542
ecclesiastical emancipation of, 240–4,542
Ivan Alexander of, 11
modern schism in church of, 575–6
Mount Athos patronage and political aspirations of, 16
political independence following ecclesiastical emancipation, 241
Russia, sense of brotherhood with, 562
Slavonic textual community and, 7,36–9
Veliko T’movo hailed as ‘new Tsargrad’ by, 10
Buondelmonti, Cristoforo, 162
burial. See death
Burnet, Gilbert, 327
‘Burning Bush’ movement, 566
Byzantine Commonwealth. See also art and religion in later Byzantine empire; lay piety and religious experience in Byzantium
Armenian Christianity and, 406–7,413–15
beliefs, behaviours and assumptions, horizontal ‘force field’ of, 46–9
decline of Byzantium as power, continued and increasing importance despite/because of, 12,14,45
ecumenical patriarchate, imperial role of, 21–8,50
independent legitimacy of satellite kingdoms asserted by association with, 5–6,35
monastic authority and concept of, 41–6
moral and religious role of emperor, 31
Mount Athos
political implications of patronage of, 14–21
Slavonic textual community created by, 36–41
Obolensky’s institutional theory of, 6–7,12,51
overarching imperial order, sense of, 33–6
persistence of Roman Empire in Constantinople, commitment to concept of, 10–11
as pole of Orthodox Church, removal of, 169
reality of, 50–2
Rus participation in, 8–11,28–33
significance and influence of, 3–14
and Slavonic textual community, 36–41
spirituality of Orthodoxy informed by 581
superordinate centres, Helms’s theory of, 12
Byzantium and the west, relationship between, 53
See also union of Orthodox and Latin churches
Andronikos III’s reopening of negotiations, 62–4
Barlaam’s on Latin and Greek theology, 62–5
friars’ delegation to Byzantium (1234), 54–6
Gregory Palamas’s reaction to Barlaam, 63–6
Italy and Latin Levantine, Greek–Latin relationships in, 69–73
John V Palaiologos’s attempts at reunion, 67–8
Kydones brothers’ translations of Thomas Aquinas, 66–9
Latin conquest, effect of, 54–6
See also Latin conquest of Constantinople
Michael VIII Palaiologos, overtures of, 56
obedience of Constantinople to Roman mother-church, papal insistence on, 59
Ottoman conquest, on eve of, 77–8
Ottoman vs. Latin conquest, Byzantine views of, 69,159,170,171,185
prior to Latin conquest of Constantinople, 54
union of Florence (1439), negotiations leading up to, 73–6
See also under union of Orthodox and Latin churches
union of Lyons (1274), Greek opposition to, 58–61
Bzommar, Armenian monastery of, Lebanon, 451
Cadalvène, Fr, 493
Caffa, Armenian monastery of St Nicholas in, 426
Cairo
Bars’kyj’s visits to, 216
purported dwelling of Holy Family in, 216
Calends, 99
Ç‘amç’ean, Mik‘ayël, 441
Capuchins
Armenian missions of, 432,436,441
Orthodox conflicts with, 197
Carmelites, Armenian missions of, 441
Casimir the Great (Polish ruler), 434
Catherine II the Great (Russian empress), 327,328,338,339,349,360,368
Catholic Church, Orthodox contacts with. See Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox contacts with, and entries at Latin, Uniate and union
Caucasians, metropolitanate of, 24
Caves-monastery. See Kievan cave-monastery
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 563,576
Çelebi, Evliya, 184
Çelebi, Mehmed, 157
Çelebi, Musa, 157
Celestial (or Divine or Heavenly) Liturgy, iconography of, 137
Cellini, Livius, 185
cenobitic monasticism, 154,163,167
Cési, comte de, 196
Chaadaev, Pëtr, 357
Chalcedonian eastern Christianities under Islam, 375
See also Melkites
Chaldean Church, 526–31,534
Chancellor, Richard, 258
change and development, Orthodox problems of, 334,596
chapels, 79–83,98
Chariton (abbot of Koutloumousiou/metropolitan of Oungrovlachia), 27,39
Charles I (king of England), 197
Charles of Anjou (king of Sicily), 57
Charouda, church of St Michael at, 94
Cheikho, Paul, 529–30
Cheremis, 328
Chernenko, Konstantin, 571
Chernobyl, 573
Chernyi, Daniil, 288,289,291
Chertkov, Vladimir Grigor’evich, 360
Chilandar, Serbian house on Mount Athos, 15–20,36,37,150
children
baptising and naming of, 94
education of. See education
Chirikov, G. O., 291
‘Christendom’ spirituality of Orthodoxy 581
Christodoulos, 155
Christodoulos (Coptic patriarch), 375
Christology
Armenian Christianity, one-nature Christology of, 404
Chalcedonian eastern Christianities under Islam, 375
eastern Christianities under Islam, origins in christological controversies of 5th century, 375
ecumenical dialogue on, 531–5,595
Ethiopian Christology, 476–82
Alexandria, reliance on, 457,460,481
Confessio Claudii, 477
Jesuit missions affecting, 476–8
Karra doctrine, 464,466,479,481
Qebat controversy (Ewost’atians), 464–5,466,478–82
Täklä Haymanot and Säga doctrine, 464,465,466,478–82
täwahedo (union) concept, 459
of modern Syriac Christianities, 511
Monophysites, 375,459
Vienna formula, 531,533
Christopher of Mitylene, 86,93
Chrysoloras, Manuel, 70,71–2,76
Chrysomallos, Constantine, 103
Chrysostom of Drama (and then of Smyrna), 246
Chudov (Miracles) monastery, Moscow, 282,338
church and state, relationship of. See also communism and socialism; nationalism and Orthodoxy
ecclesiology affected by, 584
nationalism and Orthodoxy, 232,248
Nazis, 546–7,554
in Russia
during Counter-Reformation, 314,319–21,324
lay piety and religious experience affected by, 351
Nikonite reforms, 319–21,348
Peter the Great’s concept of, 326
Russian diaspora church and, 546–51
church architecture in Coptic Christianity 509
church architecture in late Byzantine empire
decoration of naos and liturgical year, 143–5
decoration of sanctuary area, 134–6
division of church into naos and sanctuary paralleling liturgical division of people and celebrants, 128
hymnography and monumental paintings in, 150–1
lay piety and religious experience, 79–83,98
templon or iconostasis, 85,133–4
church architecture in Russia
1380–1589 265–6
icon of heaven and earth, church building itself as, 285
iconostasis, organisation of, 283–7
under Ivan IV, 297,299–300
Kremlin, 292–5
modern restorations, 575
Mohyla’s restoration of Kiev churches 309
Moscow, 281–3,292–5
Novgorod, 278
church architecture of Ethiopian royal churches, 471–6
Church Fathers. See patristics
Church of the East
Chaldean Church and, 526–31
ecumenical dialogue, 531–5
Holy Apostolic and Catholic Church of the East and Old Calendarists, split between, 526
modern church, 523–6
pre-modern church. See Nestorians
Churikov, Ivan, 345
Chuvash, 328
Cicek, Julius, 514
Cilicia. See Armenian Christianity
cinema in Russia, 361–2
Ciriaco of Ancona, 76,162
civil control of church. See church and state, relationship of
Clement V (pope), 422
Clement IX (pope), 433
Clement X (pope), 435
Clement XII (pope), 520
Cleopa, Ilie, 566
Clot bey, 493
Codex Alexandrinus, 197
Collegium Urbanum, 431,433,434
colonisation
joint Orthodox and Muslim experience of, 596
monasticism in Middle Ages associated with, 41–6,267
Coluccio Salutati, 71
commemorative services for the dead, 96, 145
communion. See Eucharist
communism and socialism
Armenians, 446,447–50,453,454
in Bulgaria, 561–2,575–6
Greek Orthodox Church and, 561
‘martyrdom’ spirituality of Orthodoxy under, 582–3
re-education or brainwashing, 563–5
Romanian Orthodox Church and, 562–7,576–7
Russia and Russian Church, 340–7
false portrayal of church as outmoded, 558,582
Gorbachev era, 571–5
lay piety and culture, 358,370
perestroika, 573
revolutions of 1917 to World War II, 558–60
spirituality, survival of, 567–71,598
World War II, effects of, 560–1
Serbian Orthodox church, 543,544,577–9
spirituality surviving under
in Romania, 565,566,574–5
in Russia, 567–71,598
World War II, effects of, 560–1
compulsory resettlement (sürgün), Ottoman practice of, 171,174
Confessio Claudii, 477
confraternities, 303,337,367
Congress of Vienna (1815), 369
Conrad of Wittelsbach, 415
Constance, Council of, 72
Constantine I the Great (emperor), 416
Constantine IX Monomachos/Palaiologos (emperor), 9,52,53
Constantine X Doukas (emperor), 406
Constantine of Kostenets, 36
Constantine Stilbes, bishop of Kyzikos, 54
Constantinople. See also Byzantine Commonwealth; ecumenical patriarchate; Latin conquest of Constantinople
Bars’kyj’s stay in, 219,221,227
forced resettlement (sürgün), Ottoman practice of, 171,174
Ottoman conquest of (1453), 78,170,272
patriarchal academy in, 192,202,204,208
purpose-built nature of, 3
return of refugees to, consequences of, 174
Virgin Mary as patron of, 3
Contra errores Graecorum, 55–60
contraception, 598
conversions to Islam, 181–2,373,410,489
Coptic Christianity. See also Alexandrian patriarchate
11th–14th centuries, 375–6
See also Islam, eastern Christianities under
arabisation of, 376,389
British in Egypt and, 497,498,503
church building issues, 509
conversions to Islam, 489
crusades, effect of, 384,386
decline and eventual stabilisation, 488
diaspora of, 493,494,508
distribution across Egypt, 490
episcopate, 492,507
Ethiopian bishops and, 482–7
Fatimids, 376
French Expedition (1798–1801), 489,492
government of Egypt, Coptic participation in, 490,500
Islam, relations with, 489–90,497–8,500,509
lay revival and reform, 495–501
literary culture and learning of, 392,395,396
Majilis al-Millî (community council), 495,498–500,504
missionary impetus of, 509
in modern Egypt, 488–94,510
lay reform and revival, 495–501
monastic revival, 501–6
reform and revival generally, 495,583–7
ShenÛda III, patriarchate of, 506–10,583
monasteries and monasticism, 400,491,501–06,508
Mongol conquests and subsequent Mamluk sultanate, 388–9
Muslim Brotherhood, 498
nationalism, 497,498,501,503
origins of, 488
patriarchate conflicts within, 379
population estimates, 488,490–4
spiritual revival in, 583–7
Sunday School Movement, 495,501,504,505,583,590
Syriac churches, authority over, 532–3
Wafd movement, 497,498
western influence, acceptance and later rejection of, 503–4
Corcorec‘i, Yovhannës, 424
Čorekčyan, Gevorg, 452
Cossacks
Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, revolt of, 311–2, 323
Zaporozhian Cossacks in Ukraine, 305
Counter-Reformation and Armenian Christianity, 431–3
Counter-Reformation in Russia and Ukraine, 302–6
ecumenical councils of, 1666–1667 320,321,322
eschatology in, 311,321
eventual domination of Orthodox Ukraine Church by Russia, 312,322–3,324
Khmelnytsky revolt and Pereiaslav Agreement (1648–1654), 311–2,323
liturgical reforms in Russia, 310–11
Mohyla, Peter, 308–10
Nikonite reforms
background to and implementation of, 313–18
opposition to, 317–21
Old Believers, 321–2,324
printing and publishing in, 307–8,309–10,311,315–18,321
re-establishment of Orthodox hierarchy in Ukraine, 305–6
Romanovs in Russia, 306–8
Uniate church. See Uniate Church in Ukraine
Cranach, Lucas, the Elder, 189
Crete
Angarathos monastery, 193
ethnomartyrs of Greek Revolution (1821), 230
Gerasimos (metropolitan of Crete) 230
Kavallarea, monastery of, 156
Venetian Crete, Orthodox/Latin relationship in, 69
Crimean War, 241
Croatia, 577
cross, two-fingered vs. three-fingered sign of, 316
crown of Monomachos, 9,52
crown of St Stephen, 5,254
crusades
Armenian Christianity affected by, 383,406,410
eastern Christianities under Islam affected by, 382–6
Fourth Crusade. See Latin conquest of Constantinople
Greek view of, 54–6
Hungarian crusade of, 1444 77
Islamic religious toleration affected by, 385–6
Michael VIII Palaiologos’s proposal for joint Byzantine/Latin crusade, 57
Crusius, Martin, 185,189,190
Cuza, Alexander, 239
Cyprus
Armenian marital alliances with house of Lusignan, 420
Bars’kyj in, 218
declaration of independence and subsequent fall to crusaders, 406
ethnomartyrs of Greek Revolution (1821), 230
Lusignan dynasty
Armenian intermarriages with, 420
Palaiologos family, intermarriage with, 70
Maronites in, 519–23
Cyril, St, 505
Cyril I Loukaris (ecumenical patriarch), 186,191,192,193–202
Cyril II Kontaris (ecumenical patriarch), 197,198,199
Cyril V (ecumenical patriarch), 202,203,204,208
Cyril VI (ecumenical patriarch), 230
Cyril II (Coptic patriarch), 375
Cyril III (Dâ‘Ûd) (Coptic patriarch), 379,396
Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion of (1968), 563
Däbrä Asbo (Däbrä Libanos), Ethiopian monastery of, 468,473,485
Däbrä Damo, Ethiopian monastery of, 468
Damietta, siege of (1218–1219), 386
Daniel of Tabriz, 427
Daniil (metropolitan of Moscow), 264
Daniil Aleksandrovich, 282
Danilo (biographer of Milutin), 17
Danilov monastery, Russia, 573
Daranaʈc‘i, Grigor, 430
Daredevils of Sasun, 420
Dâ‘Ûd (Cyril III, Coptic patriarch), 379
Dâ‘Ûd, Ignatius MÛsâ I (Syrian Catholic patriarch), 518,530,534
Davis, Natalie Zemon, 368
Dawit‘ (Armenian prelate in New Julfa), 432
Dawit (Ethiopian ruler), 464,469
Dayr-al-Za‘farân, Jacobite monastery of, 377,401,512
death
afterlife, concepts of, 98–9
art associated with funeral and burial rites and tombs, 145–6
chapels, funeral, 98
doves, slaughtering, 98
Ethiopian royal churches as burial sites for rulers, 472
memorial services, 96,145
rites for funeral and burial, 96–7
Russian lifecycle rituals, 356
salvation anxieties, lay means of assuaging, 97–100
Deesis, 284
Deir al-BarâmÛs (Romans), Coptic monastery of, 492,508
Deir al-Muharraq, Coptic monastery of, 492,508
Deir al-SÛrianî (the Syrians), Coptic monastery of, 492,507,508
Deir Anba Antuni (St Antony), Coptic monastery of, 400,491,508
Deir Anba Bakhum, Coptic monastery of, 508
Deir Anba Bishoi, Coptic monastery of, 506,508,533
Deir Anba Bula (St Paul), Coptic monastery of, 508
Deir Anba Girgis al-Riziqat, Coptic monastery of, 508
Delly, Emmanuel-Karim
Demetrios, St, 89
feast of St Demetrios in Thessalonike, 87
Demetrios (ecumenical patriarch), 598
Demetrios Mysos the Thessalonian, 188
Denissoff, K., 556
Denkha (Dinkha) IV (patriarch of Church of the East), 525–6,532,533
Descartes, René, 204
development and change, Orthodox problems of, 334,596
dhimma status of eastern Christianities under Islam, 373,380–2
D’iakovo, church of John the Baptist at, 299
diaspora of Orthodox, 539–40
Armenians, 407–8,428,430,450–1,453,455–6
Bulgarians, 542
compulsory resettlement (sürgün), Ottoman practice of, 171,174
Copts, 493,494,508
ecumenical patriarchate, role of, 539–41
phyletism, condemnation of, 539–41
Russian diaspora and, 542–3,546–51
Ethiopians, 467
Latin west, ecumenical relations with, 551–2
modern issues regarding, 591–3
nationalist movements leading to, 247,248,542–3
Old Testament concept of diaspora, 539
phyletism, 541–2
Russian Orthodox
art and culture of, 555–6
autocephaly of, 557
Constantinople vs. Moscow, 539–41
education and scholarship, 552–5
historical development of diaspora, 542–3
Latin west, ecumenical relations with, 551–2,553
liturgy and worship, 556–7
problems related to, 539–40
in Serbian patriarchate, 543,544
state and politics affecting, 546–51
translation of headquarters to USA 554
unified archdiocese of ‘Church Abroad’, failure of, 544–6
Syriac Christianities, 511
Chaldeans, 529,530
ecumenism and, 531
Maronites, 522
Syrian Catholics, 519
Syrian Orthodox, 513,514
al-Dimashqî 401
Dimitrje (first patriarch of the Serbs) 238
Dinkha (Denkha) IV (patriarch of Church of the East), 525–6,532,533
Diocletian (emperor), 488
Diodati’s Italian translation of New Testament, 200
Dionisii (abbot of Holy Trinity monastery), 307
Dionisii (icon painter), 264,293–4
Dionisii (Valedinskii), metropolitan of Warsaw, 547
Dionysios I (ecumenical patriarch), 176,177
Dionysios II (ecumenical patriarch), 185
Dionysios (Jacobite patriarchal candidate), 380,391
Dionysios of Ephesos, 230
Dionysios, Platamon, 206
Dionysios the Areopagite. See Pseudo-Dionysios
Dionysiou, Athonite monastery of, 20,156,158,203,220
Disypatos, David, 125
divine office (hymnody)
horologia, 146–50
icons influenced by, 151–2
liturgical year, books of, 147
monumental painting and hymnography, 150–1
psalters, 147,149
text and images in manuscripts associated with, 146–50
Divine (or Heavenly or Celestial) Liturgy, iconography of, 137
divine or holy wisdom, Byzantine imperial connotations of
Rus adaptation of, 9
Serbian adaptation of, 8,9
divorce
in Ethiopian Christianity, 460
forcible tonsure as means of, 264,269
modern Russian Orthodox position on, 598
Dmitrievskii, A. A., 333
Dmitrii Donskoi (prince of Moscow), St, 29–31,43,254,268,286
Dmitrii (grandson of Ivan III), 260
Dobrynin, Nikita, 318,320,321
Docheiariou (monastery on Mount Athos), 20,82,165,223
doctrinal development, Russian Church under holy synod’s lack of allowance for, 334
domestic life, Byzantine lay piety and religious experience in, 90–3
Dominic of Aragon, 418
Dominicans
Armenian Christianity and, 417–19,424–7
Chaldean Church, 526
crusades, effect on eastern Christianities of, 384
delegation of 1234 to Byzantium, 55–60
Demetrios Kydones and followers, 71
Fratres Unitores of the congregation of St Gregory the Illuminator, 426,428,432
influence in Constantinople, 66,69
Pera, convent in Genoese factory of, 66
trading patterns favouring activities of, 419
Dominis, Marcantonio de, 194
Domostroi, 256,275
Dondukov-Korsakov, A. M., 448
Doquz-KhatÛn (Nestorian wife of Hülegü), 387
Dormition churches, beliefs regarding, 282,292
Dorotheos of Jerusalem, 45
Dositheos (patriarch of Jerusalem), 201
Dostoevsky, Feodor, 248,339
double-belief (dvoeverie), 256,354
Doungas, Stephanos, 209
Doxapatres, Neilos, 414
Drozdov, Filaret, 329,332,334,335
dualism
of Bogomils, 47,124
Gregory of Sinai’s binary opposition of simplicity/unity and multiplicity/division, 117
Dukh khristianina, 337
Durean, Lëon, 453
Dṳrer, Albrecht, 189
Dušan, Stefan
Hlapen, Radoslav, and, 160
holy or divine wisdom, adaptation of Byzantine imperial connotations of, 8,9
law-code of, 8
Mount Athos and, 18–20,161
as viewed by Byzantine imperium, 51
dvoeverie (double-belief), 256,354
Dwight, H., 444
Easter, medieval celebration of, 86
Ebu’s-su‘ud, 166
ecclesiology and spirituality, 584–6
ecology and environment
Chernobyl, 573
in modern Orthodoxy, 598
ecumenical councils of, 1666-67 320,321,322
ecumenical patriarchate. See also individual patriarchs
autocephaly and nationalism, resistance to, 237,541
See also autocephalous Orthodox churches
Christ depicted wearing sakkos of, 21,134
diaspora of Orthodox and. See diaspora of Orthodox
eastern patriarchates under Ottoman rule and, 184
Greek Revolution, effects of. See Greek Revolution (1821) and independence
imperial role of, 21–8,50
Latin conquest, effect of, 21,50
modern diaspora, interest in, 593
modern erosion of power of, 597
Mount Athos, association with, 21
nationalism and autocephaly, resistance to, 237
See also nationalism and Orthodoxy
Nikon reforms in Russia and, 315
Ottomans and. See under Ottomans and Orthodox Church
patriarchal academy in Constantinople, 192,202,204,208
persistence of Roman Empire in Constantinople, commitment to concept of, 10–11
printing press of, 196,206
rapid turnover of patriarchs, 24
reorganisation after Ottoman restoration, 173–5
resignation from, historical pattern of, 175
restoration by Ottomans, 170–3
restoration to Constantinople after Fourth Crusade (1261), 22
Russian–Ukraine relationship, acceptance of, 323
synod
archontes, role of, 177
reconstitution after Ottoman restoration, 173
ecumenism. See also entries at Latin; Uniate; union
Aleksii II (Ridiger), Russian patriarch, 575
Armenian Christians involved in, 453–5
Christian-Muslim relationships, 596
on Christology, 539–42
crusades and Orthodox suspicion of, 594,596
ecumenism, modern Orthodox suspicion of, 594,596
in modern Orthodoxy, 594–6
Russian diaspora church’s participation in, 551–2
Syriac churches’ involvement in, 531–5
WCC, 453,467,526,531,552,562,563,595
Edessa, church of the Virgin Gabaliotissa, 160
Edict of Religious Toleration, 1905 (Russia) 342,346,347,365
edinoglasie vs. mnogoglasie (separate vs. simultaneous chanting of different parts of service), 310,311,313
edinoverie (unitary faith) of Old Believers and Russian Orthodox, hopes of, 328
education
in Armenian Christianity, 434,440,444,446,447–9,451,455
Athonite Academy, 202,205
Ayvalik Academy, 208
Bars’kyj’s pilgrimage journal affected by, 224
Chaldeans, 530
Collegium Urbanum, 431,433,434
in Coptic Christianity, 495,497–8,501,503,504
devotional reading, 91
eastern Christianities under Islam (11th–14th centuries), literary culture of, 392–7
Greek college of St Athanasius, Rome 188
Kiev Academy, 228,339
lay piety and religious experience in Russia (1721–1917), 350,353–7,358–63
L’viv, papal academy in, 434
modern secular learning, Orthodox views on, 202–9
modern spiritual renewal and, 589–90
Mohyla, Peter, in Ukraine, 309,324
Patriarch Ioakim’s attempt to establish Muscovite theological academy, 323
patriarchal academy in Constantinople, 192,202,204,208
Russia
attempt to return church to distinctively Russian roots, 332–5
clerical education, synodal reform of, 328,352
diaspora, 552–5
St Tikhon’s Orthodox Theological Institute, 589
Sunday School Movement in Coptic Christianity, 495,501,504,505,583,590
Syrian Catholics, 517
eggs as part of Easter tradition, antiquity of, 86
Egypt
Copts. See Coptic Christianity
French Expedition (1798–1801), 489,492
Mamluk sultanate, 388
Melkites in, 377
monasteries in, 397,398,399
Saladin, 381
ëǰmiacin, Armenian monastery of, 422,436,437,438,441,443,446,447–9,451
Ekmalean, Makar, 448
Elasson, church of the Olympiotissa at, 150
Elena of Moldavia, 260
Elevferii (Bogoiavlenskii), Russian metropolitan, 553
Elias ibn al-Hadithî, 395
Elias II (Ignatius XXXVI), Syrian patriarch, 514
Elias of Nisibis, 394
Eliayean, Zawën, 450
Eliazar (Aynt‘apc‘i), Armenian patriarch of Jerusalem and Constantinople, 438
Elie ibn Shinaya (Nestorian metropolitan), 393
Elijah as icon subject, 279
Elizabeth, St, 264
Elizabeth (Russian empress), 328
embroidery
iconographic conventions carried over to, 296
palls for saints’ tombs, 296
women’s devotional art in Russia (1380–1589), 264
See also vestments
ëmin, Yovsëp‘, 442
Emmanuel III (Chaldean patriarch), 530
enamel plaques sent by Michael VII Doukas to Géza of Hungary, 5
England. See Britain
enkolpia, 92
Enlightenment, 202–9,443
See also holy synod, Russian Church under; Latin–Orthodox relations from Reformation to Enlightenment
environment and ecology
Chernobyl, 573
in modern Orthodoxy, 598
Ephraim (abbot of Philotheou, Mount Athos), 587
Ephraim the Syrian, St, 145,308,311
Ephrem, St, missionaries of, 516
Ephremite Sisters of the Mother of Mercy, congregation of, 517
Epifanii the Wise, 44,262,268,283
Epiphany, medieval celebration of, 86
Epiros, Tocco family of, 70
episcopate
Coptic Christianity, 492,507
Ethiopian Christianity. See Ethiopian Christianity
sanctuary space, portrayal of bishops in, 134–6
Erewanc‘i, Oskan, 433
Erewanc‘i, Simëon, 443
Erkaynabazuk, Zak‘arë and Ivanë, 414
Ermogen (archbishop of Kaluga), 570
Erznkac‘i, Kostandin, 420
Erzurum, Armenian monastery of, 441
eschatology
Armenian evangelical Protestant mission and, 444
Armenian expectations following Seljuq invasions, 416
belief that world would end in, 1492 266
as connecting strand in Byzantine Commonwealth, 46
in Counter-Reformation Russia and Ukraine, 311,321
French Revolution’s effects on Orthodox Church, 205
Latin conquest of Byzantium and, 14
Moscow as New Constantinople/New Rome/New Israel and expectations regarding, 9
popular piety and, 98
Eshliman, Nikolai, 569
Esphigmenou (monastery on Mount Athos), 20,583
Esṭifanos (Ethiopian monk), 469
Estonian Lutherans, 330,331
Ethiopian Christianity, 457–61
Alexandria, reliance on, 457,460,481
autocephaly of, 484,486,487
christological issues in. See Christology
Confessio Claudii, 477
diaspora of, 467
episcopate
christological controversies and, 478,479–81
development and indigenisation of, 482–7
historical overview, 465,466,467
monasteries and royal court, tension between, 469,470
royal church, institution of, 472,475
European travellers to Ethiopia in 19th century, 465
historical overview of, 461–7
Islam and, 459,462–3
Italian occupation, 467,476,483,484
Jesuit contacts in 17th century, 463, 476–8
marital practices, 460,469,470
monasteries and monasticism, role of, 460,461,467–1
Oromo migrations, effect of, 463,471,474,475,477,478,487
Orthodox qualities of, 460
royal church, institution of, 471–6
royal court, importance of, 467–1
Sabbath as holy day equal to Sunday, 460,462,470
Semitic roots of, 460
Täklä Haymanot. See Täklä Haymanot and Säga doctrine
ethnophyletism, 242,243,246,541–2,593
Eucharist
Addai and Mari, eucharistic prayer of 534
Armenian celebration of, 404,413,421
centrality to lay piety and religious experience in Russia, 363
Chaldean and Roman Catholic churches, ecumenical dialogue between, 534
in Coptic Christianity, 508
frequency of lay people taking communion in medieval period, 84
hagiography, eucharistic images drawn from, 137
Heavenly (or Divine or Celestial) Liturgy, iconography of, 137
icons, 131–4
manuscripts of liturgy, text and images in, 129–30
objects associated with celebration of, 130–4
Old Testament prefigurations of sacrifice, portrayal of, 137
Romanians under communist regime and, 566
sanctuary area, decoration of, 134–6
spirituality of, 585
templon or iconostasis, 85,133–4
Euchologion, 129
Eudokia (daughter of Alexios III), 16
Eugenios of Anchialos, 230
Eugenios of Trebizond, St, 88
Eugenius IX (pope), 73
European historiography and Russian Orthodoxy, 367–70
Eusebius of Caesarea, 395,488
Eustathios Boilas, 81
Eustathios of Thessalonike, 87
euthanasia, 598
evangelical movement in late imperial Russia, 345
Evfaliia, Mother, 340
Evfrosin (Old Believer), 322
Evgenii (Bolkhovitinov), Russian bishop, 329
Evlogii (Georgievskii), Russian diaspora patriarch, 543,544–6,547–8,551,552,553
Evtimii (Bulgarian monk of Great Lavra), 37,40
Ewdokac‘i, Awetik‘, 440
Éwost’atéwos, 460,470
Ewost’atians, 464–5,470,478–82
Ezana (Ethiopian ruler), 457–61
fairs
patriarchal taxes on, 179,180
saints’ days and feast days, held in conjunction with, 87
family chapels, 80
The Farmer’s Law, 8
Fasilädäs (Ethiopian ruler), 463,474
Fathers of the Church. See patristics
Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries, 449
Fedor Alekseivich (tsar), 321
Fedor (Bukharev), Russian archimandrite, 336
Fedor (deacon opposed to Nikon reforms), 320
Fedor Ivanovich (tsar), 275,300
Fedorovna (Nagaia), Mariia, 269
Fedotov, G. P., 261
Fedotov, George, 553
Fellowship of St Alban and St Sergius, 551
Feodosii, founder of Kilifarevo, 38,39
Feofan Grek (Theophanes the Greek), 287–8
Feofan (Prokopovich), Russian bishop, 326
Feofan the Recluse, 588
Feofilakt (Gorskii), Russian bishop, 329
Ferapontov monastery, Beloozero, 267,293,320
Fetler, Wilhelm, 346
Ficino, Marsilio, 76
Fiey, Père, 378
Filaret (Drozdov), Russian bishop, 329,332,334,335
Filaret (Gumilevskii), Russian bishop, 330,331
Filaret (Russian patriarch), 305,306–8,311,315
filioque controversy. See Trinity, Orthodox vs. Latin theology of
St Filipp, metropolitan of Moscow, 268,273,296,315
Filofei (Pskov monk), 272
Finnish tribes (Komi or Permians), 45,268
Fioravanti, Aristotile, 292
First Philosophical Letter (Chadaev), 357
First Vatican Council (1869–70), 528
Fletcher, Giles, 48,258
Florence, Council of, 11,271,428
Florence, union of. See union of Orthodox and Latin churches
Florensky, Pavel, 587
Florovskii, G., 325
Florovsky, Georges, 552,587
Florus and Laurus, 279
folk customs and superstitions, persistence of
in Byzantium, 99–100
in eastern Christianities under Islam, 401
in Ethiopia, 459
in Russia
art and religion, 255–60,366
cinematic use of folk traditions, 361
during Counter-Reformation, 310,313
double-belief (dvoeverie), 256,354
ethnography as scholarly discipline 362
under holy synod, 327,350,354–5
symbolists, 366
urbanisation, effects of, 359
fools for Christ, 47–9,258,300,364
forced resettlement (sürgün), Ottoman practice of, 171,174
fortifications, chapels incorporated into, 82
Fourth Crusade. See Latin conquest of Constantinople
Fourth Lateran Council, 385
France
Armenian missions from, 432
French Expedition (1798–1801) to Egypt, 489,492
French Revolution and Orthodox churches, 205–9,229,367
Syrian Catholic Church and, 515–19
Franciscans
Armenian Christianity and, 417–19,424–7
Chaldean Church, 526
crusades, effect on eastern Christianities of, 384
delegation of 1234 to Byzantium, 54–6
Holy Sepulchre, antagonism with Orthodox over, 187
trading patterns favouring activities of, 419
Frankish crusader states. See also crusades
Armenian Christianity affected by, 410
eastern Christianities under Islam affected by, 382–6
Fratres Unitores of the congregation of St Gregory the Illuminator, 426,428, 432
Frederick I Barbarossa (German emperor), 415
Frederick II (German emperor), 402
Freemasonry, Russian diaspora suspicion of, 552
French Expedition (1798-1801) to Egypt, 489,492
French Revolution and Orthodox churches, 205–9,229,367
Freney, William, 418
Frik (Armenian poet), 414
‘fundamentalism’ of Gregory Palamas, 39, 126
funeral chapels, 98
funerals. See death
Gäbrä Giyorgis (Baselyos), Ethiopian bishop and patriarch, 484–7
Gabriel Ibn al-Qila’l, 519
Galanus, Clemens, 434
Gälawdéwos (Ethiopian ruler), 473,477
Galesios (monastery), 60
Galicia (Galich)
Catholic rule of, 27
metropolitan see, creation of, 28
Gallipoli, Amadaeus of Savoy’s recapture of, 67
Gapon, Georgii, 342,343
Gardner, Ivan, 556
Garegin I (Sargisean), Armenian catholicos, 453,455
Garegin II (Nersisyan), Armenian catholicos, 455
Gattelusio family of Mitylene
Demetrios Kydones and, 70
Palaiologos family, intermarriage with, 70
Gattelusio, Francesco, 67
Gavriil (Petrov), Russian bishop, 327
Gedeon, Manuel, 199,205
Gedeon (metropolitan of Kiev), 323
Genghis Khan, 10,386
Gennadii (archbishop of Novgorod), 259,260,270
Gennadios II Scholarios (ecumenical patriarch), 77–8,170–5,192
Genoese
ease of moving along Black Sea Coast due to, 25
Olgerd, Grand Duke of Lithuania, allied with, 29
Pera, factory of, 66
wealth of Vicina see stemming from, 25
Gëorg (Loṙec‘i), Armenian catholicos, 408
George, St, 89,278,279
George IV (Syrian patriarch), 516
George of Nikomedeia, homilies of, 139
George Sphrantzes, 72
George VI (king of England), 547
George Xiphilinos (ecumenical patriarch), 415
Georgia
Armenians in, 414,446–7
Mount Athos, Iberian (Georgian) monasteries on, 15,20
in Russian Empire, 446–7
Tamara, queen of, 6
Georgievskii, Evlogii, 543,544–6,547–8,551,552,553
Gerasimos (metropolitan of Crete), 230
Gerasimos of Patmos, 224
Gerasimos (Spartaliotis), patriarch of Alexandria, 198
Gerlach, Stephan, 185,189
German Hansa, Rus relationship with, 254
German (monk associated with Saviour-Transfiguration monastery at Solovki), 268
German (Serbian patriarch), 578–9
Germanos II (ecumenical patriarch), 21,54
Germanos of Kastoria (and then of Amasya), 246
Gevorg, Armenian catholicos, 451
Géza of Hungary, 5,34
al-Ghazâlî 397
Ghazan (Ilkhân of Iran), 387,422,423–4
Girgis, Ḥabib, 504
Gladstone, William, 337
Glajor, Armenian monastery of, 412,425
Glajor Gospel, 425
Glane, Germany, Syrian Orthodox monastery of St Ephrem at, 514
Gleb, St, 279,295
Glukhoi, Arsenii, 307
Goddell, W., 444
Godunov, Boris, 269,300
Godunova, Irina, 264
Gogol, 248
Golden Hall, Kremlin, paintings in, 9,11
Golden Horde
fragmentation of, Rus affected by, 32
marriage of illegitimate daughters of emperors to khans of, 23
Saraï as ecclesiastical seat and, 23
special status accorded Russian church by, 254
Golitsyn, A. N., 329,448
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 571–5
Goritsky convent of the Resurrection, 268
Gorskii, Feofilakt, 329
Goš, Mxit‘ar, 414
Gotthia, metropolitanate of, 24
government control of church. See church and state, relationship of
Grabar, André, 128
Gračanica, Milutin’s mausoleum at, 18
Great Church of St Sophia liturgy and monastic rites, fusion of, 127
Great Lavra (Mount Athos), 37,160,162,165,167,220,221
Greek college of St Athanasius, Rome, 188
Greek Orthodox Church and communism, 561
Greek Revolution (1821) and independence, 229–33
autocephaly of Greek Church, declaration and settlement of, 235–7
civil authority, Orthodoxy as object of interest to, 232
dominant religion, Orthodoxy officially recognised as, 231
ecclesiastical settlement following, 233–7
ecumenical patriarchate
autocephaly, rejection and resolution of, 236
continuing canonical dependence, early insistence of Greek bishops on, 231–2
loosening of administrative control of, 230
Patriarch Agathangelos’s desire for resubmission to Sublime Porte, 233
ethnomartyrs of, 230
Latin–Orthodox relations affected by, 209
nationalism as 19th-century phenomenon affecting Orthodoxy generally, 229
Greek speakers, arabisation of, 390
Gregoras, Nikephoros, 19,62,63,101,125
Gregory VII (pope), 410
Gregory IX (pope), 384
Gregory X (pope), 57
Gregory XIII (pope), 185,188
Gregory V (ecumenical patriarch), 206,208,229,230,246
Gregory VI (ecumenical patriarch), 241
Gregory of Cyprus, 61
Gregory of Derkoi, 230
Gregory the Illuminator (Gregory of Armenia), St, 299,407,416,421,431,438
Gregory of Nazianzos, homilies of, 139
Gregory Palamas. See Palamas, Gregory
Gregory of Sinai
Greek–Latin relations and, 64
hesychasm in Russia and, 262
life and significance of, 108
Palamas compared to, 121
prayer manuals of, 108–10
Slavonic textual community and, 38
Words of, 113–21
Gregory Tsamblak, 37
Grek, Maksim. See Maksim Grek
Grenkov, Amvrosii, 338
Gribanovskii, Anastasii, 548
Grigor II (Armenian catholicos), 407, 409,410
Guarino of Verona, 71
Gumilevskii, Aleksandr, 337
Gumilevskii, Filaret, 330,331
Gurskyj, Ruvym, 217
Gutenberg revolution. See also books, art and religion; printing and publishing
Gynaikokastro, chapel in fortifications at, 82
Habtä Maryam (Ethiopian bishop), 487
Haga, Cornelius, 197,198
hagiography
Armenian, 409
ecclesiastical rites illustrated in, 145
Epifanii the Wise, writings of, 44,262,268,283
liturgical year regulated by, 141–3
in Russia (1380–1589), 262,263
Haile Sellassie I (Ethiopian ruler), 467,476,482–7
al-Ḥâkim (Fatimid caliph), 376,382
Hanseatic League, Rus relationship with, 254
Harald Sigurdson (Norwegian king), 408
al-Harawî 402
Hatti-Sherif (Noble Rescript) of, 1839 440
Hayek, Ignatius Antony II (Syrian Catholic patriarch), 517
Häyq Esṭifanos (St Stephen), Ethiopian monastery of, 468,473,481
Heavenly (or Divine or Celestial) Liturgy, iconography of, 137
Helms, Mary, 12,33
Herberstein, Sigismund von, 258
heresy. See heterodoxy and heresy
Herman of Alaska, St, 592
Hermogen (Russian patriarch), 305
Herzen, Alexander, 357
hesychasm, 101–2
See also Gregory of Sinai; Mount Athos; Palamas, Gregory; Palamism; Philokalia
Adam as first practitioner of, 116
asceticism vs., 102,109
Barlaam of Calabria on, 101,102,110–13,120,124
See also Barlaam of Calabria
early criticism of, 66,68,108
intellectual activity vs., 102
Barlaam the Calabrian, 110–13
Gregory of Sinai’s Words, 113–21
Palamas, Gregory, 121–6
Messalian heresy and, 124
modern renewal of interest in, 588–9
monastic practices criticised by, 102
Nikephoros the Italian on, 102–8,122
Ottoman rule and, 69,159
Pseudo-Symeon on, 102–8,109,122
rationality
Gregory of Sinai on, 113–21
Palamas on, 121
rise to dominance in medieval Orthodoxy, 62–4
Romanian communism, flourishing under, 565–6
in Russia, 254,262–3,339
Slavonic textual community of Byzantine Commonwealth and, 39
spiritual development of monks, according to Gregory of Sinai, 118
Hesychios, 104,106
heterodoxy and heresy. See also folk customs and superstitions, persistence of
Bogomils, 47,124,254
in eastern Christianities under Islam (11th–14th centuries), 373
in Russia
1380–1589 255–60
1721–1917 365
holy synod, religious toleration under, 328–9,330–2
Judaisers, 259–60,294
St Nils Sorskii and St Iosif of Volokolamsk as persecutors of, 271
Old Believers. See Old Believers
strigol’niki or Shearers, 259,294
Het‘um I (Armenian king), 387,418
Het‘um II (Armenian king), 417,420,422, 427
Het‘um of Koṙikos, 422
Hierotheos (patriarch of Antioch), 242
Hindiyya affair, 521
History of the patriarchs of Alexandria, 389,391,395
Hitler, Adolf, and Russian diaspora, 546–7
Hlapen, Radoslav, and family, 160
Hnčakean Revolutionary Party, 449
Hobaîsh, Joseph, 520
Hodegetria icon, 3,87,145
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Carol (prince of Romania), 239
Holobolos, Manuel, 60
Holy Apostles, church of, Constantinople, 173
Holy Apostolic and Catholic Church of the East, 526
holy fools, 47–9,258,300,364
Holy Land, pilgrimage to, 88,213–19
holy mountains as characteristic of Byzantine monasticism, 155
holy or divine wisdom, Byzantine imperial connotations of
Rus adaptation of, 9
Serbian adaptation of, 8,9
Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
antagonism between Franciscans and Orthodox regarding, 187
Bars’kyj on Holy Fire ritual at, 217
destruction by al-Hâkim, 382
Russian church architecture imitating, 266
holy synod, Russian church under (1721–1917), 325–6,347
administrative and clerical reforms of first century of, 327–8
conciliar rule, demand for return to, 340–7,353
distinctively Russian roots, attempts to return church to, 329–30,332–5
doctrinal development, lack of allowance for, 334
education of clerics, 328,352
evangelical movement in late imperial Russia, 345
historiographical issues, 325–6
late imperial period, revolution and reform in, 340–7
lay piety and culture. See lay piety and religious experience in Russia
monasteries and monasticism, 337–40
Nicholas I, ecclesiastical expansion and continuing heterodoxy under, 330–2
pastoral reforms under, 335–7,343
Peter the Great’s abolition of patriarchate and establishment of, 324,326–7
religious toleration, 328–9,330–2,342, 346–7
temperance campaigns, 344,345
theory of relationship of church and state adopted by Peter the Great underpinning, 326
toleration edict of, 1905 342,346,347, 365
home life, Byzantine lay piety and religious experience in, 90–3
homilies
Byzantine collections of, 139
eastern Christianities under Islam 395
Russian pastoral reforms under holy synod, 335–7
homosexuality, 598
Honorius III (Pope), 16
Hormizd, Yuhanna, 528
horologia, 146–50
Horsey, Jerome, 258
Hosking, Geoffrey, 369
Hoyek, Buṭrus Elias, 522
Hṙip‘simë, St, 435
Hugh Eteriano, 55
Hülegü 386,387
Hungarian uprising (1956), 562
Hungary
crown of St Stephen, 254
crusade of, 1444 77
enamel plaques sent by Michael VII Doukas to Géza of, 5
Serbian community outside Buda and Pest, Bars’kyj’s stay with, 213
Hyakinthos (metropolitan of Vicina and later Oungrovlachia), 26,27
hymnody. See divine office
iarlyki, 28
Iarushevich, Nikolai, 547,548
Iavorskii, Stefan, 326,327
Iberians. See Georgia
Ibn al-‘Assâl, 395
Ibn al-Râhib, 396
Ibn al-Tilmîdh, 396
Ibn al-Wâsiṭi, 396
Ibn Buṭlân, 401
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 428
Ibn-Shaddâd, 401
Ibn Taymiyya, 401
Iceland, Armenian traders in, 408
iconostasis
in late Byzantium, 85,133–4
portable, 295
in Russia, 283–7
icons in late Byzantine Empire
Eucharist, themes associated with celebration of, 131–4
hymnography and, 151–2
lay piety and religious experience, 85
private devotions involving, 92
processions of, 87
as tangible assets, 92
two-sided, 133
icons in Russia
1380–1589 263,264
Chernyi, Daniil, 288,289,291
church buildings as icons, 285
diaspora icon painters, 555
Dionisii, 264,293–4
as expression of Orthodox theology 294
Feofan Grek, 287–8
hesychasm’s influence on, 263,282
as historical records, 279,295–7
iconostasis, development and structure of, 283–7
Moscow, 287
national and local identity developed in relationship to, 363
new iconography under Ivan IV, 295–7
Novgorod, 278–81
other media, carryover of iconography to, 296
portable nature of, 294
for private devotions, 294,296
Rublev, Andrei, 264,283,288–91,297
Stoglav (One Hundred Chapters) on, 297
Vladimir icon and Russian nationalism, 286–7
icons, modern revival of interest in, 590
idiorrhythmic monasticism, 154,163
Ignatiev, Count (Russian ambassador to Sublime Porte), 241
Ignatii (Brianchaninov), Russian bishop, 332
Ignatios II (Jacobite patriarch), 377,380,384,385
Ignatios (monk sent to Rome by Michael VIII Palaiologos), 59
Ignatios of Smolensk, 33
Ignatios the hesychast (Letter of Barlaam the Calabrian to), 111
Ignatius Antony II (Hayek), Syrian Catholic patriarch, 517
Ignatius Moussa I (Dâ‘Ûd), Syrian Catholic patriarch, 518,530,534
Ignatius of Antioch, St, 584,585
Ignatius Buṭrus VIII, Syrian Catholic patriarch, 518
Ignatius XXXVI (Elias II), Syrian patriarch 514
Ignatius Zakka I (Iwas), Syrian Orthodox patriarch, 532,534
Igumen Danyl, 217
Iliodor (Trufanov), 341,344–5
illness, pilgrimages to assuage, 89
India
Armenian Christianity in, 442–3,455
Chaldean Church and, 528
Church of the East, reunification of Indian Church with, 526
Syriac churches in, 511,514
Innocent III (pope), 16,385
Innocent IV (pope), 418
Innocent VI (pope), 67
Innokentii (Beliaev), Russian bishop, 343
Innokentii (Borisov), Russian bishop, 331
intellectual activity vs. hesychasm, 102,110–13
interiority, Armenian spirituality based on, 412
inverted hearts, motif of, 35
Ioakim (Russian patriarch), 305,322–3
Ioann (Bulgarian monk of Great Lavra), 37
Ioanna Khrista-rad, 300
Ioannes of Pergamon (John Zizioulas), metropolitan, 585
Ioasaf (Russian patriarch), 310–11
Iona of Riazan (metropolitan of Moscow), 272
Iosif of Volokolamsk, 259,263,269–71,291,293
Iov (Boretsky), Orthodox metropolitan of Kiev, 306
Iov (first Russian patriarch), 275
Iran
Mongols in, 386,387
Nestorians in, 377–8,387
See also Nestorians
New Julfa, Armenian community of, 435–7,442–3
Qajar dynasty, 446
Iraq, Chaldean Church in, 526–31
Irene Doukaina, 90
Isaac (of the Cave-Monastery), 48
Isaak of Nineveh, St, 412,504,505
Isidor (Nikol’skii), Russian metropolitan, 340
Isidore I Boucheiras (ecumenical patriarch), 21,90,125
Isidore (metropolitan of Moscow), 271
Isidore of Kiev, 53,73,75,77
Isidore of Seville, St, 428
Islam. See also Golden Horde; Mongols; Ottomans and Orthodox Church; religious toleration under Islam; Seljuk Turks; Tatars
Armenian Christianity and
balance of power, shifts in, 423–4
Mamluk sultanate, 408,420–3
New Julfa community, 435–7
Seljuk Turks, 407,408,416,420
conversions to, 181–2,373,410,489
Ethiopian Christianity and, 459,462–3
holy synod in Russia, treatment of Muslims under, 328,330,331
Mamluk sultanate
Armenian Christianity and, 408,420–3
eastern Christianities under Islam, 388
overarching imperial order, Christians’ sense of, 34–5
‘martyrdom’ spirituality of Orthodoxy under, 582–3
modern inter-faith relationships, 596
Shi’a doctrine, 376,423
Sunni doctrine, 376,381,423
Islam, eastern Christianities under (11th–14th centuries) 373–5. See also Coptic Christianity; Jacobites; Maronites; Melkites; Nestorians; religious toleration under Islam
appropriation and islamisation of festivals and holy places, 401–3
arabisation and Arab Christianity, 376,389–92
Chalcedonian, 375
conversions to Islam, 373
crusades, effect of, 382–6
dhimma status, 373,380–2
heterogeneity of different communities, 373
literary culture and learning, 392–7
monasteries and monasticism, 397–401
Mongol conquests, 386–9
Monophysite, 375
patriarchate conflicts of, 378–80
religious life and culture, 401–3
Ismâ’îl (Khedive), 490,495
Isṭifan al-Duwayhî, 519
Italy
Armenian Basilian communities in, 426
Ethiopian occupation, 467,476,483,484
Greeks in, 69–73
Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria, 11,37,38,108
Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, 16
Ivan I (grand prince of Muscovy), 29,282
Ivan III (grand prince of Muscovy), 8–9,260,265,270,273,287,292
Ivan IV (the Terrible), emperor of Rus
Aleksei Mikhailovich’s apology for murder of St Filipp by, 315
art and religion under, 290,295–301
Byzantine Commonwealth, concept of, 9,11,48–9,52
lay piety and culture under, 254,258,260,264
monasticism under, 266,269
national consciousness in Russia, rise of, 273
Rublev’s Old Testament Trinity and, 290
Ivan of Rila, 16,38
Ivanov, Makarii, 338
Ivantsov-Platonov, A. M., 341
Iveron, Athonite monastery of, 162
Iverskii monastery, 315
Iwas, Ignatius Zakka I (Syrian Orthodox patriarch), 532,534
Iyasu I the Great (Ethiopian ruler), 464,465,473,474
Iyäsus Mo‘a (Ethiopian ruler), 468
Izmaragd (The Emerald), 256,261
Izvekov, Iurii, 334
Jacob Baradeus, 377
Jacob (hieromonk of Patmos), 224,227
Jacobites, 377
See also Islam, eastern Christianities under
arabisation of, 389,391,392
Armenian-Byzantine negotiations, presence at, 413
Armenian prince Levon’s policy regarding, 417
crusades, effect of, 383,384,386
literary culture and learning of, 393,397
modern Syrian Orthodox Church, 512–14
Nestorians and, 378
schism caused by patriarchate conflict 380
James of Verona, 490
James of Vitry, 383
Jarweh, Michael, 516
Jazira, Jacobites in, 377
Jenkinson, Anthony, 258
Jeremias I (ecumenical patriarch), 176,184
Jeremias II Tranos (ecumenical patriarch), 167,185,189–91,192,193,275,305
Jerusalem. See also Holy Sepulchre
Armenian patriarch of, 408,438,450
Bars’kyj in, 218
successive conquests, effects of, 402
Jerusalem patriarchate
Arab nationalism and, 245
Melkite control of, 377
Ottoman rule, under, 171,184
Jesuits
Armenian missions, 432,436,440,441
banishment from Ottoman Empire (1714), 440
banishment from Russia (1820), 329
Bars’kyj and Uniate Roman Catholic persecution of Orthodox, 211
education standards of, 309
Ethiopian missions, 463,476–8
Orthodox conflicts with, 187,191,193,197,198,199
Jesus Prayer or prayer of the heart, 262,565,566,589
Jews and Judaism
conversion of Russian army recruits in 19th century, 330
Ethiopian Christianity, Semitic roots of, 460
Judaiser heresy, 259–60,294
Romanian Jews, communist repression of, 562
jizya tax on non-Muslims, 489,491
Joachim II (ecumenical patriarch), 241
Joachim III (ecumenical patriarch), 237,239,246
Joachim IV (ecumenical patriarch), 240
Joachim (patriarch of Antioch), 186
Joanikij (ecumenical patriarch), 19
Joasaph II the Magnificent (ecumenical patriarch), 184,188
Jocelyn of Courtenay, prince of Edessa, 386,399
John II Komnenos (emperor), 145
John V Palaiologos (emperor), 18,20,29,67–8,70
John VI Kantakouzenos (emperor, later the monk Joasaph), 62,66,67,159
John VIII Palaiologos (emperor), 10,72,73–6
John Kalekas (ecumenical patriarch), 64
John XI Bekkos (ecumenical patriarch), 57–61,73,226
John VI (Coptic patriarch), 379
John XVIII (Coptic patriarch), 492
John XXII (pope), 72,424
John Chrysostom, St, 308
Arabic translations of homilies of, 395
homilies of, 139
liturgy of, 84,127,129–30,134,409,581
relics, translation from Rome to Constantinople, 595
John of Damascus, St, 148,150,151,400,409
John Klimax, St, 40,91,104,149,308,409
John of Kronstadt, 345
John Laskaris Kalopheros, 70
John Parastron, 58,59
John Paul II (pope), 454,455,518,530,532,533
John Tzetzes, 81
Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East, 532
Jomard, E.-F., 492,493
Joseph I (ecumenical patriarch), 57,60
Joseph II (ecumenical patriarch), 73
Joseph I (Chaldean patriarch), 527
Joseph II (YÛsuf ) (Chaldean patriarch), 527
Joseph of Androusa, 231
Joseph Bryennios, 72
Joseph the Hymnographer, 150
Judaiser heresy, 259–60,294
Judaism. See Jews and Judaism
Julius III (pope), 527
Kalekas, Manuel, 70,71,77
Kallinikos of Hungro-Wallachia (head of Romanian church), 240
Kallinikos V (ecumenical patriarch), 208
Kallistos (ecumenical patriarch), 21,26,38,39,43,125
Kallistos of Diokleia (Timothy Ware), 588
Kalojan of Bulgaria, 16
Kalopheros, John Laskaris, 70
Kalothetos, Joseph, 125
al-Kâmil (Ayyubid sultan), 379
Kantakouzena, Katerina, 164
Kantakouzenos, Michael, 177,190
Kapiton movement, 318
Kapodistrias, Ioannes, 232,233–4
Karageorge, 237
Karydianos, Michael, 94
Karra doctrine, Ethiopia, 464,466,479,481
Karytaina, chapel on bridge at, 57
Kassa Haylu (Téwodros II) (Ethiopian ruler), 466
Kastamonitou, Athonite monastery of, 158
Katavolenos, Thomas, 172
Katelanos, Frangos, 166
Kaufman, Mikhail von, 331
Kavallarea, monastery of (Venetian Crete), 156
Kavvadias, Makarios, 208
Kazan, capture of, 299
Kazan, Mother of God of, 257
Kekarec‘i, Xacatur, 436
kenoticism, 269
Kepoula, church of the Holy Anargyroi at, 97
Kereit, 386
K‘ešišean, Aram, 453
kharadj tax on non-Muslims, 181,489–90,491
Khitrovo Gospels, 281
Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, revolt of, 311–2,323
Khnanaya, Dinkha, 525–6,532,533
Khomiakov, Aleksei, 357,585
khozhdenie tradition, Bars’kyj’s journal influenced by, 226
Khrapovitskii, Antonii, 341,343,553
Khrushchev, Nikita, 548,570
Khwarizmians, 402
Kiev. See Ukraine
Kievan cave-monastery
Bars’kyj born near, 210
Dormition churches, beliefs regarding, 282
Isaac of, 48
Mohyla, Peter, and, 308,309–10
Mount Athos, connections to, 15
as printing and publishing centre, 309–10
school at, 309
Kilifarevo monastery, Bulgaria, 38
Kilikec‘i, Tiratur, 425
Kiprian and Ustin’ia, SS, 299
Kiprian (metropolitan of Kiev, Rus and the Lithuanians), 30–2,40,43,262,287
Kirakos of Trebizond, 437
Kireevskii Ivan, 339,357
Kiril II (Russian metropolitan), 42
Kirill of Beloozero, St, 44,267,282,296
See also St Kirill-Belozerskii monastery
Kirillova kniga, 311
Kitbugha, 387
Kleptes, John, 86
Klimax, John. See John Klimax
Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes, 166
Kokkinos, Philotheos, 125
kollyva, 97
Kollyvades renewal movement, 588
Kolomenskoe, church of the Ascension at, 299
Kolot, Yovhannës, 439,440
Komi (Permians or Finnish tribes), 45,268
Komitas, Vardapet (Soʈomon Soʈomonean), 448
Komnenos, Ioannis, 226
Komnenos, Isaac (brother of emperor John Komnenos), 146
Konstantin (writer), 357
Konstantios I (ecumenical patriarch), 233,236
Kontaris, Cyril. See Cyril II Kontaris
Kontoglou, Photis, 590
Kopynsky, Isaia (metropolitan of Kiev), 308
Kopystens’kyi, Zaxarija, 311
Korais, Adamantios, 207,209,234,236
Kormchaia kniga (Nomocanon, or Book of the Helmsman), 256
Korydalleus, Theophilos, 196,202
Kosmas the Hymnographer, 151
Kosmas, treatise against the heretics by, 47
Kosov, Sylvester (metropolitan of Kiev), 312
Kostandin (Barjrberdc‘i), Armenian catholicos
Kostandin I (Armenian prince), 410
Kostandin VI (Vahkac‘i), Armenian catholicos, 428
Koumas, Constantinos, 209
Koutloumousiou, Wallachian monastery on Mount Athos, 26–7,158,220
koutrouvia, 89
Kovalevskii, Evgraf, 555
Kozheozerskii monastery, 314
Kremlin, Moscow, 9,10,265,282,286,288,292–5
Krestnyi monastery, 315
Kritoboulos (biographer of Mehmed II), 171
Kritopoulos, David (Anthimos, metropolitan of Oungrovlachia), 27,40
Kritopoulos, Metrophanes, 194
K‘ṙna, Armenian monastery of, 426
Krug, Gregory, 590
Krug, Grigorii, 555
Kruititskii, Nikolai, 585
Kuetstein, Austrian ambassador to Ottomans, 197
Kulikovo, Russian stand against Tatars at (1380), 43,253,254
Kullmann, Gustav, 552
Kuritsyn, Fedor, 260
Kydones, Demetrios, 66–9,70–1,77,424
Kydones, Prochoros, 66,70,425
Kyprianos, archbishop of Cyprus, 230
Kyprianos the Cypriot, 203
Kyrillos IV (Coptic patriarch), 503
Kyrillos VI (Coptic patriarch), 495,499,504,507
Lade, Serafim, 547
Lambronac‘i, Nersës, archbishop of Tarsos, 415
Lashchevskyj, Varlaam, 228
Laskaris, Theodore, 87
Last Judgement, popularity of visual representations of, 98
Lateran Council IV
Latin–Armenian relations, 410
adoption of Latin liturgical books and practices, 415,449–50
Anavarzec‘i, Grigor, ecumenical motivations of, 420–2
complexity of Armenian religion, 427–9
during Counter-Reformation period, 431–3
crusades, 410
doctrinal adherence of Armenians to Latin norms, 417–19
L’viv community, 434–5
Mamluk concerns regarding, 408
modern ecumenical movement, 453–5
New Julfa community, 436
Ottoman Empire, Catholic missions in, 440
Roman mission to Greater Armenia (14th century), 424–7
Uniate patriarchate founded in Aleppo, 441,443
union of churches, 415–17
union of Florence (1439), 428
union of Lyons (1274), 419
Latin conquest of Constantinople (1204)
Bulgaria, revolt of Asen brothers in, 16
Byzantine commonwealth’s continuing and increasing importance despite, 12,14
ecumenical patriarchate’s role affected by, 21,50
ecumenism, modern Orthodox suspicion of, 594
heretical nature of Latin belief in Greek thought and polemic, influencing, 54–6
monastic rise to dominance following, 125
recovery of Constantinople by Greeks, 56
Latin–Coptic relations
British in Egypt, 497,498,503
French Expedition (1798–1801), 489,492
western influence, acceptance and later rejection of, 503–4
Latin crusades, effect of. See crusades
Latin–Ethiopian relations
European travellers to Ethiopia in 19th century, 465
Italian occupation, 467,476,483,484
Jesuit contacts in 17th century, 463,476–8
Latin Levantine and Italy, Greeks in, 69–73
Latin–Orthodox relations during the late Byzantine Empire. See Byzantium and the west, relationship between; union of Orthodox and Latin churches
Latin–Orthodox relations from Reformation to Enlightenment, 187–8
Cyril I Loukaris, patriarchate of, 193–202
French Revolution, effects of, 205–9,229
Greek Revolution (1821), 209,229
modern secular learning, Orthodox views on, 202–9
Mohyla influenced by Latin and Uniate churches, 308,309,310
Protestants, dialogue with, 185,188–91
in Russia. See Latin–Russian Orthodox relations
state of Orthodox church, 191–3
Latin–Orthodox relations in modern world, 594–6. See also ecumenism
Latin religious orders, influence of. See also Dominicans; Franciscans; Jesuits
Capuchins
Armenian missions of, 432,436,441
Orthodox conflicts with, 197
Carmelites, Armenian missions of, 441
Latin-Russian Orthodox relations. See also Uniate church in Ukraine, 1380–1589 260
diaspora, ecumenical relations between western churches and, 551–2,553
disaffection of lay elites in 18th and 19th centuries, 357
under holy synod (1721–1917), 328,329–30
lay piety and religious experience (1721–1917), European context for, 367–70
modern patristics revival, 588
Mohyla influenced by Latin and Uniate churches, 308,309,310
Nikon reforms, 315–18,320
Ukrainian/Latin influence, 311
wariness of Roman Catholicism and Uniate Church, 307,308,311
Latin–Syriac relations
British ties to patriarch of Church of the East, 524–5
Chaldean Church, 526–31
Malankar Syriac church in India, 514
Maronites. See Maronites
Syrian Catholic Church, 515–19
Syrian Orthodox Church, 512–14
Latin theology of Trinity. See Trinity, Orthodox vs. Latin theology of
Latin vs. Ottoman conquest, Byzantine/Orthodox view of, 69,159,170,171,185
Latin west, diaspora churches of, 591–3
Latvian Lutherans, 330,331
Laud, William (archbishop of Canterbury), 194
laurel leaves, tradition of decorating church with, 86
Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 247,512,524
Law Code of, 1649 (Russia) 314
lay piety and religious experience in Byzantium, 79
attendance at church services, 83
barrier, obscuring of liturgical service behind (templon or iconostasis), 85
church buildings and chapels, 79–83, 98
communion, frequency of taking, 84
diversity of, 100
in domestic and private life, 90–3
feast days, 85–7
financial contributions to churches, 97–8
icons, role of, 85
jewellery and amulets, 92–3
lifecycle rituals, 90,94–7,100
liturgical framework of, 83–5
pagan customs and superstitions, persistence of, 99–100
pilgrimage, 87,88–90
processions, 87
relics, veneration of, 89
salvation anxieties, means of assuaging, 97–100
work and occupations, devotions associated with, 93–4,100
lay piety and religious experience in Coptic Christianity, 495–501
lay piety and religious experience in Russia. See also folk customs and superstitions, persistence of
1380–1589
culture and piety, 260–6
‘lived Orthodoxy’ and heterodoxy 255–60
variety and diversity of Rus religious expression, 255
1613–1721 (Counter-Reformation)
confraternities, founding of, 303
Nikon reforms, lay opposition to, 318
1721–1917 348–51
church and state, relationship of, 351
confraternities under holy synod, 337
disaffection of lay elites in 18th and 19th centuries, 357
diversity of popular piety, 353–7,359
education, issues related to, 350,353–7,358–63
in European context, 367–70
falling away from religion altogether, 365
lifecycle rituals, 355,356
liturgical year as framework for popular piety, 355
national identity and popular piety, 363–7
pastoral reforms under holy synod, 335–7,343
pilgrimages, 364–5
saints, cult of, 364
slavophilism, 349
temperance campaigns, 344,345
theatre and cinema, 360,361–2
urbanisation, effects of, 356,366
women, 366
confraternities, 303,337,367
Lazar Branković (last Serbian despot), 163
Lazarević, Stefan, 162
Lebanon
Armenians in, 453
Maronites, 519–23
See also Maronites
Syrian Catholics in, 515,517,519
Syrian Orthodox in, 513
Lebedinskii, Leontii, 331
Lebnä Dengel (Ethiopian ruler), 462
Léger, Antoine, 197,200
Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich, 558,559,563
Leo Tuscus, 55
Leonid (Nagolkin), Russian monk, 338
Leontii (Lebedinskii), Russian bishop, 331
Leontios (patriarch of Jerusalem), 92
Leopold (Habsburg emperor), 433
Leskov, Nicolai, 332
Lesvios, Benjamin, 208
Levitin, Anatolii, 571
Levon (prince of Cilicia), 415,417,418
Levon III (Armenian king), 423
Levshin, Platon, 327,329,338,544
Liebniz, 204
lifecycle rituals
in Byzantium, 90,94–7,100
in Russia, 355,356
Ligarides, Paisios, 319
literary culture
in Armenian Russian community, 446,447–9
in eastern Christianities under Islam (11th–14th centuries), 392–7
in Russia
1380–1589 261–2,264
1917 359
Lithuania
Byzantine Commonwealth, participation in, 28–31,52
Cyril I Loukaris (ecumenical patriarch) in, 193
Ivan III’s struggle with, 273
protomartyrs of, 28,31,32,44
rise of polity of pagan Grand Duke Olgerd, and designs on Rus, 28–31
Union of Krewo (1383), 27
See also Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Litsevoi letopisnyi svod (Illustrated Chronicle Collection), 262
‘Little Russia’. See Belarus; Ukraine
liturgical year
Armenian, 416
art and religion. See art and religion in later Byzantine Empire
eastern Christianities under Islam, 401
lay piety, as framework for
in Byzantium, 83
in Russia, 355
menaion, 279
liturgy. See also divine office; Eucharist
Armenian Christianity, 409
art and. See art and religion in later Byzantine Empire; art and religion in Russia
Bars’kyj’s interest in, 213,219,226
Basil, liturgy of, 84,127,129–30,134
eastern Christianities under Islam, 401
fusion of Great Church of St Sophia liturgy and monastic rites, 127
Heavenly (or Divine or Celestial) Liturgy, iconography of, 137
John Chrysostom, liturgy of, 84,127,129–30,134
lay piety, liturgical framework of, 83–5
liturgical books. See books, art and religion
mnogoglasie (simultaneous chanting of different parts of service), 310,311
Pedilavum ceremony, 144
physical division of church corresponding to, 128
Russian Church
centrality to lay piety and religious experience, 363
diaspora, 556–7
national consciousness and religious ritual, 273–5
Nikonite reforms, 313–21
reforms of 17th century, 310–11
spirituality of, 585
Locke, John, 204
Loginevskii, Aleksandr, 341
Loṙec‘i, Gëorg, 408
Lorenzatos, Zisimos, 249
Loreto, purported site of Annunciation in, 216
Lossky, Vladimir, 587
Louis XIV (French king), 432,433
Loukaris confession, 197–8,199,201
Loukaris, Constantine (Cyril I, ecumenical patriarch), 186,191,192,193–202
Loukaris, Maximos, 193
Loukaris translation of New Testament into modern Greek, 200–1
Lowrie, Donald, 552
Lrimec‘i, Malak‘ia, 428
Lucius III (pope), 415
Luke (metropolitan of Vicina), 25
Lusignans of Cyprus
Armenian intermarriages with, 420
Palaiologos family, intermarriage with, 70
Lutherans and Lutheranism. See Protestantism and Orthodoxy
L’viv community of Armenian Christians, 434–5
Lyons, first council of (1245), 418
Lyons, second council of (1274), 419
Lyons, union of (1274), 58–61,419
Macedonian church, 578
‘Macedonian Question’ (1903-8), 242
Maillet, Benoit de, 490
Maria-Helena (daughter of last Serbian despot Lazar), 163
Majilis al-Millî (community council) in Coptic Christianity, 495,498–500,504
Makarenko, Anton, 564,565
Makarii (Ivanov), Russian monk, 338
Makarii (metropolitan under Ivan IV), 11,48,262,273,274,295
Makarios, St, 504,505
See also St Makarios, Coptic monastery of
al-Makîn ibn al-‘Amîd, 396
Maksim Grek (Maxim the Greek), 49
Malabar Church of India, 528
Malankara Church of India, 514
Malatesta, Cleopa, 73
Mamas, St, 94
Mamluk sultanate
Armenian Christianity and, 408,420–3
eastern Christianities under Islam, 388
overarching imperial order, Christians’ sense of, 34–5
ManṢÛr al-Balbâyî, 382
Manuel, Antonios, 208
Manuel I Komnenos (emperor), 8,55,85, 413
Manuel II Palaiologos (emperor), 27,32,33,45,71–3
manuscript books. See books, art and religion
Manzikert, battle of (1071), 155,169,407
al-Maqrîzî 398,401,402
Mar Agwen, Switzerland, Syrian Orthodox monastery of, 514
Mar Gabriel, Syrian Orthodox monastery of, 513
Mar Mattaï, Jacobite monastery of, 377,378
Mar Ya‘qÛb, Germany, Syrian Orthodox monastery of, 514
Mararios of Patmos, 224
Marcheville (French ambassador to Ottomans), 198
Margounios, Maximos, 193
Mârî ibn Sulaymân, 392,395
Maris, conversion of, 330
Maritsa, battle of (1371), 68,160,162
Mark Eugenikos (Byzantine prelate), 73,74–5,76,78
Mark of Alexandria, 45
Mark the Younger, St, 182
Markianos, St, 93
Markos (Xylokarabes), ecumenical patriarch, 175
Maron, John, 377
Maronites, 377
See also Islam, eastern Christianities under
crusades, effect of, 383,385
modern Maronite Church, 519–23
Monothelite heresy, 377,385
marriage. See also divorce
Byzantine Empire, marriage rites of, 94–6
Constantinopolitan refugees of Ottoman conquest, problems of, 174
in Ethiopian Christianity, 460,469, 470
Russian lifecycle rituals, 355
Martin, Père, 398
Martin V (pope), 72
‘martyrdom’ spirituality of Orthodoxy, 582–3
Martyrios, St, 93
Marx, Karl, 360,563
Mary, Bearer of God, at Tel Wardiyat, Syrian Orthodox monastery of, 513
Mary, Mother of God. See Virgin Mary
Mary of Egypt, 137
al-Masîh, ’Abd, 182
mass suicides of Old Believers, 322
Matta al-Miskin, 505–6,583
Mattéwos (Ethiopian bishop), 482–4
Matthew I (ecumenical patriarch), 32
Matthew (Syrian patriarch), 516
Matthew of Ephesos, 86
Matthopoulos, Eusebios, 589
Maucollet, Fr, 490
Maurikos, Demetrios, 81
Maurovlachia (Moldavia), metropolitan see of, 27
al-Ma’Ûshî, Bolos, 522
Mavrokordatos, Alexander, 202
MawhÛb, 396
Maxim (Bulgarian patriarch), 576
Maximos Chrysoberges, 70,71
Maximos the Confessor, St, 91,112,120,122,125,587
Maximos Kausokalybites, St, 89
Maximos Planoudes, 57
Mazaris, 98
Mec Anapat, Armenian monastery of, 437
MECC (Middle East Council of Churches), 532
Medici, Cosimo de’, 76
Mehmed II the Conqueror (sultan), 78,170,171,175,176,177,183,184,192
Melanchthon, Philip, 188
Meletios IV (ecumenical patriarch), 247
Meletios (Pigas), patriarch of Alexandria, 193,194
Meletios of Lattakia/Laodikeia (patriarch of Antioch), 245
Meletios (abbot of Vatopedi), 202
Meletios (monk sent to Rome by Michael VIII Palaiologos), 59
Melik‘-Yakobean, Yakob (Raffi), 447
Melikes, Raoul Manuel, 57
Melkites, 376
See also Islam, eastern Christianities under
arabisation of, 390
crusades, effect of, 383,384,386
Jerusalem patriarchate, control of, 377
See also Jerusalem patriarchate
literary culture and learning of, 393,395,397
sense of overarching imperial order in, 34–5
memorial services for the dead, 96,145
menaion, 279
Menilek II (Ethiopian ruler), 466–7,475,482,483,487
Menologion of Basil II, 141,144,145–6
Mentewwab (Ethiopian empress), 464,465
Mesonesiotissa, monastery of, 160
Mesopotamia
arabisation of, 391
Jacobites in, 377
monasteries in, 397
Mongols in, 387
Nestorians in, 377–8,388
See also Nestorians
Messalian heresy, 124
Metaxas, Nikodemos, 196
Meteora monastery, 158
Methodios (ecumenical patriarch), 107
Metochites, Theodore, 182
Metrophanes (metropolitan of Berroia), 189
Metrophanes (metropolitan of Caesarea), 185
Meyendorff, John, 263,334,552,587
Michael (archangel), St, 279
Michael the Younger, St, 182
Michael VII Doukas (emperor), 5
Michael VIII Palaiologos (emperor), 25,50,56,68,102,226
Michael (metropolitan of Belgrade), 237
Michael (archbishop of Bethlehem), 33
Michael (bishop of Damietta), 395
Michael the Syrian (Jacobite patriarch of Antioch), 383,389,395,399
Michaud, 493
Michels, G. B., 321
Middle East Council of Churches (MECC), 532
Mika‘él (Ethiopian bishop), 484
Mikhail Aleksandrovich (Lithuanian prince of Kiev), 273
Mikhail I (tsar), 306,307
Mikhail (Semenov), Russian archimandrite, 346
Mikhailovna, Pelageia, 269
Milan (Obrenović), king of Serbia, 236,237
millennialism. See eschatology
millet, Armenian community in Ottoman Empire as, 440,441,442
Milutin (Stefan Uroš II), 17–18,20
al-Miskin, Matta, 505–6,583
Mistra, church of the Peribleptos at, 137
Mitrofan (metropolitan of Saraï), 23
Mitrofaniia, Mother (Baroness Praskov’ia Grigor’evna Rosen), 340
Mleh (brother of Prince T’oros), 410,413
mnogoglasie (simultaneous chanting of different parts of service), 310,311, 313
modern Orthodoxy, 599
development and change, 596
ecclesiology of, 584–6
ecology and environment, 598
ecumenism in, 594–6
education and modern spiritual renewal, 589–90
icons, 590
lay piety, modern renewal of, 589–90
monasticism, revival of, 586,590
national churches and nationalism, 591–4
organisational and administrative problems, 596–7
patristics, Russian revival of study of, 587–8
social and ethical problems, 597–8
world, adapting to, 583
Mohyla (Moghila), Peter (metropolitan of Kiev), 200,201,308–10
Moisiodax, Iosipos, 205
Mokac‘i, Nersës, 437
Moldavia. See also Romania
Armenian community in, 434
metropolitanate of Moldavia/Maurovlachia, 27
monastic revival in, 339
patronage of Mount Athos by voyvodas of, 168
Protestant influence in, 189
union with Wallachia (1859), 239
Molinos, Miguel de, 204
monasteries and monasticism. See also specific monks and monasteries
adelphata (monastic annuity), 161,164
in Armenian Christianity
1050–1350 409,411–12,426
Mxit‘arists, Uniate order of, 441,443,447,455
Byzantine commonwealth as concept and exercise of monastic authority in Rus, 41–6
cenobitic monasticism, 154,163,167
colonisation of land, association with, 41–6,267
Coptic Christianity, 400,491,501–6,508
divorce, forcible tonsure as means of, 264,269
donations to, 97,154,269
eastern Christianities under Islam, 397–401
in Ethiopian Christianity, 460,461,467–71
fortified towers, chapels in, 82
Greece, abolition of monasteries in, 235
hesychasm and Gregory of Sinai’s prayer manuals, 108–10
hesychastic criticism of, 102
holy mountains as characteristic of Byzantine monasticism, 155
idiorrhythmic monasticism, 154,163
landed property of, 154
Mount Athos and Ottomans. See Mount Athos under Ottoman rule
under Ottomans, 180
Russian debate between Possessors and Non-Possessors, 269–71,294
lay piety and, 80,97
legal texts circulating in, 42
liturgy and monastic rites, fusion of, 127
modern spiritual revival of, 586,590
Mxit‘arists, Uniate Armenian order of, 441,443,447,455
Palamism and, 68,121–6
physical and economic structure of, 154
retirement, late vows as form of, 97,100
rise to dominance in Orthodox Church, 62,65,125
Romanian monastic lands, civil confiscation of, 239
in Russia
1380–1589 261,266–71
art and religion in Moscow, 282
under communism, 570–1
female monasteries, 264,268,339–40
under holy synod, 337–40,341
‘learned monasticism’, 341
modern restorations, 573,575
Tatar conquest, effect of, 277
Slavonic textual community created by. See Slavonic textual community
spiritual stages of, according to Gregory of Sinai, 118
Syrian Orthodox, 513
Turkish nomads, effect of invasions of, 155
Uniate reform of, 304
women and monasticism in Russia, 264,268
Mongols. See also Tatars
Armenian Christianity and, 417,419–20, 423
art and religion in Russia, effect of Mongol conquest on, 276–8
conversion to Islam, 387
eastern Christianities under Islam affected by conquests of, 386–9
Ghazan (Ilkhân of Iran), conversion to Islam of, 387,422,423–4
religious toleration under, 386,387
Monophysites, 375,459
See also Coptic Christianity; Ethiopian Christianity
Monothelite heresy, 377,385
Mordvins, 328
Moscow. See Russia and Russian Church, as specific site in Moscow, e.g. Kremlin
Mother of God. See Virgin Mary
Mott, John, 552
Mouchli, church of St Kyriake at, 98
Mount Athos
artistic renovations of mid-16th century, 166
assignments throughout empire given to monks of, 39
Athonite Academy, 202,205
Bars’kyj’s visits to, 218,219–26
Bulgarian patronage and political aspirations, 15–16,37
donations to, 98,156,160–1
Gregory Palamas’s theology, triumph of, 63–6
hesychasm
Byzantine Commonwealth and, 39
as centre of, 62,102
criticism of, 68
Gregory of Sinai’s prayer manuals and, 108–10
modern decline and renewal of, 586
Nil Sorskii at, 269
pilgrimage to, 89
power of monks of, 125
premier allegiance to Byzantine emperor, 20,21
protoi of, 15,27
Russian liturgical books burnt by monks of, 315
Russian monastic revival inspired by, 339
Russian patronage of, 168
Serbian patronage and political aspirations, 14–21,161
Slavonic textual community created by, 36–41
Mount Athos monasteries
Chilandar (Serbia), 15–20,36,37,150
Dionysiou, 20,156,158,203,220
Docheiariou, 20,82,165,223
Esphigmenou, 20,583
Great Lavra, 37,160,162,165,167,220,221
Iberian (Georgian) and Amalfite houses, 15,20
Iveron, 162
Kastamonitou, 158
Koutloumousiou (Wallachia), 26–7,158,220
Pantokrator, 220
Philotheou, 587
Rus houses, 15,20,218
St Panteleimon (Rus house), 15,20,218
St Paul, 157,158,161,163,220
Simonopetra, 158,162
Stavroniketa, 168
Vatopedi, 158,162,163,202
Xenophon, 166
Xeropotamou, 164,221,222
Zographou, 37,586
Mount Athos under Ottoman rule
adelphata (monastic annuity), 161,164
confiscation and redemption of landed properties (1568–69), 166–8
donations to, 156,160–1
early understanding between monks and Ottomans, establishment of, 156–9
hesychasm, influence of, 159
Islamic principles of religious tolerance working to advantage of, 155–6
number of monks and prosperity of monastery, 161–2
official passage under Ottoman lordship (1432), 162
safeguarding property by donations to Mount Athos, 160–1,162–4
shipping and commercial interests, 164–6
Mount Galesion, monastery of, 155
Mount Latros, monastery of, 155
Mount Olympos (Ulus Dag in Bithynia, monasteries of, 155
Mount Sinai, St Catherine’s monastery on, 37,155,182,216,218,399
Mouzalon, Theodore, 61
Mrk’uz, Yovhannës, 436–7
al-Mufaḍḍal ibn Abî’l-Faḍâ’il, 396
Muḥammad ‘Alî, 490,493,503,521
Müller, Ludwig, 547
Murad I (sultan), 68,156,157,160,161
Murad II (sultan), 162,164,175
Murad III (sultan), 177,186
Muradbekyan, Xoren, 451
Murav’ev, A. N., 334
Muš, Armenian monastery of the Holy Precursor in, 443
Muslim Brotherhood, 498
Mxit‘arists, Uniate Armenian order of, 441,443,447,455
mysticism
hesychastic. See hesychasm
of universal Christianity, 329
Mytilene, Gattelusio family of
Demetrios Kydones and, 70
Palaiologos family, intermarriage with, 70
Nâdir Shah, 437
Nagolkin, Leonid, 338
Nahyâ monastery, Russia, 399
Nalbandean, Mik‘ayēl, 447
Nalean, Yakob, 440
Na’od (Ethiopian ruler), 473
Napoleon, 206,441
Narekac‘i, Anania, 406
Nasedka, Ivan, 307
al-Nasir (caliph), 420
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 486,493,494,499,500,505,506
nationalism and Orthodoxy, 229
See also Armenian Christianity; autocephalous Orthodox churches; Greek Revolution (1821) and independence
Arab nationalism
Copts and, 497,498,501
patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem, 245–6
in Balkans, 229
Bulgarian exarchate, 240–4
Copts, 497,498,501,503
dangers and dilemmas posed by nationalism, 247–9
diaspora of Orthodox, 247,248
in European context, 369
French Revolution, effects of, 205–9, 229
India, Armenian Christianity in, 442–3
initial opposition and later acceptance of nationalism by ecumenical patriarchate, 246–7
modern national churches, 591–4
Ottoman politics, nationalist upsurge in, 247
phyletism, 242,243,246,541–2, 593
resistance of ecumenical patriarchate to autocephaly as epitome of opposition to nationalism, 237
in Romania, 238–40
in Russia
encouragement of nationalism (19th–20th centuries), 241
in European context, 369
Kremlin, role of, 292
lay piety and religious experience (1721–1917), 363–7
rise of national consciousness (1380–1589), 253
St Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, 299–300
Vladimir icon and, 286–7
Saguna, Andreiu, theories of, 244–5
Serb uprising (1804–1831) and ecclesiastical autocephaly, 229,237–8
state control of church, 232,248
theory of ecumenical patriarchate’s own nationalism, 243
Naupaktissa (icon of Virgin), 87
Nawruz, 423
Nazarean, Step‘an, 447
Nazareth, purported site of Annunciation in, 216
Nazis and Russian diaspora, 546–7,554
Nčec‘i, Esayi, 412,425
Nea Moni, monastery of (Chios), 160,216,218,222,227
Neilos Doxapatres, 414
Neilos (ecumenical patriarch), 47
Neilos of Antioch, 45
Nektarios, St, 161
Nemanja, Stefan (Sava), 15–17,18
Nenadović, Prota Matija, 237
Neophytos II (ecumenical patriarch), 194
Neophytos VII (ecumenical patriarch) 206
Neophytos of Talantion, 231
neoplatonism
of Armenian Christianity, 426
of Barlaam of Calabria, 112
of Gregory of Sinai, 118
Nepliuev, Adrian Ivanovich, 221,228
Nerezi, church of, 150
Neronov, Ivan, 310,313,317,320
Nersës (brother of Grigor II), 410
Nersisyan, Garegin, 455
Nestor, St, 89
Nestorians, 377–8
See also Islam, eastern Christianities under
arabisation of, 391
christological controversies of 5th century, origins in, 375
crusades, effect of, 384,385
division into interior (Mesopotamian) and exterior (Orient) provinces, 378
Jacobites and, 378
literary culture and learning of, 392,393,395,397
modern Church of the East, 523–6
See also Church of the East
Mongol conquests, effect of, 386,387
Syriac language and culture of, 378
Nestorios (patriarch of Constantinople), 377
New Julfa, Armenian community of, 435–7,442–3
New Rome/New Constantinople/New Israel, Moscow as, 9,10,272,274,540,582
New Year, medieval celebration of, 99
Newton, Isaac, 205
Nicholas, St, 145,211,212,279,347
Nicholas of Velikoretsk, St, 299
Nicholas IV (pope), 385,423
Nicholas I (tsar), 330–2,349,351
Nicholas II (tsar), 341,342,344,351,353,357,358,361,370, 448,558
Nicholas-Alexander (voevoda and master of all Oungrovlachia), 25–7
Nicholas of Andida, 131
St Nicholas at Lipna, Novgorod (church), 278
Nikephoros (archbishop of Cyprus), 201
Nikephoros (exarch of church of Constantinople), 194
Nikephoros II Phokas (emperor), 406
Nikephoros the Italian, 102–8,122
Niketas (metropolitan of Thessalonike), 99
Nikifor, 320
Nikodemos (metropolitan of Oungrovlachia), 40
Nikolai (Iarushevich), Russian metropolitan, 547,548
Nikolai of Pskov, St, 258
Nikol’skii, Isidor, 340
Nikon of Radonezh, 289
Nikon (Russian patriarch)
biographical information, 314
deposition of, 319
opposition to, 317–21
reforms of, 313–18
relationship of church and state and, 319–21,348
as successor to Hermogen’s practices, 305
Nil Sorskii, 263,269–71,294
‘Nine Saints’ of Ethiopian Christianity, 461
Niphon (ecumenical patriarch), 21
Nizhnii Novgorod, convent of the Exaltation of the Cross at, 340
Non-Possessors and Possessors, 269–71,294
Norwich, John Julius, 586
notaries, feast of, 93
Novgorod and Pskov
art and religion in, 278–81
piety and culture in, 259,265
Russian national consciousness, rise of, 273
Tatar conquest, effects of, 277
Novi, Alevisio, 293
Novospasskii monastery, Moscow, 314
NÛr al-Dîn, 410
Obnorsk, monastery of St Paul at, 293
Obolensky, Dimitri, 6–7,12,51
Obrenović, Milan (king of Serbia), 236,237
OCA (Orthodox Church of America), 592
occupations, lay devotions associated with, 93–4,100
Odoevskaia, Mariia, 265
Ögodei (Great Khan), 387
Ogorodnikov, Aleksandr, 572
Oikonomos, Constantine, 235
Old Apostolic and Catholic Church of the East (‘Old Calendarists’), 526
Old Believers
under holy synod, 328,331,336,347
lay piety and religious experience (1721–1917), 348,359,360
origins in schism of, 1666–67 321–2,324
Old Testament Trinity icon (Rublev), 289–91
Olga, St, 274
Olgerd, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 28–31
Öljeitu (Ilkhân of Iran), 423
Optina monastery, Russia, 248,338,352
Ōrbëli, Yohan, 424
Ōrbëlean, Step‘anos, 421,425
organisational and administrative problems of modern Orthodoxy, 596–7
õri, Israyël, 439
Orkhan (Sultan), 156–9
Orkneys, earl of, and Arnor the Earl’s Poet, 3
Oromo migrations, Ethiopian Christianity affected by, 463,471,474,475,477,478,487
Orotnec‘i, Yovhan, 428
Orsini family of Epiros, 70
Orthodox Church of America (OCA), 592
Ossorguine, Serge and Mikhail, 556
Ostrih Bible, 303
Ostrozsky, Kostiatyn, 303
Otchizna neizvestnaia (The Unknown Homeland), Fr Pavel, 568
Otets Sergii (Fr Sergii) (film), 362
Otto (king of Greece), 234
Ottomans and Orthodox Church. See also Mount Athos under Ottoman rule
archontes, role of, 177–8,180,183
Armenians, 430–1,439–41,444,449–50
See also Armenian Christianity
Bars’kyj on, 226
Bulgarian exarchate, creation of, 241
conquest of Constantinople (1453), 78,170
conversions to Islam, 181–2
crises of 1798 affecting, 206,207
early modern decline of Orthodoxy under Ottomans, 186,191–3
ecumenical patriarchate
authority of, 178–9
of Cyril I Loukaris, 197
eastern patriarchates and, 184
financial obligations towards Ottoman state, 175–8
landed property of, 180
re-establishment of, 170–3
reorganisation of, 173–5
restoration of, 170–3
revenue sources, 179–80
as significant part of Ottoman system, 184
emperor as pole of Orthodox Church, removal of, 169
before the final conquest of Constantinople, 169–70
greater unity of Orthodoxy provided by conquest of entire empire, 170
Greek Revolution (1821), ethnomartyrs of, 230
hesychasm and, 69,159
Islamic principles of religious tolerance of Jews and Christians, 155–6,169
Latin vs. Ottoman conquest, Byzantine views of, 69,159,170,171,185
Maritsa, battle of (1371), 68,160,162
millet, 440,441,442
nationalist upsurge in Ottoman politics, 247
number of Orthodox population and functioning sees, 181
overthrow of sultan and establishment of modern Turkey, 449
Safavids, Ottoman struggle with, 435,437
sürgün (compulsory resettlement), 171
taxes
ecumenical patriarchate’s financial obligations towards Ottoman state, 175–8
kharadj tax on non-Muslims, conversion to Islam as way of relieving, 181
patriarchal, 179–80
‘ulema, threat to Orthodox position from, 183–4
Oungrovlachia, see of, 25–7
Oviedo, Andre de, 477
Paes, Pero, 477
Pafnutiev-Borovskii monastery, Russia, 270,293
paganism. See folk customs and superstitions, persistence of
Pagases, Antonios, 160
Pagases, Nicholas Baldouin, 160
Paisii (Velychkovskii/Velichkovsky), Russian monk, 339,588
Paisios (patriarch of Jerusalem), 315
Pakhomii the Serb, 262
Palaiologina, Sophia, 260
Palaiologos, Andronikos (despot of Thessalonike), 162
Palaiologos, Demetrios (brother of John VIII), 77
Palaiologos emperors
Constantine IX Monomachos, 9,52,53
John V, 18,20,29,67–8,70
John VIII, 10,72,73–6
Manuel II, 27,32,33,45,71–3
Michael VIII, 25,50,56,68,102,226
Palaiologos, Eulogia (sister of Michael VIII), 59
Palaiologos family
Armenian intermarriages with, 420
Latin elites, intermarriage with, 70
Palaiologos, Theodore (son of Manuel II), 73
Palaiologos, Thomas (despot of Morea), 163
Palamas, Gregory
Barlaam of Calabria, opposition to, 63–6,101–2,110–13,121–6
development of hesychasm, role in, 101–2
‘fundamentalism’ of, 39,126
Gregory of Sinai compared, 121
hesychasm in Russia and, 262
intellectual activity vs. hesychasm according to, 121–6
lay piety as evidenced by, 79,83,88,89,94
St Maximos the Confessor and thought of, 122,125
modern study of, 587,588
Ottomans and, 158,159
patristic theology, ruthlessness towards, 122
Slavonic textual community and, 36,39,40
Turkish attacks on Mount Athos and, 158
Palamism
attitude towards Latins vs. Ottomans, 69
criticism of, 66,68
monasticism affected by, 68,121–6
rise of, 63
Paleostrovskii monastery, 322
Palestine. See also Jerusalem
arabisation of, 390
Melkites in, 377
monasteries in, 397
pilgrimage to, 88,213–19
Palienc‘, Nersës (Armenian archbishop), 427
Pallas, D. L., 128,151
Palmer, William, 334,337
Palyčan, Vazgen, 453,454
Pamblekis, Christodoulos, 205
Pammakaristos, church of, Constantinople, 173,186,192
Pantokrator, Athonite monastery of, 220
Papadiamantis, Alexandros, 248
Papaflessas, Gregorios Dikaios, 230
Paraskeva Piatnitsa, St, 279
Parios, Athanasios, 205,207
Paris, Joseph de, 432
Parthenos (bishop of Rostov), 44
Paskov, V. A., 345
Patkanean, Gabriël, 447
Patmos, monastery of St John the Theologian on, 155,165,224,227
patriarchs. See specific patriarchs and patriarchates
patristics
communist disapproval of, 566
Coptic revival in, 505
Russian study of, 332,334,587–8
Paul II (Cheikho), Chaldean patriarch, 529–30
Paul of Smyrna, 67
Paulicians, 404,412
Pavel of Kolomna, 317
Pavskii, G. P., 333
P’ayaslean, Zareh, 453
Pechatnyi Dvor (official Russian Printing Office), 307–8,311,318,321
Pedilavum ceremony, 144
Peloponnesios, Prokopios, 208
pendants, religious, 47,92–3
People’s Houses in Russia, 361
Pera, Dominican convent in, 66
Pereiaslav Agreement (1654), 311–12
perestroika, 573
Permians (Komi or Finnish tribes), 45,268
Persia. See Iran
Peter of Alexandria, 137
Peter (patriarch of Alexandria), 488
Peter (emperor of Bulgaria), 16
Peter I of Cyprus, 70
Peter Lombard, 424,425
Peter (metropolitan of all Russia), 28,282, 293
Peter I the Great (tsar), 204,217
Alexander Nevsky monastery founded by, 338
Armenian community and, 439
art and religion in Russia, 301
as figure in popular culture, 363
French Revolution, reforms preceding, 368
reformation of Russian Church by, 324, 326–7, 348, 350, 353, 584. See also holy synod, Russian church under
schizophrenic Russia created by reforms of, 370
theory of relationship of church and state adopted by, 326,351
Petik, Petros, 433
Petros (Armenian catholicos), 406,408
Péṭros (Ethiopian bishop), 482,484
Petrov, Gavriil, 327
Petrov, Grigorii, 343
Phanari, church of St George in, Constantinople, 186
Pharmakidis, Theokletos, 235
Pherrai, monastery of the Virgin Kosmosoteira in, 80
Philaretos Brachamios (Armenian king), 408
Phileotes, Cyril, 88,89
Philokalia
modern Orthodox spirituality and, 588
Optina monastery, Russia, Philokalic revival centred on, 248
Papadiamantis and tradition of, 249
under Romanian communist regime, 565
translations of, 588
Philotheos, St, 161
Philotheos (ecumenical patriarch), 30–1,38,40,158,540
Philotheos Kokkinos (ecumenical patriarch), 21
Philotheos of Sinai, 104
Philotheou, Athonite monastery of, 587
Photios I, St (ecumenical patriarch), 58,201
Photios II (ecumenical patriarch), 545
Photios (metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus), sakkos of, 10,21,32,33,131
Photius, metropolitan of Pskov, 259
Phrangopoulina, Maria, 89,99
phyletism, 242,243,246,541–2,593
Pidou de Saint-Olon, Louis-Marie 435
Pigas, Meletios (patriarch of Alexandria), 193,194
pilgrimage
of Bars’kyj. See Bars’kyj, Vasyl Hryhovyc, pilgrimages of
eastern Christianities under Islam, 401–3
lay piety and religious experience
in Byzantium, 87,88–90
in Russia, 364–5
to Palestine/Holy Land, 88,213–19
Pimen (Dmitrii of Moscow’s candidate for metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus), 30,33
Pimen (metropolitan of Nevrokop/Bulgarian patriarch), 576
Pimen (Russian patriarch), 572
Pius IV (pope), 528
Pius VI (pope), 516
Pius VIII (pope), 528
Pius IX (pope), 528
Plato
Demetrios Kydones’s valuation of Thomas Aquinas over, 66–9
Italian humanists’ interest in, 76
Platon (Levshin), Russian metropolitan, 327,329,338,544
pletenie sloves (word-weaving), 44,262,263
Plethon, George Gemistos, 75,77,78
Plutarch, 162
Pobedonostsev, K. P., 340–3,345
Pochaev monastery, western Ukraine 570
Podgorny, Nikolai, 569
Poland
Armenian community in L’viv, 434–5
Cyril I Loukaris (ecumenical patriarch) in, 193
Khmelnytsky revolt and Pereiaslav Agreement (1648–54), 311–12,323
revolt of, 1830 330
Union of Krewo (1383), 27
See also Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
in Counter-Reformation. See Counter-Reformation in Russia and Ukraine
Ukraine split between Russian Empire and, 211,255,277,312,322–4
See also Ukraine
Union of Krewo (1383), 27
political control of church. See church and state, relationship of
Polotsky, Simon, 318
Poresh, Vladimir, 572
ports, chapels as part of, 82
Possessors and Non-Possessors, 269–71,294
Possevino, Antonio, 258
Potemkin, Spiridon, 317,338
Potii, Ipatii, 304
Poujoulat, 493
Pouzet, Louis, 385
Pravoslavnoe obozrenie, 336
praxapostolos, 138
Prealymbos, Thomas, 160
printing and publishing. See also books, art and religion
Armenian texts, 431,432,433,441
in Counter-Reformation Russia and Ukraine, 307–8,309–10,311,315–18, 321
ecumenical patriarchate, press of, 196, 206
Nikon reforms, 315–18
Russian diaspora, 552–5
translations of scripture. See scripture
private chapels, 81
PRO ORIENTE, 531–5
processions of icons, 87
Prodromos monastery, near Serres, 157
Proios, Dorotheos, 208
Prokhor from Gorodets, 288
Prokopios, St, shrine of, 88
Prokopovich, Feofan, 326
prophetologion, 138
proskynetaria tradition, Bars’kyj’s journal influenced by, 226
Protestantism and Orthodoxy
anti-Protestant spirit of Orthodoxy in 17th century, 201
Armenian evangelical Protestants, 444,454,455
Augsburg Confession, 188,189,190
autocephaly of Greek Church as Protestant-inspired church–state relationship, 235,236
Coptic Christianity, 495,503–4
Cyril I Loukaris (ecumenical patriarch), 193–202
dialogue between, 185,188–91
evangelical movement in late imperial Russia, 345
Feofilakt (Gorskii), Lutheran influences of theology of, 329
Greece, 19th-century Calvinist infiltrations in, 233
Judaiser heresy, 259
Latvian and Estonian Lutherans, 327,331
modern contacts between, 595
Romanian Protestants, communist repression of, 562
Russian Lutherans in mixed marriages, 331
scripture, reliance on, 188,189,190
secularisation of European and eastern worlds related to, 367
theory of relationship of church and state adopted by Peter the Great, 326
Tübingen professors, Orthodox correspondence with, 185,189–91
Provins, Pacifique de, 436
psalters, 147,149
Psellos, Michael, 83,91,92,93
Pseudo-Dionysios (Dionysios the Areopagite)
Barlaam’s use of, 63
Gregory of Sinai’s use of, 118
modern study of, 587
Pseudo-Symeon, 102–8,109,122
Pskov. See Novgorod and Pskov
Psychosostria monastery, Constantinople 158
publishing. See printing and publishing
Putin, Vladimir, 549,550
Qâjâr dynasty, 446
QalâwÛn (Mamluk sultan), 388
Qebat controversy in Ethiopian Christianity, 464–5,478–82
Qérelos (Ethiopian bishop), 484–5
Quae in Patriarchatu, 529
Quburisi, Iskandar, 246
Rabban Hurmizd, Chaldean monastery of, 527,529
Radić (čelnik of Serbian despots), 162–3,165
Radoslav of Serbia (nephew of Stefan Nemanja/Sava), 16
Radul (voevoda of Wallachia), 164
Raffi (Yakob Melik‘-Yakobean), 447
al-Râhib, Paul, 393
Raḥmânî, Ignatius Ephrem, 516
Raphael I (Bidawid), Chaldean patriarch, 529,530
Raphael I (ecumenical patriarch), 178
rationality
Gregory of Sinai on, 113–21
Palamas on, 121
al-Râzî 393
Razin, Stenka, 345
re-education or brainwashing, 563–5
Reformation. See Latin–Orthodox relations from Reformation to Enlightenment; Protestantism and Orthodoxy
relics, veneration of, 89
religious toleration in Russia, 328–9,330–2,342,346–7
religious toleration under Islam
crusades, effect of, 385–6
dhimma status as form of, 381
of Fatimids in Egypt, 376
Ghazan (Ilkhân of Iran), conversion to Islam of, 387,422,423–4
Mongol invasions, effect of, 388–9
New Julfa, Armenian community of, 437
Ottoman application of Islamic principles of religious tolerance to Jews and Christians, 155–6,169
religious toleration under Mongols, 386, 387
Renaissance, Greek experience of, 187
resettlement, compulsory (sürgün), Ottoman practice of, 171,174
revolutionary movements. See communism and socialism; nationalism and Orthodoxy
Richelieu, Cardinal, 432
Ridiger, Aleksii, 572,574–5
Rila (monastery), 37
ritual. See liturgy
Rivola, Francesco, 432
roads, chapels as part of, 82
Rodinos, Neophytos, 188
Rodios, Maximos, 200
Roe, Sir Thomas, 196,197
Rokkos, Thomas, 528
Roman (candidate for metropolitan of all Rhosia), 29
Roman (pupil of Feodosii), 38,39
Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox contacts with. See also entries at Latin; Uniate; union
Bars’kyj on, 211,226,227
Counter-Reformation
Armenian Christianity and, 431–3
in Russia and Ukraine, 302–6
See also Counter-Reformation in Russia and Ukraine
Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox contacts with
rapprochement at end of 17th century, 201
Syriac churches, ecumenical dialogue with, 531–5
Uniate Church. See Uniate Church in Ukraine
Roman Empire
Moscow/Rus as New Constantinople/Third Rome/New Israel, 9,10,272,274,540,582
persistence in Constantinople, commitment to concept of, 10–11
Romania
under communist regime, 562–7,576–7
hesychasm in, 565–6
nationalism and autocephaly in, 238–40
post-communist period, 576–7
re-education or brainwashing, 563–5
Saguna, Andreiu, theories of, 244–5
Romanos Melodos, 148,151
Romanov, Filaret (Russian patriarch), 305,306–8,311
Romanov, Mikhael, 306,307
Romanovs, early regime of, 306–8
Romans (Deir al-BarâmÛs), Coptic monastery of, 492,508
Rosen, Baroness Praskov’ia Grigor’evna (Mother Mitrofaniia), 340
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 206
royal church in Ethiopian Christianity, 471–6
Rublev, Andrei, 264,283,288–91,297
Russia and Russian Church. See also art and religion in Russia; Latin-Russian Orthodox relations; lay piety and religious experience in Russia; monasteries and monasticism; nationalism and Orthodoxy; Old Believers
1380–1589 253–5
art and religion. See art and religion in Russia
culture and piety, 260–6
hesychasm, 262–3
lay piety. See lay piety and religious experience in Russia
‘lived Orthodoxy’ and heterodoxy, 255–60
monasticism, 261,266–71
1598–1613 (‘Time of Troubles’), 253,264,275,300,305
1613–1721. See Counter-Reformation in Russia and Ukraine
1721–1917. See holy synod, Russian Church under
1917–present. See under communism and socialism; diaspora of Orthodox
Armenian community in Russia, 438–9,446–9,453
autocephaly of patriarchate (1589), 185,253,272,275,305
Bulgaria, ties to, 562
Byzantine commonwealth, participation in, 8–11,28–33
church–state relationship. See under church and state, relationship of
conversion of, 3
education. See under education
folk customs. See under folk customs and superstitions, persistence of
fragmentation of Golden Horde, effect of, 32
Khmelnytsky revolt and Pereiaslav Agreement (1648–1654), 311–12,323
Kulikovo, stand against Tatars at (1380), 43,253,254
Latin and Uniate churches, wariness of, 307,308
Law Code of, 1649 314
Lithuania’s designs on, 28–31
liturgy. See art and religion in Russia, and under liturgy
millennium celebrations of Russian Christianity, 573
monastic authority and concept of Byzantine Commonwealth in, 41–6
Mount Athos monasteries and, 15,20
New Constantinople/New Rome/New Israel, Moscow as, 9,10
Obolensky’s institutional theory of Byzantine commonwealth, criticism of, 7
patriarchate
abolition of (1721), 324,326–7
See also holy synod, Russian Church under
conciliar rule, demand for return to, 340–7,353
establishment of (1589), 185,253,272,275,305
restoration of (1917), 325
Philokalic revival in, 248
rapprochement with ecumenical patriarchate following reforms of Peter the Great, 204
revolutionary activism in, 340–7,358,370
Romanovs, early regime of, 306–8
saints, cult of, 257,275
serfs, emancipation of, 350
settlement patterns of forest zones 13th–14th century changes in, 41–3
slavophilism, 349
social policy statement of, 598
Tatars, tribute paid to, 10,28,32
‘Third Rome’, Moscow viewed as, 9,10,272,274,540,582
toleration edict of, 1905 342,346,347,365
Ukraine split between Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and, 211,255,277,312,322–4
See also Ukraine
Russian Bible Society, 329,333
Russian pilgrim (Russkii palomnik), 365
Russo-Persian War (1804–13), 446
Rutsky, Iosyf Veliamyn (Uniate metropolitan), 304,308
Rycaut, Paul, 199
Sabas, St, 145
Sabas the Younger, St, 92
Saburova, Solomoniia, 264
Sadat, Anwar, 506
Safavids, Ottoman struggle with, 435,437
Säga doctrine, Ethiopia. See Täklä Haymanot and Säga doctrine
Saguna, Andreiu, 244–5
Sahaidachny, Hetman Petro, 305
Sahak II (Xapayean), Armenian catholicos of Sis, 450
šahamirean, Agha šahamir, 442
St Alban and St Sergius, Fellowship of, 551
St Antony (Deir Anba Antuni), Coptic monastery of, 400,491,508
St Antim Ivireanul, monastery of, Bucharest, 566
St Athanasius, Greek college of (Rome), 188
St Basil’s cathedral, Moscow, 258,265,299–300
St Catherine’s monastery on Mount Sinai, 37,155,182,216,218,399
St Ephrem, Syrian Orthodox monastery of, 513
St James’s monastery, Jerusalem, 438
St Kirill-Belozerskii monastery, 263,267,268,269,282
St Makarios, Coptic monastery of, 492,505,508,583
St Menas, Coptic monastery of, 508
St Michael in Maramureş (monastery), 27
St Nicholas at Lipna, Novgorod (church), 278
St Panteleimon (Rus monastic house on Mount Athos), 15,20,218
St Paul, Athonite monastery of, 157,158,161,163,220
St Paul (Deir Anba Bula), Coptic monastery of, 508
St Phokas, monastery of, 88
St Photis, monastery of, 160
St Sabas, Jerusalem monastery of, 182,216,400
St Samuel al-Qalamȗn, Coptic monastery of, 508
St Saviour in Chora, monastery of, 15–17
St Stephen (Häyq Esṭifanos), Ethiopian monastery of, 468,473,481
St Thaddaeus, Armenian monastery of, 418,424
St Theodore Stratelates, Novgorod (church), 278
St Tikhon’s Orthodox Theological Institute, 589
saints, cult of. See also hagiography and under names
ecclesiastical rites illustrated in hagiographic depictions of, 145
eucharistic images drawn from, 137
feast days, 85–7
holy fools, 47–9,258,300,364
lay piety and religious experience in Russia (1721–1917), 364
liturgical year and hagiographic collections, 141–3
naming of children after saints, 94
palls for saints’ tombs, 296
pilgrimages involving, 88–90
private devotions involving, 91
relics, veneration of, 89
in Russia, 257,275
unofficial and unverifiable cults, suppression of, 322
Sakȃkînî, Khalîl, 246
Saladin, 381,417
Sälama (Ethiopian bishop), 466,479–81
Salâma MÛsâ, 497
salvation anxieties, lay means of assuaging, 97–100
Samarin, Iurii, 335
Sambor, Holy Saviour monastery near, 212
Samoilovych (Hetman), 323
Samos, Bars’kyj’s description of sanctuary of Hera on, 225,227
Samuel I (ecumenical patriarch), 204
Samuel (Coptic bishop), 583
Sanahnec‘i, Anania, 406
Sangi, emir of Mosul, 410
Sanlecques, Jacques, 432
Saraï, see of, 23
Sargis (Armenian catholicos), 408
Sargis of Saʈmosavank’, 437
Sargisean, Garegin, 453,455
Sarhat, Xoĵa, 432
SärṢä Dengel (Ethiopian ruler), 473,477
Sasnec‘i, Mxit‘ar, 425
Satana likuiushchii (Satan triumphant) (film), 357
Sava (Stefan Nemanja), 15–17,18
Savatii (monk associated with Saviour-Transfiguration Monastery at Solovki), 268,282
Saviour-Andronikov monastery, Moscow 282
Saviour-Transfiguration Monastery at Solovki, 267–8,282,315,321,568
Savva (Tikhomirov), Russian bishop, 333
Sawîrus ibn al-Muqaffa’, 396
Sayfä Rä’ad (Ethiopian ruler), 469
Schmemann, Alexander, 552,584,585,587
Scholarios, George (Gennadios II, ecumenical patriarch), 77–8,170–5,192
scholasticism, Orthodoxy’s final embrace of, 78
Schpiller, Vsevolod, 589
scripture
Armenian translations, 432,433,441,444
Cyril I Loukaris on, 194
diaspora, Old Testament concept of, 539
Ethiopian translations, 461
lay piety and religious experience in Russia (1721–1917), 360
Loukaris translation of New Testament into modern Greek, 200–1
Ostrih Bible, 303
Protestant reliance on, 188,189,190
Russian Bible Society, 329,333
Russian translations and critical approaches to, 264,307–8,333,360
Sebastac‘i, Mxit‘ar, 441
Second Vatican Council, 453,517,531
Selim II (sultan), 166–8
Seljuk Turks
Alp Arslan (Sultan), 155
Armenian Christianity and, 407,408,416,420
Franciscans captured by Seljuks of Rum, 54
Manzikert, battle of (1071), 155,169
Orthodox Church and, 169
Tughril Beg’s taking of Baghdad, 381
Semen (prince of Moscow), 8,30
Semenov, Mikhail, 346
Sennek‘erim-Yovhannës of Vaspurakan (Armenian king), 406
Serafim (Lade), Russian diaspora archbishop, 547
Serafim of Sarov, St, 342
Seraphim II (ecumenical patriarch), 204,208
Serbs and Serbia
Bars’kyj’s stay with Serbian community outside Buda and Pest, 213
Byzantine Commonwealth, participation in, 7–8,51,52
Chilandar, Serbian house on Mount Athos, 15–20,36,37,150
communist and post-communist eras, 543,544,577–9
Stefan Dušan. See Dušan, Stefan
Stefan Uroš II Milutin, 17–18,20
Mount Athos patronage and political aspirations of, 14–21,161
nationalist uprising (1804–1830) and autocephaly of Serbian patriarchate, 229,237–8
Russian Orthodox diaspora, 543,544
Stefan Nemanja (Sava), 15–17,18
serfs, emancipation of, 350
Sergiev Posad monastery, 338
Sergiev Pustyn monastery, 337
Sergii of Radonezh, St, 43,44,45,51,253,254,266–7,282,283,290
Sergii (Dmitrii Voskresenskii) Russian metropolitan, 561
Sergii (Stragorodskii), Russian metropolitan, 341,346,545,553,559,560,585
sermons
Byzantine collections of, 139
eastern Christianities under Islam, 395
Russian pastoral reforms under holy synod, 335–7
Sevan, Armenian monastery of, 441
Severin, Banate of, 26
Severos, Gabriel, 189
Shahmurat of Bitlis, 432
Shakhovskoi, Ioann, 554
Sharfeh, Syrian Catholic monastery of Our Lady of Deliverance at, 518
Shcharanskii, Anatolii, 573
Shearers (strigol’niki), 259,294
ShenÛda III (Coptic patriarch), 495,506–10,583
Shi’a doctrine, 376,423
Shim n VIII (Chaldean patriarch), 527
Shim n XIII (Chaldean patriarch), 527
Shim n XIX (patriarch of Church of the East), 524
Shim n XXI (patriarch of Church of the East), 524–5,526
Shir, Addai, 529
Shnitnikov, Kiprian, 341
Sicard, Claude, 491,492
Sichem, Christoffel van, the Younger 433
Sidarus, A., 390
Sigismund (German emperor), 72,73
Sigismund III of Lithuania-Poland, 193,302,306
the Sign, icon of Our Lady of, 279,284
sign of the cross, two-fingered vs. three-fingered, 316
şihabeddin Paşa, governor of Rumelia 163
Sihâstria monastery, Moldavia, 566
Siisk Gospels, 281
Simanskii, Aleksii, 548,569,570,572
Simonis (daughter of Andronikos II and wife of Milutin), 17,18
Simonopetra monastery, Mount Athos, 158,162
Simonov monastery, Moscow, 267,270,282
Sinai, St Catherine’s monastery on, 37,155,182,216,218,399
sketes, 44,266,269
Skewṙac‘i, Ghorg, 422
Skewṙac‘i, Mxit‘ar, 418
Skobtsova, Maria, 546
skomorokhi (itinerant Russian folk minstrels), 255–60,310,313
Slavonic textual community
Bulgarian contributions to, 7,36–9
Mount Athos’s creation of, 36–41
Obolensky’s institutional theory of Byzantine Commonwealth, criticism of, 7
slavophilism, 349
Slavynetsky, Epifanii, 311,320
Smith, Eli, 444
Smotryc’skii, Meletij, 311
šnorhali, Nersës (Armenian bishop), 413,425
sobornost, 357,585
socialism. See communism and socialism
Society for the Dissemination of Holy Scripture in Russia, 360
Society for the Propagation of Religious and Moral Enlightenment in the Spirit of the Orthodox Church, 336
Solari, Marco and Piero Antonio, 293
Soʈomonean, Solomon (Komitas Vardapet), 448
Solovetskii monastery of Saviour-Transfiguration, 267–8,282,315,321,568
Solov’ev, Vladimir, 335
Sophia of Montferrat, 73
Sophia (regent of Russia), 321
Sophronios III (ecumenical patriarch), 239
Sophronios V (patriarch of Jerusalem), 186
Sophronios (patriarch of Alexandria), 242
Sophronios (archbishop of Cyprus), 242
Sorskii, St Nil, 263,269–71,294
Soterioupolis, see of, 24
Sougdaia, metropolitanate of, 24
Soviet Republic of Armenia, 453,454
Soviet Russia. See under communism and socialism
Spartaliotis, Gerasimos, 198
Spiritual Regulation of, 1721 (Russia) 327,338,348
spirituality, 580–1
See also hesychasm; Philokalia
Byzantine origins and ‘Christendom’ spirituality, 581
under communism and socialism
in Romania, 565,566,574–5
in Russia, 567–71,598
diversity and unity of Orthodox experience of, 580
ecclesiology and, 584–6
education and modern spiritual renewal, 589–90
icons, modern revival of interest in, 590
interiority, Armenian spirituality based on, 412
lay piety, modern renewal of, 589–90
‘martyrdom’ spirituality, 582–3
monasticism, modern revival of, 586,590
patristics, Russian revival of study of, 587–8
sobornost, 357,585
Spyridion, St, 217
Spyridon (patriarch of Antioch), 245
Stalin, Joseph, 451,452,547,549,550,559,560–1,564,565,569,574
Stâniloae, Dumitru, 566,588
Staritskaia, Evfrosinia, 264,268
state control of church. See church and state, relationship of
Statute of Vladimir, 256
Stavroniketa, Athonite monastery of, 166,168
Stavrovetsky, Kyryl Tranquillon, 308
Stefan (Bulgarian exarch), 562
Stefan (Iavorskii), Russian bishop, 326,327
Stefan Nemanja (Sava), 15–17,18
Stefan of Perm, St, 44,46,47,268
Stefan of Serbia (brother of Stefan Nemanja/Sava), 16
Stefanescu, J. D., 128
Step‘anos IV (Armenian king), 420
Step‘anos (õrbëlian), Armenian archbishop, 421,425
Stephanites, 469
Stoglav (One Hundred Chapters), 256,274,297,316
Stolypin, Piotr, 344
Stragorodskii, Sergii, 341,346,545,553,559, 560
Strelitzas, Constantine, 98
Strelitzas, Theophanes, 166
strigol’niki or Shearers, 259,294
Styliane (daughter of Michael Psellos), 83,91
Stylos monastery on Mount Latros, 155
suicides of Old Believers, 322
Sukhanov, Arsenii, 217,315
Sulâḳa, YÛḥannâ, 527
Sulaymân (shah), 433
Süleyman I the Magnificent (sultan), 164,167,183,184
Sumarokov, A. P., 329
Sunday School Movement in Coptic Christianity, 495,501,504,505,583,590
Sunni doctrine, 376,381,423
superordinate centers, 12,33
superstition. See folk customs and superstitions, persistence of
Sureneanc‘, Gëorg, 450
Sureneanc‘, Vardges, 448
sürgün (compulsory resettlement), Ottoman practice of, 171,174
Surma, Lady, 524
Sus, Sâmb ata de, 566
Susenyos (Ethiopian ruler), 463,476,477
Suvorov, A. A., 331
Suzdal, Intercession (Pokrovskii) monastery in, 299
Sylvester (pope), 416,431
Sylvester (patriarch of Alexandria), 167
Sylvester the Cypriot (patriarch of Antioch), 213,224,226,227,228
Sylvester (Kosov), metropolitan of Kiev, 312
symbolists in Russia, 366
Symeon the New Theologian, St, 64,91,102,103,587
Symeon I (ecumenical patriarch), 175,185
Symeon (metropolitan of Alania), 24
Symeon (father of Stefan Nemanja or Sava), 15,17
Symeon Metaphrastes, 141
Symeon of Thessalonike, 96
Syntaxis of the Mother of God, icon of, 281
Syria
Arab nationalism and patriarchate of Antioch, 245
arabisation of, 390,391
Jacobites in, 377
Mamluk sultanate in, 388
Melkites in, 377
Mongols in, 386,387
Syriac Christianity of modern Middle East, 511
Chaldean Church, 526–31,534
Church of the East. See Church of the East
diaspora of. See under diaspora of Orthodox
ecumenical dialogue amongst churches, 531–5
Indian Syriac churches. See India
Maronites, 519–23
Syrian Catholic Church, 515–19
Syrian Orthodox Church (Jacobites), 512–14
Syriac Christianity of pre-modern Middle East. See Islam, eastern Christianities under
Syriac speakers, arabisation of, 391–2
Syrian Catholic Church, 515–19
Syrian Orthodox Church
modern, 512–14
pre-modern. See Jacobites
the Syrians (Deir al-SÛrianî), Coptic monastery of, 492,507,508
Täklä Giyorgis II (Ethiopian ruler), 475
Täklä Haymanot (Ethiopian religious movement) and Säga doctrine
christological controversy, 464,465,466,478–82
historical overview, 464,465,466
monasteries and royal court, tension between, 468,470
royal church, institution of, 473,474
Täklä Haymanot (king of Gojjam), 475
Täklä Haymanot (monk), 468,470,478
Tamara (Queen of Georgia), 6
Tamerlane, 286
Tanzimat era in Armenian Christianity, 444–5
Tappuni, Ignatius Gabriel, 517
Tarberuni, Yovhannës, 426
Tatars. See also Golden Horde; Mongols
conversion to Orthodox Christianity, 24
holy synod in Russia, treatment of Muslims under, 330,331
Kulikovo, Rus stand at (1380), 43,253,254
tribute collected from Rus by, 10,28,32,292
Vicina devastated by, 25
Tat‘ew, Armenian monastery of, 437
Tat‘ewac‘i, Grigor, 428
täwahedo (union), Ethiopian christological concept of, 459
taxes on non-Muslims
Copts, 489,491
under Ottomans
ecumenical patriarchate’s financial obligations towards Ottoman state, 175–8
kharadj, conversion to Islam as way of relieving, 181
patriarchal taxes, 179–80
temperance campaigns of Russian Church, 344,345
templon
development of iconostasis from, 283
in late Byzantine Empire, 85,133–4
Teoktist (Romanian patriarch), 576
T‘ëodor of K‘esun, 409
Tër-Minasean, Eruand, 448
Tër-Mkrtčean, Karapet, 448
Terletsky, Kyryl, 304
Téwodros II (Ethiopian ruler), 466,475,480–1
Téwoflos (Ethiopian bishop), 485
Téwoflos (Ethiopian ruler), 464
theatre in Russia, 360
Theodora, St, 89
Theodore Angelos (‘emperor’ of Thessalonike), 16
Theodore Bar Wahbun, 417
Theodore of Blakhernai, 124,125
Theodore of Stoudios, 150
Theodore the Younger, St, 182
Theodoretos (candidate of Olgerd for, metropolitan of all Rhosia), 29
Theodoretos of Vresthena, 231
Theodote, mother of Michael Psellos, 91
Theognostos (metropolitan of all Rhosia), 29,283
Theognostos (metropolitan of Saraï), 23
Theoleptos I (ecumenical patriarch), 183
Theoleptos of Philadelphia, 108,113
Theophanes (patriarch of Jerusalem), 198,305,306,308
Theophanes the Confessor, 107
Theophanes the Greek (Feofan Grek), 287–8
Theorianos, 413
Theotokis, Nikephoros, 205
Third Rome, Moscow viewed as, 9,10,272,274,540,582
Thirteen Years War (1654–1667), 312
Thomas Agni de Lentino, 418
Thomas Aquinas
Armenian translations of, 424,425
Barlaam on, 63
Gennadios’ use of, 77,78
Kydones brothers and, 66–9,70
Thomas Tomasević (last king of Bosnia), 164
Three Births faith. See Täklä Haymanot and Säga doctrine
Tikhomirov, Savva (Russian bishop), 333
Tikhon (Bellavin), Russian patriarch, 325,347,558,559
Tikhonitskii, Vladimir, 548
‘Time of Troubles’ (1598–1613), Russia, 253,264,275,300,305
Timothy I (Nestorian catholicos), 378
Tismana, monastery at, 33
Tito, 577–8
Tlay, Grigor, 413
Tocco family of Epiros, 70
Toktamysh’s raid of, 1382 287
toleration edict of, 1905 (Russia) 342,346,347,365
toleration, religious. See entries at religious toleration
Tolstoy, Leo, 248,339,360,362
Tomasević, Stefan (last king of Bosnia), 164
Tondrakite sect, 406,407,412
T‘oros (Armenian prince of Edessa), 410
T‘orosowicz, Nikoʈayos, 434,435
Transfiguration, church of, Novogorod, 278,287
translations of scripture. See scripture
Transylvania. See also Romania
Protestant influence in, 189
Saguna, Andreiu, theories of, 244–5
Trapezuntines. See Trebizond
Trdat III (Armenian king), 416
Trebizond
Alexios III, 20
Constantinopolitan community after fall to Ottomans, patriarchal candidate of, 175
Dionysiou, Athonite monastery of, 20,156,158
St Eugenios of Trebizond, 88
Kirakos of Trebizond, 437
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 333
Trinity monastery, Bulgaria, 37,40
Trinity, Orthodox vs. Latin theology of
Armenians, 418
Augustine, On the Trinity, 57
Trinity, Orthodox vs. Latin theology of
Gregory of Cyprus on, 61
heresy of Latin view, Greek opinion regarding, 54–6,60
hesychasm, development of, 101
John Bekkos and Photios on, 58
Judaiser heresy, anti-trinitarian elements of, 259
Latin arguments regarding, 55–60
Nestorian justifications for Muslim audience, 394
Trinity-St Sergii monastery, Moscow, 43,263,264,266,267,282,283,289–91,307,364
Troitskie listki, 364
Trufanov, Iliodor, 341,344–5
Tryphon, St, 87
Tsaritsyn monastery, 344
tserkovnost’ (church-mindedness) 332
Tübingen professors, Orthodox correspondence with, 185,189–91
Tughril Beg, 381
Turcograecia (Martin Crusius), 185,189, 190
Turgenev, Nikolai, 335
Turkevich, Leonty, 592
Turkey
Armenian genocide (1915–1923), 450–1
diaspora of Orthodox from, 247,542–3
overthrow of sultan and establishment of, 449
Syrian Orthodox Christians in, 512–14
Turkish nomads, monasteries affected by invasions of, 155
Ţuţea, Petre, 563,565
Tver, icon painting in, 281
Tzortzis, 166
Uglješa, John, 162
Uglješa, Yukašin, 162
Ukraine. See also Counter-Reformation in Russia and Ukraine; Uniate church in Ukraine
Cyril I Loukaris (ecumenical patriarch) in, 193
Khmelnytsky revolt and Pereiaslav Agreement (1648–1654), 311–12,323
modern churches of, 594
Mohyla, Peter, 308–10
partition between Poland and Russia, 211,255,277,312,322–4
re-establishment of Orthodox hierarchy in, 305–6
‘the Ruin’, 312
Russia, effect of separation from, 211,255,277
Russian Church, domination by, 312,322–3,324
Zaporozhian Cossacks in, 305
‘ulema, threat to Orthodox position from, 183–4
‘Umar, pact of, 381,489
al-‘Umarî 398
Uniate Armenian order of Mxit‘arists, 441,443,447,455
Uniate Armenian patriarchate, 441,443
Uniate Church in Ukraine
continuing existence of, 330
eventual dominance of, 323–4
formation of, 304
holy synod, ‘reunification’ with Orthodox Church under, 330
monastic reforms under, 304
persecution of Orthodox by, 211,226, 304
re-establishment of Orthodox hierarchy and, 304
Romanov wariness regarding, 307
Uniate Romanian Church, communist repression of, 562
Uniate Syriac churches
Chaldean Church, 526–31
Malankara Church of India, 514
Maronites. See Maronites
Syrian Catholic Church, 515–19
union of Armenian and Latin churches 415–17
union of Armenian and Orthodox churches, proposals regarding, 413–15
Union of Krewo (1383), 27
union of Orthodox and Latin churches, 53
Brest-Litovsk, pseudo-union of (1595), 193
Counter-Reformation proposals for, 304–5
John V Palaiologos’s attempts at, 67–8
Manuel II Palaiologos and, 71–3
Ottoman conquest of Byzantium and, 171,172
union of Florence (1439)
Armenians, 428
Byzantine hostility to, 76–7
Counter-Reformation reunion proposals and, 304
Gennadios as leader of opposition in aftermath of, 53
negotiations leading up to, 73–6
Orthodox abolition of, 185
proclamation of, 53
Russian Orthodox Church, consequences for, 316
Russian rejection of, 271
union of Lyons (1274), 58–61,419
unitary faith (edinoverie) of Old Believers and Russian Orthodox, hopes of, 328
United Kingdom. See Britain
United States, Orthodox Church of, 592–3
universal Christianity, mysticism of, 329
Urban II (pope), 382
Urban V (pope), 68
Urban VIII (pope), 196
urbanisation in Russia, 356,366
Uspenskii/Uspensky, Leonid, 555,590
Ustaše, 577
‘Uthmân al-Nâbulusî, 386
Uvarov, Count Sergei, 351
Vadkovskii, Antonii, 336,341,342
Vahkac‘i, Kostandin, 428
Valedinskii, Dionisii, 547
Vansleb, J. M., 490,491,492
Vapheidis, Philaretos, 237
Varag monastery, 445
Vardapet, Vanakan, 418
Varham. See Grigor II
Varlaam, monastery of, 268
Vasilii I (grand prince of Muscovy), 10,31,32,45,271
Vasilii II (grand prince of Muscovy), 271
Vasilii III (tsar), 264,293,299
Vasilii (son of Ivan III), 260
Vassian Patrikeev (prince), 271
Vatican Council I (1869–70), 528
Vatican Council II (1962–65), 453,517,531
Vatopedi, Athonite monastery of, 158,162,163,202
Velestinlis, Rhigas, 206,207
Velychkovskii/Velichkovsky, Paisii, 339,588
Venetian Crete, Orthodox/Latin relationship in, 69
Veniamin (metropolitan of Petrograd), 560
Venice, Greek community in, 69–73,212, 213
vestments
ecumenical patriarchate, Christ depicted wearing sakkos of, 21,134
Eucharist, themes associated with celebration of, 131
Photios, metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus, sakkos of, 10,21,32,33,131
women’s devotional art in Russia (1380–1589), 264
Vicina, metropolitanate of, 25
Vidin, see of, 38
Vienna, Congress of (1815), 369
Vienna formula, 531,533
Vikentije (Serbian patriarch), 578
Vimercati, 493
Virgin Mary. See also specific icons and manifestations, e.g.Hodegetria
Akathistos hymn and art, 130,148,150, 151
as Constantinople’s patron, 3
fertility to barren women, as granter of, 88
icons and epithets from liturgical poetry, 152
Saburova, Solomoniia, devotional art of, 264
Vishniakov, Aleksei Andreevich, 221
vision literature, 47,98
Viskovatyi, I. M., 297
visual arts. See art
Vladimir I of Kiev, St, 3,274,295,309, 573
Vladimir (Bogoiavlenskii), metropolitan of Moscow, 343
Vladimir-Suzdal, princes of, 299
Vladimir (Tikhonitskii), Russian diaspora archbishop, 548
Vladimir Mother of God (Our Lady of Tenderness) icon, 286–7,590
Vladislav of Serbia (nephew of Stefan Nemanja/Sava), 16
Vladislav (voevoda and master of all Oungrovlachia), 26,27
Vladychne-Pokrovskaia community of Sisters of Mercy, 340
Vodita, monastery at, 33
Volokolamsk monastery, 264,293
Voltaire, 206,208
Vonifatiev, Stefan, 313,317
Vorobiev, Vladimir, 590
Voskresenskii, Dmitrii, 561
Voskresenskii or New Jerusalem monastery, 315,319
Votiaks, 328
Voulgaris, Eugenios, 202–4,205
Vvedenskaia community of sisters, near Kiev, 340
Wafd movement, 497,498
Wallachia. See also Romania
Armenian community in, 434
Mount Athos, devotion of Wallachian princes to, 20,156,168
Wallachia
Oungrovlachia, see of, 25–7
Protestant influence in, 189
union with Moldavia (1859), 239
Ware, Timothy (Bishop Kallistos of Diokleia), 588
The Way of a Pilgrim, 589
WCC (World Council of Churches), 453,467,526,531,552,562,563,595
Weitzmann, Kurt, 138
west. See entries at Latin
Wilhelm, Davide de, 194
witchcraft, 99
Witte, Sergei, 342,344
Wʈadyslaw IV of Lithuania-Poland, 306,309
Wolff, 204
women
abortion and contraception, modern Russian Orthodox position on, 598
St Agathe, celebration of feast of, 93
lay piety and religious experience in Russia (1721–1917), 366
monasticism in Russia and, 264,268,339–40
ordination of, 596
pilgrimages to relieve barrenness of, 88–9
Russian devotional art of, 264
segregation of sexes at church services, 84
word-weaving (pletenie sloves), 44,262,263
work, lay devotions associated with, 93–4,100
World Council of Churches (WCC), 453,467,526,531,552,562,563,595
World War I, 247
World War II, 546–7,554,560–1
worship. See liturgy
Wych, Sir Peter, 197
Xačik (Armenian catholicos), 406
xačk‘ar, 412
Xapayean, Sahak, 450
Xenophon, Athonite monastery of, 166
Xeropotamou, Athonite monastery of, 164,221,222
Xiphilinos, George, 415
Xrimean, Mkrtič, 445,448
Xylokarabes, Markos (ecumenical patriarch), 175
Xylourgou (Rus monastery on Mount Athos), 15
Yahballâhâ III (Nestorian catholicos), 385,387
Yakob IV (Armenian catholicos), 432,433
Yakob of ëĵmiacin (Armenian catholicos), 438
Yakobos (Uniate Armenian patriarch), 444
Yakunin, Gleb, 569,572
Yannoulatos, Anastasios, 594
Yaq‘ob (Ethiopian ruler), 477
YâqÛt, 398
Yaréd, St, 461
YäṢäga Lej. See Täklä Haymanot and Säga doctrine
Yazijioglu Ali, 157
Yekunno Amlak (Ethiopian ruler), 468
Yeremiaogullari, Dimitri, 163
Yeremiaogullari, Yakub, 163
Yeshaq (Ethiopian ruler), 473
Yohan (õrbëli), Armenian metropolitan, 424
Yoḥännes I (Ethiopian ruler), 464,474
Yoḥännes IV (Ethiopian ruler), 466,475,476,481–2,487
Young Turks revolt (1908), 247
Yovhan õjnec‘i, 404
Yovsëp‘eanc‘, Garegin, 448,451,453
Yugoslavia
creation of kingdom of, 238
modern Serbian Orthodox Church and, 577–9
Yunanian, Vardan, 435
YÛsuf (Joseph) II (Chaldean patriarch), 527
ZäDengel (Ethiopian ruler), 463,477
Zaporozhian Cossacks in Ukraine, 305
Zär’a Ya‘qob (Ethiopian ruler), 462,467,470,471,473,480
Zart‘onk‘ (Awakening) 445
Zäwditu (Ethiopian ruler), 476
Zealots of Piety, 313
Zernov, Nicholas, 551,587,588
Zerzoulis, Nikolaos, 204
Zhirovitsy monastery, Russia, 570
Zichia-Matracha, metropolitanate of, 25
Father Zinon (icon painter), 590
Zizioulas, John (Metropolitan Ioannes of Pergamon), 585
Zoe (empress), 92
Zoë movement (Brotherhood of Theologians), 589
Zographou (Mount Athos monastery), 37,586
Zosima (metropolitan under Ivan III), 9,267
Zosima (monk associated with Saviour-Transfiguration monastery at Solovki), 268,282
Zosimas, St, 137
Zygomalas, Theodosios, 189,190
Zyrians, Stefan of Perm’s works amongst, 45,46
Zyzanii, Lavrentii, 30
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