Cambridge University Press
9780521846820 - The Asian Military Revolution - From Gunpowder to the Bomb - by Peter A. Lorge
Frontmatter/Prelims
The Asian Military Revolution
Records show that the Chinese invented gunpowder in the 800s. By the 1200s they had unleashed the first weapons of war upon their unsuspecting neighbors. How did they react? What were the effects of these first wars? This extraordinarily ambitious book traces the history of that invention and its impact on the surrounding Asian world – Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia and South Asia – from the ninth through the twentieth century. As the book makes clear, the spread of war and its technology had devastating consequences on the political and cultural fabric of those early societies although each reacted very differently. The book, which is packed with information about military strategy, interregional warfare, and the development of armaments, also engages with the major debates and challenges traditional thinking on Europe’s contribution to military technology in Asia. Articulate and comprehensive, this book will be a welcome addition to the undergraduate classroom and to all those interested in Asian studies and military history.
PETER LORGE is Senior Lecturer in the Department of History at Vanderbilt University, Tennessee. His previous publications include War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China (2005) and The International Reader in Military History: China Pre-1600 (2005).
New Approaches to Asian History
This dynamic new series will publish books on the milestones in Asian history, those that have come to define particular periods or mark turning-points in the political, cultural and social evolution of the region. Books are intended as introductions for students to be used in the classroom. They are written by scholars whose credentials are well established in their particular fields and who have, in many cases, taught the subject across a number of years.
Books in the series
Judith M. Brown, Global South Asians: Introducing the Modern Diaspora
Diana Lary, China’s Republic
Peter A. Lorge, The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb
The Asian Military Revolution
From Gunpowder to the Bomb
Peter A. Lorge
Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521609548
© Peter A. Lorge 2008
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2008
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Lorge, Peter Allan, 1967–
The Asian military revolution / Peter A. Lorge.
p. cm. – (New approaches to Asian history)
ISBN 978-0-521-84682-0
1. Asia–History, Military. 2. Military art and science–History.
I. Title. II. Series.
DS33.7.L66 2008
355.0095–dc22
2007051673
ISBN 978-0-521-84682-0 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for
the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or
third-party internet websites referred to in this book,
and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents
| List of maps | page vi | ||
| Acknowledgments | vii | ||
| Chronology | viii | ||
| Glossary | x | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1 | China through the Yuan | 24 | |
| 2 | Japan and the wars of unification | 45 | |
| 3 | The Chinese military revolution and war in Korea | 66 | |
| 4 | Southeast Asia | 88 | |
| 5 | South Asia to 1750 | 112 | |
| 6 | The military revolution in South Asia, 1750–1850 | 133 | |
| 7 | The arrival and departure of the West | 154 | |
| Conclusion | 176 | ||
| Index | 183 | ||
Maps
| 1 | Asia | page 3 | |
| 2 | The Southern Song | 25 | |
| 3 | Japan | 46 | |
| 4 | Korea | 67 | |
| 5 | Southeast Asia | 89 | |
| 6 | Vietnam | 105 | |
| 7 | South Asia | 113 | |
| 8 | The Mughal empire | 125 | |
| 9 | European settlement in India, 1501–1739 | 134 | |
Acknowledgments
This book would not have been written without the encouragement of David Graff. It was his idea that I write a book on gunpowder in Asian history, and he overcame my initial resistance to such a project. I can only hope that the end result does not disappoint him. My editor, Marigold Acland, provided further encouragement, and steered me through the very long process of book production. Her team of editors vastly improved my manuscript. I must also thank the three anonymous reviewers of the initial proposal, whose comments were so helpful. To the anonymous reader of the final manuscript, who caught so many errors, I can only say dōmo arigatō gozaimashita. My thanks also to my copy-editor, Carol Fellingham Webb.
I was also fortunate to receive timely criticism from Michael Charney and Lai-chen Sun that corrected many points in my chapter on Southeast Asia.
Having stretched so far to write this book, I am acutely aware of my shortcomings. Despite the kindly and scholarly efforts of several people, many of my mistakes remain.
Chronology
| 808 | First mention of a mixture retrospectively understood to be gun-powder |
| Late 9th century | First possible use of gunpowder in warfare |
| Mid-10th century | First representation of a fire-spear |
| 960–1279 | Song dynasty |
| Early 11th century | Introduction of explosive gunpowder bombs in China |
| 1044 | First direct description of gunpowder published in the Complete Essentials from the Military Classics (Wujing Zongyao) |
| 1127 | Jurchen Jin capture the Song capital at Kaifeng |
| 1132 | First mention of a fire-spear, used at the siege of De’an |
| 1221 | First mention of iron-casing bombs, used during the Jurchen siege of Qizhou |
| Late 12th century | Invention of the rocket in China |
| 1290 | Earliest dated extant gun |
| 13th century | Appearance of the true gun in China |
| 1259 | Koryo surrenders to Mongols |
| 1274 | First Mongol invasion of Japan |
| 1281 | Second Mongol invasion of Japan |
| 1363 | Battle of Lake Poyang |
| 1368–1644 | Ming dynasty |
| 1400 | Melaka established |
| 1405–33 | Zheng He’s seven voyages |
| 1467–77 | Onin War |
| 1511 | Portuguese conquer Melaka |
| 1526 | First Battle of Panipat |
| 1526–1857 | Mughal empire |
| 1543 | Putative introduction of Portuguese firearms into Japan |
| 1556 | Second Battle of Panipat |
| 1575 | Battle of Nagashino |
| 1592–3 | First Japanese invasion of Korea |
| 1593 | Battle of Pyongyang |
| 1597 | Second Japanese invasion of Korea |
| 1600 | Battle of Sekigahara |
| 1600–1867 | Tokugawa Shogunate |
| 1644 | Shivaji sacks the Mughal port of Surat |
| 1644–1911 | Qing dynasty |
| 1674 | Shivaji has himself crowned king |
| 1739 | Nadir Shah invades the Mughal empire and captures Delhi |
| 1757 | Battle of Plassey |
| 1782 | Chakri dynasty established at Bangkok |
| 1804 | Qing court grants the name “Vietnam” to the ruler of Annam |
| 1824 | Myanmar conquers Assam |
| 1824–6 | First Anglo-Burmese War |
| 1839–42 | Opium War |
| 1850–64 | Taiping Rebellion |
| 1852 | Second Anglo-Burmese War |
| 1857 | Sepoy troops mutiny against their British officers |
| 1868 | Meiji Restoration |
| 1876 | Britain’s Queen Victoria assumes the title Empress of India |
| 1885 | Third Anglo-Burmese War |
| 1894–5 | Sino-Japanese War |
| 1904–5 | Russo-Japanese War |
Glossary
| Arquebus | Term for a handgun originally derived from the early fifteenth-century word “hackenbüchse,” or hook gun. |
| Ashigaru | Lit. “light-foot.” Less heavily armored Japanese troops of the lowest martial class or commoners pressed into service. |
| Atakebune | A kind of early Japanese battleship-mounting cannon. |
| Ban | A South Asian rocket arrow. |
| Corning | A method of granulating gunpowder that affects its absorption of atmospheric water and its burn rate when ignited. |
| EIC | British East India Company. |
| Fire-arrow | Either an arrow packed with gunpowder and fired by a conventional bow in order set fire to a target, or a rocket, a projectile launched by the reactive force of ignited gunpowder. |
| Fire-ball | A container of low-nitrate gunpowder launched at a target to burn it. |
| Fire-spear | A spear with a tube filled with low-nitrate gunpowder affixed near its head. |
| Fire-tube | A tube filled with low-nitrate gunpowder. |
| Firingi | A South Asian field gun. |
| Gunpowder | A mixture of a nitrate (potassium, sodium, magnesium or calcium), sulfur, and charcoal. |
| Huoyao | Lit. “fire drug.” Chinese term for gunpowder. |
| Jaza’il | Originally a shaturnal modified to fire from atop a wall, it later evolved into a sort of sniper rifle. |
| Mansab | Imperial rank. |
| Musket | Originally the name for a heavier form of arquebus that came to encompass most long-barreled, but unrifled, handguns. |
| Naginata | A polearm with a long, curved blade. |
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