Abbate, E., Albianelli, A., Azzaroli, A., et al. (1998). A one-million-year-old Homo cranium from the Danakil (Afar) Depression of Eritrea. Nature 393(6684), 458–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abbate, E., Woldehaimanot, B., Bruni, P., et al. (2004). Geology of the Homo-bearing Pleistocene Dandiero Basin (Buia region, Eritrean Danakil Depression). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 10, 5–34.Google Scholar

Abbate, E., Albianelli, A., Awad, A., et al. (2010). Pleistocene environments and human presence in the middle Atbara valley (Khashm El Girba, Eastern Sudan). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 292, 12–34.Google Scholar

Abbate, E., Bruni, P., Landucci, F. and Pellicanò, G. (2012). Unusual ichnofossils in Homo erectus-bearing beds of the Pleistocene lake deposits in central-eastern Eritrea, East Africa. Palaios 27, 97–104.Google Scholar

Adams, J.W. (2012a). A revised listing of fossil mammals from the Haasgat cave system ex-situ deposits (HGD), South Africa. Palaeontologia Electronica, 15(3), 1–88.Google Scholar

Adams, J.W. (2012b). Stable carbon isotope analysis of fauna from the Gondolin GD 2 fossil assemblage, South Africa. Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, 2(1), 1–5.Google Scholar

Adams, J.W. (2012c). Craniodental and postcranial remains of the extinct porcupine Hystrix makapanensis Greenwood, 1958 (Rodentia: Hystricidae) from Gondolin, South Africa. Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, 2(1), 7–17.Google Scholar

Adams, J.W. and Rovinsky, D.S. (2018). Taphonomic interpretations of the Haasgat HGD assemblage: A case study in the impact of sampling and preparation methods on reconstructing South African karstic assemblage formation. Quaternary International, 495, 4–18.Google Scholar

Adams, J.W., Hemingway, J., Kegley, A.D.T. and Thackeray, J.F. (2007). Luleche, a new paleontological site in the Cradle of Humankind, North-West Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 53(6), 751–754.Google Scholar

Adams, J.W., Herries, A.I.R., Hemingway, J., et al (2010). Initial fossil discoveries from Hoogland, a new Pliocene primate-bearing karstic system in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 59(6), 685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, J.W., Kegley, A.D. and Krigbaum, J. (2013). New faunal stable carbon isotope data from the Haasgat HGD assemblage, South Africa, including the first reported values for Papio angusticeps and Cercopithecoides haasgati. Journal of Human Evolution, 64(6), 693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adams, J.W., Olah, A., McCurry, M., et al. (2015). Newly discovered in situ primates and mammals from the early Pleistocene Haasgat deposits, South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 156, 66.Google Scholar

Adams, J.W., Rovinsky, D.S., Herries, A.I. and Menter, C.G. (2016). Macromammalian faunas, biochronology and palaeoecology of the early Pleistocene Main Quarry hominin-bearing deposits of the Drimolen Palaeocave System, South Africa. PeerJ, 4, e1941.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adelsberger, K.A., Wirth, K.R., Mabulla, A.Z.P. and Bowman, D.C. (2011). Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of Middle Stone Age tools of Laetoli, Tanzania and comparisons with possible source materials. In: Harrison, T. (Ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli, Tanzania: Human Evolution in Context. Volume 1: Geology, Geochronology, Paleoecology and Paleoenvironment. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 143–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agnew, N. and Demas, M. (1998). Preserving the Laetoli footprints. Scientific American 279, 44–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agnew, N., Demas, M. and Leakey, M.D. (1996). The Laetoli footprints. Science 271, 1651–1652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Agrawal, R., Imieliński, T. and Swami, A. (1993). Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases. In: Proceedings of the 1993 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. New York: ACM, pp. 207–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aguirre, E. and Leakey, P. (1974). Nakali: nueva fauna de Hipparion del Rift Valley de Kenya. Estudios Geológicos 30, 219–227.Google Scholar

Agustí, J., Garcés, M. and Krijgsman, W. (2006). Evidence for African–Iberian exchanges during the Messinian in the Spanish mammalian record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 238(1), 5–14.Google Scholar

Agustí, J., Cabrera, L. and Garcés, M. (2013). The Vallesian mammal turnover: A late Miocene record of decoupled land-ocean evolution. Geobios, 46(1), 151–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aiello, L.C. and Wheeler, P. (1995). The expensive-tissue hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology 36, 199–221.Google Scholar

Alba, D.M., Delson, E., Carnevale, G., et al. (2014). First joint record of Mesopithecus and cf. Macaca in the Miocene of Europe. Journal of Human Evolution 67, 1–18.Google Scholar

Albert, R.M. and Bamford, M.K. (2012). Vegetation during UMBI and deposition of Tuff IF at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (ca. 1.8 Ma), based on phytoliths and plant remains. Journal of Human Evolution 63, 342–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Albert, R.M., Bamford, M.K., Stanistreet, I., et al. (2015). Vegetation landscape at DK locality, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 426, 34–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alemseged, Z. (1998). L’hominidé Omo-323: sa position phylétique et son environnement dans le cadre de l’évolution des communautés de mammiféres du Plio-Pléistocène dans la basse vallée de l’Omo (Ethiopie). PhD dissertation, Anthropologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.Google Scholar

Alemseged, Z. (2003). An integrated approach to taphonomy and faunal change in the Shungura Formation (Ethiopia) and its implication for hominid evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 44(4), 451–478.Google Scholar

Alemseged, , and Geraads, D. (1998). Theropithecus atlanticus (Cercopithecidae, Mammalia) from the late Pliocene of Ahl al Oughlam, Casablanca, Morocco. Journal of Human Evolution 34, 609–621.Google Scholar

Alemseged, Z. and Geraads, D. (2000). A new Middle Pleistocene fauna from the Busidima-Telalak region of the Afar, Ethiopia. Comptes Rendu de l’Académie des Sciences Paris 331, 459–556.Google Scholar

Alemseged, Z., Coppens, Y. and Geraads, D. (2002). Hominid cranium from Omo: description and taxonomy of Omo-323–1976-896. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 117, 103–112.Google Scholar

Alemseged, Z., Wynn, J. G., Kimbel, W. H., et al. (2005). A new hominin from the Basal Member of the Hadar Formation, Dikika, Ethiopia, and its geological context. Journal of Human Evolution 49(4), 499–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alemseged, Z., Spoor, F., Kimbel, W.H., et al. (2006). A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 443, 296–301.Google Scholar

Alemseged, Z., Bobe, R. and Geraads, D. (2007). Comparability of fossil data and its significance for the interpretation of hominin environments. A case study in the lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia. In: Behrensmeyer, A.K., Bobe, R. and Alemseged, Z. (Eds.), Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 159–181.Google Scholar

Alemseged, Z., Wynn, J.G., Geraads, D., et al. (2020). Fossils from Mille-Logya, Afar, Ethiopia, elucidate the link between Pliocene environmental changes and Homo origins. Nature Communications 11, 2480.Google Scholar

Albianelli, A. and Napoleone, G. (2004). Magnetostratigraphy of the Homo-bearing Pleistocene Dandiero Basin (Danakil Depression, Eritrea). Rivista Italiana di Stratigrafia e Paleontologia 110(Supplement), 35–44.Google Scholar

Alroy, J. (1998). Equilibrial diversity dynamics in North American mammals. In: McKinney, M.L. and Drake, J. (Eds.), Biodiversity Dynamics: Turnover of Populations, Taxa, and Communities. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 232–287.Google Scholar

Alroy, J. (2000). New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26, 707–733.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Almécija, S., Tallman, M., Alba, D.M., et al. (2013) The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins. Nature Communications, 4(1), 1–12.Google Scholar

Altamura, F., Gaudzinski-Windeuser, S., Melis, R.T. and Mussi, M. (2019). Reassessing hominin skills at an early middle Pleistocene hippo butchery site: Gombore II-2 (Melka Kunture, Upper Awash valley, Ethiopia). Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology 3, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-019-00046-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altamura, F., Bennett, M.R., Marchetti, L., et al. (2020). Ichnological and archaeological evidence from Gombore II OAM, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia: an integrated approach to reconstruct local environments and biological presences between 1.2–0.85 Ma. Quaternary Science Reviews 244, 106506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106506Google Scholar

Amani, F. and Geraads, D. (1993). Le gisement moustérien du Djebel Irhoud, Maroc: précisions sur la faune et la biochronologie, et description d’un nouveau reste humain. Comptes Rendu de l’Académie des Sciences Paris 316, 847–852.Google Scholar

Amani, F. and Geraads, D. (1998). Le gisement Moustérien du Djebel Irhoud, Maroc: précisions sur la faune et la paléoecologie. Bulletin d’Archéologie Marocaine 18, 11–17.Google Scholar

Ambrose, S.H. (1998). Chronology of the Later Stone Age and food production in East Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 377–392.Google Scholar

Ambrose, S.H., Hlusko, L.J., Kyule, D., Deino, A. and Williams, M. (2003). Lemudong’o: a new 6 Ma paleontological site near Narok, Kenya Rift Valley. Journal of Human Evolution 44, 737–742.Google Scholar

Ambrose, S.H., Bell, C.J., Bernor, R.L., et al. (2007a). The paleoecology and paleogeographic context of Lemudong’o Locality 1, a late Miocene terrestrial fossil site in southern Kenya. Kirtlandia 56, 38–52.Google Scholar

Ambrose, S.H., Nyamai, C.M., Mathu, E.M. and Williams, M.A. (2007b). Geology, geochemistry, and stratigraphy of the Lemudong’o Formation, Kenya Rift Valley. Kirtlandia 56, 53–64.Google Scholar

Ambrose, S.H., WoldeGabriel, G., White, T.D. and Suwa, G. (2011). The role of paleosol carbon isotopes in reconstructing the Aramis Ardipithecus ramidus habitat: woodland or grassland. PaleoAnthropology 2011, A1.Google Scholar

Ameur, R., Jaeger, J.-J. and Michaux, J. (1976). Radiometric age of early Hipparion in North-West Africa. Nature 261, 38–39.Google Scholar

Andrews, P. (1983). Small faunal diversity at Olduvai Gorge. In: Clutton-Brock, J. and Grigson, C. (Eds.), Animals and Archaeology: 1. Hunters and their Prey. Oxford: BAR International Series 163.Google Scholar

Andrews, P. (1989). Palaeoecology of Laetoli. Journal of Human Evolution 18, 173–181.Google Scholar

Andrews, P. (1990). Owls, Caves, and Fossils. London: Natural History Museum.Google Scholar

Andrews, P. (2006). Taphonomic effects of faunal impoverishment and faunal mixing. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 241, 572–589.Google Scholar

Andrews, P. and Bamford, M. (2008). Past and present ecology of Laetoli, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 58, 78–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrews, P. and Evans, E.N. (1979). The environment of Ramapithecus in Africa. Paleobiology 5(1), 22–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrews, P. and Hixson, S. (2014). Taxon-free methods of palaeoecology. Annales Zoologici Fennici 51(1–2), 269–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrews, P.J. and Humphrey, L. (1999). African Miocene environments and the transition to early hominines. In: Bromage, T. and Schrenk, F. (Eds.), African Biogeography, Climate Change and Human Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 282–315.Google Scholar

Andrews, P. and O’Brien, E. (2000). Climate, vegetation, and predictable gradients in mammal species richness in southern Africa. Journal of Zoology 251, 205–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrews, P. and O’Brien, E. (2010). Mammal species richness in Africa. In Werdelin, L. and Sanders, W. (Eds.), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 929–947.Google Scholar

Andrews, P., Lord, J.M. and Evans, E.M.N. (1979). Patterns of ecological diversity in fossil and modern mammalian faunas. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 11, 177–205.Google Scholar

Andrews, P., Bamford, M.K., Njau, E.-F. and Leliyo, G. (2011). The ecology and biogeography of the Endulen–Laetoli area in northern Tanzania. In: Harrison, T. (Ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context: Volume 1: Geology, Geochronology, Paleoecology and Paleoenvironment. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 167–200.Google Scholar

Antón, S.C. (2012). Early Homo: who, when, and where. Current Anthropology 53(S6), S278–S298.Google Scholar

Antón, S.C. (2013). Homo erectus and related taxa. In: Begun, D.R. (Ed.), A Companion to Paleoanthropology. Pondicherry: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 497–516.Google Scholar

Antón, S.C., Potts, R. and Aiello, L.C. (2014). Evolution of early Homo: an integrated biological perspective. Science 345(6192), 1236828.Google Scholar

Aouadi, N., Dridi, Y. and Dhia, W.B. (2014). Holocene environment and subsistence patterns from Capsian and Neolithic sites in Tunisia. Quaternary International 320, 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aouraghe, H. (2000). Les carnivores fossiles d’El Harhoura 1, Temara, Maroc. L’anthropologie 104, 147–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aouraghe, H. (2004). Les populations de mammifères atériens d’El Harhoura 1 (Témara, Maroc). Bulletin d’Archéologie Marocaine 20, 83–104.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1947). Contribution à l’étude géologique et paléontologique du bassin du lac Rodolphe et de la basse vallée de l’Omo. 2. ptie. Paléontologie. Paris: Éditions du Muséum.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1948). Contribution à l’étude géologique et paléontologique du bassin du lac Rudolphe et de la basse vallée de l’Omo. Paléontologie. Mission scientifique de l’Omo, Fasc. 3 (Géologie). Paris: Éditions du Muséum, pp. 231–562.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1949). Sur la présence, dans le Villafranchien d’Algérie, de vestiges éventuels d’industrie humaine. Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 229, 66–67.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1954). L’Hominien fossile de Ternifine (Algérie). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 239, 893–895.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1959). Vertébrés continentaux du Miocène supérieur de l’Afrique du Nord. Publications du Service Géologique de l’Algérie, NS, Paléontologie 4, 1–159.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1961). Note préliminaire sur quelques Vertébrés nouveaux du Burdigalien de Libye. Comptes rendus sommaires des séances de la Société géologique de France 4, 107–109.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1963a). Le gisement de Ternifine. L’Atlanthropus mauritanicus. Archives de l’Institut de Paléontologie Humaine 32, 37–190.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1963b). Continental vertebrate faunas of the Tertiary of North Africa. African Ecology and Human Evolution 36, 55.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1967). Appendix A. Observations sur la faune des Grottes d’Hercule près de Tanger, Maroc. In: Howe, B. (Ed.), The Palaeolithic of Tangier, Morocco: Excavations at Cape Ashakara, 1939–1947. Cambridge, MA: The Peabody Museum, pp. 181–186.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1970). Les vertébrés du Pléistocène de l’Afrique du Nord. Archives du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, ser. 7, 10, 1–126.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. (1979). Vertébrés villafranchiens d’Afrique du Nord (Artiodactyles, Carnivores, Primates, Reptiles, Oiseaux). Paris: Fondation Singer-Polignac, 141 pp.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. and Biberson, P. (1955). Découverte de vestiges humains acheuléens dans la carrière de Sidi Abderrahman, près Casablanca. Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 240, 1661–1663.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. and Coppens, Y. (1968). Découverte d’un australopithécien nouveau dans les gisements de l’Omo (Éthiopie). South African Journal of Science, 64, 58–59.Google Scholar

Arambourg, C. and Hoffstetter, R. (1963). Le gisement de Ternifine. Historique et géologie. Archives de l’Institut de Paléontogie Humaine, 32, 9–36.Google Scholar

Archer, W., Aldeias, V. and McPherron, S.P. (2020). What is ‘in situ’? A reply to Harmand et al. (2015). Journal of Human Evolution 142, 102740.Google Scholar

Arènes, J. and Depape, G. (1953). Etude paléobotanique. Contribution à l’étude des flores fossiles de l’Afrique du Nord. Archives du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, ser. 7 2, 1–85.Google Scholar

Armour-Chelu, M. and Bernor, R.L. (2011). Equidae. In: Harrison, T. (Ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context. Vol. 2: Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 295–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armour-Chelu, M., Bernor, R.L. and Mittman, H.-W. (2006). Hooijer’s hypodigm for “Hipparion” cf. ethiopicum (Equidae, Hipparioninae) from Olduvai, Tanzania and comparative material from the East African Plio-Pleistocene. Beiträge zur Paläontologie 30, 15–24.Google Scholar

Arnason, U. and Janke, A. (2002). Mitogenomic analyses of eutherian relationships. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 96(1–4), 20–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aronson, J.L. and Hailemichael, M. (2010). Reply to “Is the Pliocene Ethiopian Monsoon extinct? A comment on Aronson et al. (2008)”. Journal of Human Evolution 59, 139–142.Google Scholar

Aronson, J.L. and Taieb, M. (1981). Geology and paleogeography of the Hadar hominid site, Ethiopia. In: Rapp, G. and Vondra, C.F. (Eds.), Hominid Sites: Their Geologic Setting. Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 165–195.Google Scholar

Aronson, J.L., Hailemichael, M. and Savin, S.M. (2008). Hominid environments at Hadar from paleosol studies in a framework of Ethiopian climate change. Journal of Human Evolution 55, 532–550.Google Scholar

Asfaw, B. (1987). The Belohdelie frontal: new evidence of early hominid cranial morphology from the Afar of Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 16(7–8), 611–624.Google Scholar

Asfaw, B., Beyene, Y., Semaw, S., et al. (1991). Fejej: a new paleoanthropological research area in Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 21, 137–143.Google Scholar

Asfaw, B., Beyene, Y., Suwa, G., et al. (1992). The earliest Acheulean from Konso-Gardula. Nature 360, 732–735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Asfaw, B., Beyene, Y., Semaw, S., et al. (1993). Tephra from Fejej, Ethiopia – a reply. Journal of Human Evolution 25, 519–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asfaw, B., White, T., Lovejoy, O., et al. (1999). Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 284(5414), 629–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Asfaw, B., Gilbert, W.H., Beyene, Y., et al. (2002). Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 416(6878), 317–320.Google Scholar

Ashley, G.M. (2020). Paleo-Critical Zones, windows into the changing life and landscapes during the Quaternary Period. Quaternary Research 96, 53–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashley, G. and Hay, R.L. (2002). Sedimentation patterns in a Plio-Pleistocene volcaniclastic rift-platform basin, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. In: Renaut, R.W. and Ashley, G.M. (Eds.), Sedimentation in Continental Rifts. Tulsa: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), pp. 107–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashley, G.M. and Liutkus, C.M. (2002). Tracks, trails and trampling by large vertebrates in a rift valley paleo-wetland, lowermost Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Ichnos 9(1–2), 23–32.Google Scholar

Ashley, G.M., Tactikos, J.C. and Owen, R.B. (2009). Hominin use of springs and wetlands: paleoclimate and archaeological records from Olduvai Gorge (1.79–1.74 Ma). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 272, 1–16.Google Scholar

Ashley, G.M., Barboni, D., Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., et al. (2010). A spring and wooded habitat at FLK Zinj and their relevance to origins of human behavior. Quaternary Research 74, 304–314.Google Scholar

Ashley, G.M., Bunn, H.T., Delaney, J.S., et al. (2014). Paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental framework of FLK North archaeological site, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Quaternary International 322–323, 54–65.Google Scholar

Ashley, G.M., de Wet, C.B., Barboni, D. and Magill, C.R. (2016). Subtle signatures of seeps: record of groundwater in a Dryland, DK, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. The Depositional Record 2, 4–21.Google Scholar

Ashley, G.M., Barboni, D., Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., et al. (2017). Paleoenvironmental and paleoecological reconstruction of a freshwater oasis in savannah grassland at FLK North, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Quaternary Research 74, 333–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Assefa, Z. (2006). Faunal remains from Porc-Epic: paleoecological and zooarchaeological investigations from a Middle Stone Age site in southeastern Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 51, 50–75.Google Scholar

Assefa, Z., Yirga, S. and Reed, K.E. (2008). The large-mammal fauna from the Kibish Formation. Journal of Human Evolution 55, 501–512.Google Scholar

Au ffenberg, W. (1981). The fossil turtles of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Africa. Copeia 1981, 509–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1981). Holocene micromammalian faunas from the Northern Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 77, 265–273.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1982a). Micromammals as palaeoenvironmental indicators and an interpretation of the late quaternary in the Southern Cape Province, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 85, 183–374.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1982b). The micromammalian fauna from Border Cave, Kwazulu, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 9(2), 187–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1987a). Micromammalian evidence for natural vegetation and the introduction of farming during the Holocene in the Magaliesberg, Transvaal. South African Journal of Science 83, 221–225.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1987b). Late Pleistocene coastal environment of the Southern Cape province of South Africa: micromammals from Klasies river mouth. Journal of Archaeological Science 14(4), 405–421.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1990). Holocene climatic change in Southern Africa: the contribution of micromammals to its study. South African Journal of Science 86, 407–412.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1991). Micromammals, owls and vegetation change in the Eastern Cape Midlands, South Africa, during the last millennium. Journal of Arid Environments 20, 357–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1992). The environment of early modern humans at Border Cave, South Africa: micromammalian evidence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 91, 71–87.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1995a). Southern savannahs and Pleistocene hominid adaptations: the micromammalian perspective. In: Vrba, E., Denton, G., Partridge, T. and Burckle, L. (Eds.), Paleoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Human Origins. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 459–478.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1995b). A preliminary assessment of the micromammalian remains from Gladysvale Cave, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 32, 1–10.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1997). Micromammals and the Holocene environment of Rose Cottage Cave. South African Journal of Science 93, 445–448.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (1998). An assessment of the lower Pleistocene micromammalian fauna from Swartkrans Members 1–3, Gauteng, South Africa. Geobios 31, 393–414.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (2001). The Plio-Pleistocene vegetation and climate of Sterkfontein and Swartkrans, South Africa, based on micromammals. Journal of Human Evolution 41, 113–132.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (2007). Pleistocene micromammals from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: practical issues. Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 613–625.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (2019). A Fossil History of Southern African Land Mammals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Avery, D.M. (2022). Rodents and other micromammals from the Pleistocene strata in Excavation 1 at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: a work in progress. Quaternary International 614, 23–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Avery, D.M. and Avery, G. (2011). Micromammals in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, past and present. African Natural History 7, 3–39.Google Scholar

Avery, S.T. and Tebbs, E.J. (2018). Lake Turkana, major Omo River developments, associated hydrological cycle change and consequent lake physical and ecological change. Journal of Great Lakes Research 44, 1164–1182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Avery, D.M., Stratford, D.J. and Sénégas, F. (2010). Micromammals and the formation of the Name Chamber, at Sterkfontein, South Africa. Geobios, 43(4), 379–387.Google Scholar

Avery, G., Kandel, A.W., Klein, R.G., Conard, N.J. and Cruz-Uribe, K. (2004). Tortoises as food and taphonomic elements in palaeo ‘landscapes’. In: Brugal, J.-P. and Desse, J. (Eds.), Petits animaux et sociétés humaines: du complément alimentaire aux ressources utilitaires. Antibes: Editions APDCA, pp. 147–161.Google Scholar

Azaïs, F.B. and Chambard, R. (1931). Cinq années de recherches archéologiques en Ethiopie. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.Google Scholar

Ba, K., Granjon, L., Hutterer, R., and Duplantier, J.-M. (2000). Les micromammifères du Djoudj (Delta du Sénégal) par l’analyse du régime alimentaire de la chouette effraie, Tyto alba. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 49, 31–38.Google Scholar

Bache, F., Popescu, S.M., Rabineau, M., et al. (2012). A two‐step process for the reflooding of the Mediterranean after the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Basin Research 24(2), 125–153.Google Scholar

Bachiri Taoufiq, N., Barhoun, N. and Suc, J.-P. (2008). Les environnements continentaux du corridor rifain (Maroc) au Miocène supérieur d’après la palynologie. Geodiversitas 30, 41–58.Google Scholar

Backwell, L.R. and d’Errico, F. (2001). Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(4), 1358–1363.Google Scholar

Backwell, L.R. and d’Errico, F. (2004). Swartkrans; a cave’s chronicle of early man. Additional evidence of early hominid bone tools from Swartkrans. Transvaal Museum Monographs 8(1).Google Scholar

Backwell, L. and d’Errico, F. (2008). Early hominid bone tools from Drimolen, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(11), 2880–2894.Google Scholar

Backwell, L., Pickering, R., Brothwell, D., et al. (2009). Probable human hair found in a fossil hyaena coprolite from Gladysvale cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(6), 1269–1276.Google Scholar

Backwell, L.R., Parkinson, A.H., Roberts, E.M., d’Errico, F. and Huchet, J.-B. (2012). Criteria for identifying bone modification by termites in the fossil record. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 337–338, 72–87.Google Scholar

Backwell, L., Huchet, J.B., Jashashvili, T., Dirks, P.H. and Berger, L.R. (2020). Termites and necrophagous insects associated with early Pleistocene (Gelasian) Australopithecus sediba at Malapa, South Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 560, 109989.Google Scholar

Badenhorst, S. and Plug, I. (2012). The faunal remains from the Middle Stone Age levels of Bushman Rock Shelter in South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 67, 16–31.Google Scholar

Badenhorst, S. and Steininger, C.M. (2019). The Equidae from Cooper’s D, an early Pleistocene fossil locality in Gauteng, South Africa. PeerJ 7, e6909.Google Scholar

Badenhorst, S., Senegas, F., Gommery, D., et al. (2011). Pleistocene faunal remains from Garage Ravine Cave on Bolt’s Farm in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa. Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History 1(1), 33–40.Google Scholar

Badenhorst, S., van Niekerk, K.L. and Henshilwood, C.S. (2014). Rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) from Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. African Archaeological Review 31(1), 25–43.Google Scholar

Bagley, B. and Nyblade, A.A. (2013). Seismic anisotropy in eastern Africa, mantle flow, and the African superplume. Geophysical Research Letters 40, 1500–1505.Google Scholar

Badgley, C. (1986). Taphonomy of mammalian fossil remains from Siwalik rocks of Pakistan. Paleobiology 12, 119–142.Google Scholar

Bagtache, B., Hadjouis, D. and Eisenmann, V. (1984). Présence d’un Equus caballin (E. algericus n. sp.) et d’une autre espèce nouvelle d’Equus (E. melkiensis n. sp.) dans l’Atérien des Allobroges, Algérie. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 14, 609–612.Google Scholar

Bailey, G.N. and King, G.C.P. (2011). Dynamic landscapes and human dispersal patterns: tectonics, coastlines, and the reconstruction of human habitats. Quaternary Science Review 30, 1533–1553.Google Scholar

Bailey, G.N., Reynolds, S.C. and King, G.C. (2011). Landscapes of human evolon: models and methods of tectonic geomorphology and the reconstruction of hominin landscapes. Journal of Human Evolution 60(3), 257–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bailloud, G. (1965). Les gisements paléolithiques de Melka-Konture. Cahiers de l’Institut éthiopien d’archéologie 1, 1–37.Google Scholar

Bailón, S. (2000). Amphibiens et reptiles du Pliocène terminal d’Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc). Geodiversitas 22(4), 539–558.Google Scholar

Bailón, S. (2016). Les Squamates. In: J.-P. Raynal and A. Mohib (Eds.), Préhistoire de Casablanca. 1 ‒ La Grotte des Rhinocéros (fouilles 1991 et 1996). Villes et Sites Archéologiques du Maroc, volume 6. Rabat: Ministère de la Culture, INSAP, p. 87.Google Scholar

Bajo, P., Drysdale, R.N., Woodhead, J.D., et al. (2020). Persistent influence of obliquity on ice age terminations since the Middle Pleistocene transition. Science 367, 1235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baker, B.H. (1958). Geology of the Magadi area. Report No. 42, Geological Survey of Kenya.Google Scholar

Baker, B.H. (1963). Geology of the area south of Magadi. Degree Sheet 58, N.W. Quarter. Report No. 61, Geological Survey of Kenya.Google Scholar

Bakker, E.M.V.Z. and Mercer, J.H. (1986). Major late Cainozoic climatic events and palaeoenvironmental changes in Africa viewed in a world wide context. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 56(3), 217–235.Google Scholar

Bamford, M. (1999). Pliocene fossil woods from an early hominid cave deposit, Sterkfontein, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 95, 231–237.Google Scholar

Bamford, M.K. (2000). Cenozoic macro-plants. In: Partridge, T.C. and Maud, R.R. (Eds.), The Cenozoic of Southern Africa. Oxford: Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, 40, pp. 351–356.Google Scholar

Bamford, M.K. (2005). Early Pleistocene fossil wood from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Quaternary International 129, 15–22.Google Scholar

Bamford, M. (2011a). Fossil woods. In: Harrison, T. (Ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context. Vol. 1: Geology, Geochronology, Paleoecology, and Paleoenvironment. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 217–233.Google Scholar

Bamford, M. (2011b). Fossil leaves, fruits and seeds. In: Harrison, T. (Ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context. Vol. 1: Geology, Geochronology, Paleoecology, and Paleoenvironment. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 235–252.Google Scholar

Bamford, M.K. (2012). Fossil sedges, macroplants and roots from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 63, 351–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bamford, M.K. (2015a). Macrobotanical remains from Wonderwerk Cave (Excavation 1), Oldowan to Late Pleistocene (2 Ma to 14ka BP), South Africa. African Archaeological Review 32, 813–838.Google Scholar

Bamford, M.K. (2015b). Charcoal from pre-Holocene Stratum 5, Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Palaeoecology of Africa 33, 153–174.Google Scholar

Bamford, M. (2017). Pleistocene fossil woods from the Okote Member, site FwJj 14 in the Ileret region, Koobi Fora Formation, northern Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 112, 134–147.Google Scholar

Bamford, M.K. and Henderson, Z.L. (2003). A reassessment of the wooden fragment from Florisbad, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 30(6), 637–650.Google Scholar

Bamford, M., Albert, R.M. and Cabanes, D. (2006). Plio-Pleistocene macroplant fossil remains and phytoliths from lowermost Bed II in the eastern palaeolake margin of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Quaternary International 148, 95–112.Google Scholar

Bamford, M.K., Stanistreet, I. G., Stollhofen, H. and Albert, R.M. (2008). Late Pliocene grassland from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 257, 280–293.Google Scholar

Bamford, M.K., Neumann, F.H., Pereira, L.M., et al. (2010). Botanical remains from a coprolite from the Pleistocene hominin site of Malapa, Sterkfontein Valley, South Africa. Palaeontologica Africana 45, 23–28.Google Scholar

Bamford, M.K., Senut, B. and Pickford, M. (2013). Fossil leaves from Lukeino, a 6-million-year-old formation in the Baringo Basin, Kenya. Geobios 46(4), 253–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barboni, D. (2014). Vegetation of northern Tanzania during the Plio-Pleistocene: a synthesis of the paleobotanical evidences from Laetoli, Olduvai, and Peninj hominin sites. Quaternary International 322–323, 264–276.Google Scholar

Barboni, D., Ashley, G.M., Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., et al. (2010). Phytoliths infer locally dense and heterogeneous paleovegetation at FLK North and surrounding localities during upper Bed I time, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Quaternary Research 74, 344–354.Google Scholar

Barbour, G.B. (1949a). Makapansgat. Science Monthly 69, 141–147.Google Scholar

Barbour, G.B. (1949b). Ape or man? An incomplete chapter of human ancestry from South Africa. Ohio Journal of Science 49, 129–145.Google Scholar

Bardin, G., Raynal, J.-P. and Kieffer, G. (2004). Drainage patterns and regional morphostructure at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia). In: Chavaillon, J. and Piperno, M. (Eds.), Studies on the Early Paleolithic site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia – 2004. Florence: Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, pp. 83–92.Google Scholar

Barker, D.S. and Milliken, K.L. (2008). Cementation of the Footprint Tuff, Laetoli, Tanzania. The Canadian Mineralogist 46, 831–841.Google Scholar

Bar-Matthews, M., Marean, C.W., Jacobs, Z., et al. (2010). A high resolution and continuous isotopic speleothem record of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment from 90 to 53 ka from Pinnacle Point on the south coast of South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 29(17–18), 2131–2145.Google Scholar

Barnosky, A.D. (2001). Distinguishing the effects of the red queen and court jester on Miocene mammal evolution in the northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21, 172–185.Google Scholar

Barnosky, A. (2005). Effects of Quaternary climatic change on speciation in mammals. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 12(1), 247–264. doi: 10.1007/s10914-005-4858-8Google Scholar

Barnosky, A.D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., et al. (2011). Has the earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived? Nature 471, 51–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barr, W.A. (2015). Paleoenvironments of the Shungura Formation (Plio-Pleistocene: Ethiopia) based on ecomorphology of the bovid Astragalus. Journal of Human Evolution 88, 97–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barr, W.A. (2017). Bovid locomotor functional trait distributions reflect land cover and annual precipitation in sub-Saharan Africa. Evolutionary Ecology Research 18(3), 253–269.Google Scholar

Barrett, L., Gaynor, D., Rendall, D., Mitchell, D. and Henzi, S.P. (2004). Habitual cave use and thermoregulation in chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus). Journal of Human Evolution 46(2), 215–222.Google Scholar

Barsky, D., Chapon-Sao, C., Bahain, J.-J., et al. (2011). The early Oldowan stone-tool assemblage from Fejej FJ-1A, Ethiopia. Journal of African Archaeology 9, 207–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barthelme, J. (1991). Lenderut: a new Acheulian site in the southern Kenya rift. Nyame Akuma 35, 21–24.Google Scholar

Basu, C., Falkingham, P.L. and Hutchinson, J.R. (2016). The extinct, giant giraffid Sivatherium giganteum: skeletal reconstruction and body mass estimation. Biology Letters 12.Google Scholar

Beadle, L.C. (1974). The Inland Waters of Tropical Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Beaumont, P.B. (1982). Aspects of the Northern Cape Pleistocene project. In: Coetzee, J.A. and van Zinderen Bakker, E.M. (Eds.), Palaeoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands vol. 15. Cape Town: A.A. Balkema, pp. 41–44.Google Scholar

Beaumont, P.B. (1990). Wonderwerk Cave. In: Beaumont, P. and Morris, D. (Eds.), Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape. Kimberly: McGregor Museum, pp. 101–134.Google Scholar

Beaumont, P.B. (2004). Wonderwerk Cave. In: Beaumont, P. and Morris, D. (Eds.), Archaeology in the Northern Cape: Some Key Sites. Kimberly: McGregor Museum, pp. 31–36.Google Scholar

Beaumont, P.B. (2011). The edge: more on fire-making by about 1.7 million years ago at Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa. Current Anthropology 52(4), 585–595.Google Scholar

Beaumont, P.B. and Vogel, J.C. (2006). On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa. South African Journal of Science 102, 217–228.Google Scholar

Beauvilain, A. (2008). The contexts of discovery of Australopithecus bahrelghazali (Abel) and of Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Tounami): unearthed, embedded in sandstone, or surface collected? South African Journal of Science 104, 165–168.Google Scholar

Beauvilain, A. and Le Guellec, Y. (2004). Further details concerning fossils attributed to Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Toumaï). South African Journal of Science 100, 142–144.Google Scholar

Beck, C.C., Feibel, C.S., Wright, J.D. and Mortlock, R.A. (2019). Onset of the African Humid Period by 13.9 kyr BP at Kabua Gorge, Turkana Basin, Kenya. The Holocene 29, 1011–1019.Google Scholar

Bedaso, Z.K. (2011). Stable isotope studies of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate from Afar, Ethiopia. PhD dissertation, University of South Florida.Google Scholar

Bedaso, Z.K., Wynn, J.G., Alemseged, Z. and Geraads, D. (2010). Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Asbole fauna (Busidima Formation, Afar, Ethiopia) using stable isotopes. Geobios 43, 165–177.Google Scholar

Bedaso, Z.K., Wynn, J.G., Alemseged, Z. and Geraads, D. (2013). Dietary and paleoenvironmental reconstruction using stable isotopes of herbivore tooth enamel from middle Pliocene Dikika, Ethiopia: implication for Australopithecus afarensis habitat and food resources. Journal of Human Evolution 64, 21–38.Google Scholar

Beden, M. (1976). Proboscideans from Omo group deposits. In: Coppens, Y., Howell, F.C., Isaac, G.L.I. and Leakey, R.E.F. (Eds.), Earliest Man and Environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 193–208.Google Scholar

Beden, M. (1979). Les éléphants (Loxodonta et Elephas) d’Afrique Orientale: systématique, phylogénie, intérêt biochronologique. Thèse, Université de Poitiers, France.Google Scholar

Beden, M. (1987). Les faunes Plio-Pléistocène de la basse vallée de ‘omo (Éthiopie) Tome 2, Les éléphantidés (Mammalia: Proboscidea). Cahiers de paléontologie. Paris: Editions du CNRS.Google Scholar

Begon, M., Townsend, C.R. and Harper, J.L. (2006). Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Begun, D.R. (2015). The Real Planet of the Apes: A New Story of Human Origins. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. (1975). The taphonomy and paleoecology of Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages East of Lake Rudolf, Kenya. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 146, 473–578.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. (1976). Lothagam Hill, Kanapoi, and Ekora: A general summary of stratigraphy and faunas. In: Coppens, Y., Howell, F.C., Isaac, G.L. and Leakey, R.E. (Eds.), Earliest Man and Environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 163–170.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. (1978a). The habitat of Plio-Pleistocene hominids in East Africa: taphonomic and microstratigraphic evidence. In:Jolly, C.J. (Ed.), Early Hominids of Africa. London: Duckworth, pp. 165–189.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. (1978b). Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering. Paleobiology 4, 150–162.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. (1982). Time resolution in fluvial vertebrate assemblages. Paleobiology 8(3), 211–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. (1985). Taphonomy and the paleoecologic reconstruction of hominid habitats in the Koobi Fora Formation. In: Coppens, Y. (Ed.), L’Environnement des Hominidés au Plio-Pléistocène. Paris: Masson, pp. 309–324.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. (1988). Vertebrate preservation in fluvial channels. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatolology, Palaeoecology 63(1–3), 183–199.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. (1991). Terrestrial vertebrate accumulations. In: Allison, P. and Briggs, D.E.G. (Eds.), Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record. New York: Plenum, pp. 291–335.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. (2006). Climate change and human evolution. Science 311, 476–478.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Barry, J.C. (2005). Biostratigraphic surveys in the Siwaliks of Pakistan: a method for standardized surface sampling of the vertebrate fossil record. Palaeontologia Electronica 8, 1–24.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Boaz, D.E.D. (1980). The recent bones of Amboseli Park, Kenya in relation to East African paleoecology. In: Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Hill, A. (Eds.), Fossils in the Making: Vertebrate Taphonomy and Paleoecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 72–93.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Boaz, D.E.D. (1981). Late Pleistocene geology and paleontology of Amboseli National Park, Kenya. In: Coetzee, J.A. (Ed.), Palaeoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands Vol. 13. Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 175–188.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Cooke, H.B.S. (1985). Paleoenvironments, stratigraphy, and taphonomy in the African Pliocene and early Pleistocene. In: Delson, E. (Ed.), Ancestors: The Hard Evidence. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 60–62.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Isaac, G.L. (1997). Geological context and paleoenvironments. In: Isaac, G.L. (Ed.), Koobi Fora Research Project Volume 5: Plio-Pleistocene Archaeology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 12–70.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Kidwell, S.M. (1985). Taphonomy’s contributions to paleobiology. Paleobiology, 11(1), 105–119.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Laporte, L.F. (1981). Footprints of a Pleistocene hominid in northern Kenya. Nature 289(5794), 167–169.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Reed, K.E. (2013). Reconstructing the habitats of Australopithecus: Paleoenvironments, site taphonomy, and faunas. In: Reed, K., Fleagle, J. and Leakey, R. (Eds.), The Paleobiology of Australopithecus. New York: Springer, pp. 41–60.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Western, D. (2009). Bone burial in land surface assemblages and its impact on the vertebrate fossil record. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29(Supplement to #3), 61.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K., Western, D. and Boaz, D.E.D. (1979). New perspectives in vertebrate paleoecology from a recent bone assemblage. Paleobiology 5, 12–21.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K., Damuth, J.D., DiMichele, W.A., et al. (1992). Terrestrial Ecosystems through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K., Potts, R., Plummer, T., et al. (1995). The Pleistocene locality of Kanjera, Western Kenya: stratigraphy, chronology and paleoenvironments. Journal of Human Evolution, 29, 247–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K., Todd, N.E., Potts, R. and McBrinn, G.E. (1997). Late Pliocene faunal turnover in the Turkana Basin, Kenya. Science 278: 1589–1594.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K., Kidwell, S.M. and Gastaldo, R.A. (2000). Taphonomy and paleobiology. Paleobiology 26(S4), 103–147.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K., Potts, R., Deino, A. and Ditchfield, P. (2002). Olorgesailie, Kenya: a million years in the life of a rift basin. In: Renaut, R.W. and Ashley, G.M. (Eds.), Sedimentation in Continental Rifts, SEPM Special Publication 73. Broken Arrow, OK: Society for Sedimentary Geology, pp. 97–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K., Harmon, E.H. and Kimbel, W.H. (2003). Environmental context and taphonomy of the A.L. 333 Locality, Hadar, Ethiopia. PaleoAnthropology PAS 2003 abstracts, A2.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K., Bobe, R. and Alemseged, Z. (2007a). Approaches to the analysis of faunal change during the East African Pliocene. In: Bobe, R., Alemseged, Z. and Behrensmeyer, A.K. (Eds.), Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Berlin: Springer, 1–24.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K., Alemseged, Z., Bobe, R. (2007b). Finale and future. Investigating faunal evidence for hominin paleoecology in East Africa. In: Bobe, R., Alemseged, Z. and Behrensmeyer, A.K. (Eds.), Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp. 333–345.Google Scholar

Behrensmeyer, A.K., Potts, R. and Deino, A. (2018). The Oltulelei Formation of the southern Kenyan Rift Valley: a chronicle of rapid landscape transformation over the last 500 ky. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 130(9–10), 1474–1492.Google Scholar

Belmaker, M. (2006). Large mammalian community structure through time: ‘Ubeidiya’ as a case study. PhD dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.Google Scholar

Belmaker, M. (2010). Early Pleistocene faunal connections between Africa and Eurasia: an ecological perspective. In: Fleagle, J.G., Shea, J.J., Grine, F.E., Baden, A.L. and Leakey, R.E. (Eds.), Out of Africa I. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 183–205.Google Scholar

Belmaker, M. (2018). Insight from carnivore community composition on the paleoecology of early Pleistocene Eurasian sites: implications for the dispersal of hominins out of Africa. Quaternary International 464(A), 3–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.02.017Google Scholar

Belyea, L.R. and Lancaster, J. (1999). Assembly rules within a contingent ecology. Oikos 86, 402–416.Google Scholar

Ben Moktar, N. and Mannaï-Tayech, B. (2015). Palynological reconstruction of climate and paleoenvironment during the lower to middle Miocene in northeast Tunisia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8, 11149–11159.Google Scholar

Benammi, M., Calvo, M., Prévot, M. and Jaeger, J.-J. (1996). Magnetostratigraphy and paleontology of Aït Kandoula basin (High Atlas, Morocco) and the African-European late Miocene terrestrial fauna exchanges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 145(1), 15–29.Google Scholar

Bender, P.A. (1990). A reconsideration of the fossil Suidae of the Makapansgat Limeworks, Potgietersrus, Northern Transvaal. Unpublished MSc dissertation. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.Google Scholar

Bender, P.A. (1992). A reconsideration of the fossil Suid, Potamochoeroides shawi, from the Makapansgat Limeworks, Potgietersrus, Northern Transvaal. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein 8, 1–67.Google Scholar

Bender, P.A. and Brink, J.S. (1992). A preliminary report on new large mammal fossil finds from the Cornelia-Uitzoek site. South African Journal of Science 88, 512–515.Google Scholar

Benefit, B.R. and McCrossin, M.L. (1990). Diet, species diversity, and distribution of African fossil baboons. Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 71–72, 79–93.Google Scholar

Benefit, B.R. and Pickford, M. (1986). Miocene fossil cercopithecoids from Kenya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 69, 441–464.Google Scholar

Benito-Calvo, A. and de la Torre, I. (2011). Analysis of orientation patterns in Olduvai Bed I assemblages using GIS techniques: Implications for site formation processes. Journal of Human Evolution 61, 50–60.Google Scholar

Bennett, K.D. (1997). Evolution and Ecology: The Pace of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bennett, M.R. and Reynolds, S.C. (2021). Inferences from footprints: archaeological best practice. In: Pastoors, A. and Lenssen-Erz, T. (Eds.), Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks. Cham: Springer, pp. 15–39.Google Scholar

Bennett, M.R., Harris, J.W.K., Richmond, B.G., et al. (2009). Early hominin foot morphology based on 1.5-million-year-old footprints from Ileret, Kenya. Science 323, 1197–1201.Google Scholar

Bennington, J.B., Dimichele, W.A., Badgley, C., et al. (2009). Critical Issues of scale in paleoecology. Palaios 24(1), 1–4.Google Scholar

Benton, M.J. and Storrs, G.W. (1994). Testing the quality of the fossil record: paleontological knowledge is improving. Geology 22(2), 111–114.Google Scholar

Berge, C., Penin, X. and Pellé, É. (2006). New interpretation of Laetoli footprints using an experimental approach and Procrustes analysis: preliminary results. Comptes Rendus Palevol 5, 561–569.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R. (2006). Brief communication: Predatory bird damage to the Taung type-skull of Australopithecus africanus Dart 1925. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131, 166–168.Google Scholar

Berger, L. and Brink, J. (2007). An atlas of Southern African mammalian fossil bearing sites – Late Miocene to Late Pleistocene. Online at: www.profleeberger.com/files/An_Atlas_of_southern_African_Fossil_Bearing_Sites.pdf.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R. and Clarke, R.J. (1995). Eagle involvement in accumulation of the Taung child fauna. Journal of Human Evolution 29, 275–299.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R. and Lacruz, R. (2003). Preliminary report on the first excavations at the new fossil site of Motsetse, Gauteng, South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 99, 279–282.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R. and McGraw, W.S. (2007). Further evidence for eagle predation of, and feeding damage on, the Taung child. South African Journal of Science 103, 496–498.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R. and Parkington, J.E. (1995). A new Pleistocene hominid‐bearing locality at Hoedjiespunt, South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 98(4), 601–609.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R. and Tobias, P.V. (1994). New discoveries at the early hominid site of Gladysvale, South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 90(4), 223–226.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R., Keyser, A.W. and Tobias, P.V. (1993). Gladysvale: first early hominid site discovered in South Africa since 1948. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92(1), 107–111.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R., Pickford, M. and Thackeray, J.F. (1995). A Plio-Pleistocene hominin upper central incisor from the Cooper’s site, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 91, 341–342.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R., Lacruz, R. and de Ruiter, D.J. (2002). Brief communication: Revised age estimates of Australopithecus-bearing deposits at Sterkfontein, South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119, 192–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, L.R., de Ruiter, D.J., Steininger, C.M. and Hancox, P.J. (2003). Preliminary results of excavations at the newly investigated Coopers D deposit, Gauteng, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 99, 276–278.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R., Lacruz, R., Hall, G., et al. (2006). An Acheulean handaxe from Gladysvale Cave Site, Gauteng, South Africa: research in action. South African Journal of Science 102(3), 103–105.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R., Pickering, R., Kuhn, B., et al. (2009). A Mid-Pleistocene in situ fossil brown hyaena (Parahyaena brunnea) latrine from Gladysvale Cave, South Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 279(3–4), 131–136.Google Scholar

Berger, L.R., de Ruiter, D.J., Churchill, S.E., et al. (2010). Australopithecus sediba: a new species of Homo-like australopith from South Africa. Science 328, 195–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berger, L.R., Hawks, J., de Ruiter, D.J., et al. (2015). Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. elife 4, e09560.Google Scholar

Berna, F., Goldberg, P., Horwitz, L.K., et al. (2012). Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(20), E1215–E1220.Google Scholar

Bernor, R.L. (2007). The latest Miocene hipparionine (Equidae) from Lemudong’o, Kenya. Kirtlandia 56, 148–151.Google Scholar

Bernor, R.L. and Harris, J.M. (2003). Systematics and evolutionary biology of the late Miocene and early Pliocene hipparionine equids from Lothagam, Kenya. In: Leakey, M.G. and Harris, J.M. (Eds.), Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 387–438.Google Scholar

Bernor, R.L. and Kaiser, T.M. (2006). Systematics and paleoecology of the earliest Pliocene equid, Eurygnathohippus hooijeri n. sp. from Langebaanweg, South Africa. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut 103, 149–186.Google Scholar

Bernor, R.L. and Sanders, W.J. (1990). Fossil Equidae from Plio-Pleistocene strata of the upper Semliki, Zaire. In:Boaz, N.T. (Ed.), Evolution of Environments and Hominidae in the African Western Rift Valley. Martinsville: Virginia Museum of Natural History, pp. 189–196.Google Scholar

Bernor, R.L., Kaiser, T.M. and Nelson, S.V. (2004). The Oldest Ethiopian Hipparion (Equinae, Perissodactyl from Chorora: Systematics, Paleodiet and Paleoclimate. Courier-Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 246, 213–226.Google Scholar

Bernor, R.L., Scott, R.S. and Haile-Selassie, Y. (2005). A contribution to the evolutionary history of Ethiopian hipparionine horses (Mammalia, Equidae): morphometric evidence from the postcranial skeleton. Geodiversitas 27, 133–158.Google Scholar

Bernor, R., Rook, L. and Haile-Selassie, Y. (2009). Paleobiogeography. Ardipithecus kadabba: Late Miocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 549–563.Google Scholar

Bernor, R.L., Armour-Chelu, M., Gilbert, W.H., Kaiser, T.M. and Schulz, E. (2010). Equidae. In: Werdelin, L. and Sanders, W.J. (Eds.), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 685–721.Google Scholar

Bernor, R.L., Gilbert, H., Semprebon, G.M., Simpson, S. and Semaw, S. (2013). Eurygnathohippus woldegabrieli, sp. nov. (Perissodactyla, Mammalia), from the Middle Pliocene of Aramis, Ethiopia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33, 1472–1485.Google Scholar

Bernoussi, R. (1997). Contribution à l’étude paléontologique et observations archéozoologiques pour deux sites du Pléistocène moyen du Maroc atlantique, la grotte à Hominidés de la carrière Thomas I et la Grotte des Rhinocéros de la carrière Oulad Hamida 1 (Casablanca, Maroc). Thèse Univ. Bordeaux I, no. 1711, 265 pp.Google Scholar

Besse, J. and Courtillot, V. (2002). Apparent and true polar wander and the geometry of the geomagnetic field over the last 200 Myr. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 107(B11), EPM-6.Google Scholar

Betzler, C. and Ring, U. (1995). Sedimentology of the Malawi Rift: facies and stratigraphy of the Chiwondo Beds, northern Malawi. Journal of Human Evolution 28(1), 23–35.Google Scholar

Betzler, C., Eberli, G. P., Kroon, D., et al. (2016). The abrupt onset of the modern South Asian Monsoon winds. Scientific Reports 6, 29838.Google Scholar

Beyene, Y., Katoh, S., WoldeGabriel, G., et al. (2013). The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 110, 1584–1591.Google Scholar

Beyene, Y., Asfaw, B., Sano, K. and Suwa, G. (2015). The Konso-Gardula Research Project, Volume 2. Archaeological Collections: Background and the Early Acheulean Assemblages. Bulletin 48. Tokyo: The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, pp. 1–103.Google Scholar

Biberson, P. (1961a). Le cadre paléogéographique de la préhistoire du Maroc atlantique. Publications du Service des Antiquités du Maroc 16, 1–235.Google Scholar

Biberson, P. (1961b). Le paléolithique inférieur du Maroc atlantique. Publications du Service des Antiquités du Maroc 17, 1–544.Google Scholar

Bibi, F. (2011a). Tragelaphus nakuae: evolutionary change, biochronology, and turnover in the African Plio‐Pleistocene. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society London, 162, 699–711.Google Scholar

Bibi, F. (2011b). Mio-Pliocene faunal exchanges and african biogeography: the record of fossil bovids. PLoS ONE, 6(2), e16688.Google Scholar

Bibi, F. and Kiessling, W. (2015). Continuous evolutionary change in Plio-Pleistocene mammals of eastern Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112, 10623–10628.Google Scholar

Bibi, F., Hill, A., Beech, M. and Yasin, W. (2008). A river fauna from the Arabian desert: late Miocene fossils from the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(3), 53A–53A.Google Scholar

Bibi, F., Souron, A., Bocherens, H., Uno, K. and Boisserie, J.-R.. (2013). Ecological change in the lower Omo Valley around 2.8 Ma. Biology Letters 9: 20120890.Google Scholar

Bibi, F., Rowan, J. and Reed, K. (2017). Late Pliocene Bovidae from Ledi-Geraru (Lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia) and their implications for Afar paleoecology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37, e1337639.Google Scholar

Bibi, F., Pante, M., Souron, A., et al. (2018). Paleoecology of the Serengeti during the Oldowan–Acheulean transition at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania: the mammal and fish evidence. Journal of Human Evolution 120, 48–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bigazzi, G., Balestrieri, M.L., Norelli, P. and Oddone, M. (2004). Fission-track dating of a tephra layer in the Alat Formation of the Dandero Group (Danakil Depression, Eritrea). Rivista Italiana di Stratigrafia e Paleontologia 110(Supplement), 45–49.Google Scholar

Binford, L.R. (1981). Bones, Ancient Men and Modern Myths. New York: New York Academic Press.Google Scholar

Binford, L.R. (1983). In Pursuit of the Past. New York: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar

Binford, L.R. (1986). Comment on “Systematic butchery by Plio-Pleistocene hominids at Olduvai Gorge.” Current Anthropology 27, 444–446.Google Scholar

Binford, L.R., Bunn, H.T. and Kroll, E.M. (1988a). Fact and fiction about the Zinjanthropus floor: data, arguments, and interpretations. Current Anthropology 29, 123–135.Google Scholar

Binford, L.R., Mills, M. and Stone, N.M. (1988b). Hyena scavenging behavior and its implications for the interpretation of faunal assemblages from FLK 22 (the Zinj floor) at Olduvai Gorge. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 7, 99–135.Google Scholar

Binetti, K.M. (2011). Early Pliocene hominid paleoenvironments in the Tugen Hills, Kenya. PhD dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar

Birchette, M. (1981). Postcranial remains of Cercopithecoides. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 54, 201.Google Scholar

Birkenfeld, M., Avery, D.M. and Horwitz, L.K. (2015). GIS virtual reconstructions of the temporal and spatial relations of fossil deposits at Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa). African Archaeological Review 32, 857–876.Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C. (1994). Pigs and the ancestors: hominids, suids and environments during the Plio-Pleistocene of East Africa. PhD dissertation, Yale University. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microforms International. ProQuest publication number 9430258.Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C. (1997). Fossil suids from the Manonga Valley, Tanzania. In: Harrison, T. (Ed.), Neogene Paleontology of the Manonga Valley, Tanzania: A Window into the Evolutionary History of East Africa. New York: Springer, pp. 191–217.Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C. (1999). Suid paleoecology and habitat preferences at African Pliocene and Pleistocene hominid localities. In: Bromage, T.G. and Schrenk, F. (Eds.), African Biogeography, Climate Change, and Human Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 216–225.Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C. (2010). Suoidea. In: Werdelin, L. and Sanders, W.J. (Eds.), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 821–842.Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C. (2011). Suidae. In: Harrison, T. (Ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context. Vol. 2: Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 327–337.Google Scholar

Bishop, L. and Hill, A. (1999). Fossil Suidae from the Baynunah Formation, Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. In: Whybrow, P.J. and Hill, A.P. (Eds.), Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia, with Emphasis on the Late Miocene Faunas, Geology, and Palaeoenvironments of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 254–270Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C. and Reynolds, S.C. (2000). Fauna from Twin Rivers. In: Barham, L. (Ed.), The Middle Stone Age of Zambia, South Central Africa. Bristol: Western Academic & Specialist Press, pp. 217–222.Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C., Hill, A. and Kingston, J.D. (1999a). Palaeoecology of Suidae from the Tugen Hills, Baringo, Kenya. In: Andrews, P. and Banham, P. (Eds.), Late Cenozoic Environments and Hominid Evolution: A tribute to Bill Bishop. London: Geological Society of London, pp. 99–111.Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C., Pickering, T.R., Plummer, T. and Thackeray, J.F. (1999b). Paleoenvironment setting for the Oldowan Industry at Sterkfontein (abstract). Paper for presentation at the XV International Union for Quaternary Research, 3–11 August 1999, Durban, South Africa.Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C., King, T., Hill, A. and Wood, B. (2006a). Palaeoecology of Kolpochoerus heseloni (= K. limnetes): a multiproxy approach. Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Africa 61, 81–88.Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C., Plummer, T.W., Ferraro, J.V., et al. (2006b). Recent research into oldowan hominin activities at Kanjera South, Western Kenya. African Archaeological Review 23, 31.Google Scholar

Bishop, L.C., Plummer, T.W., Hertel, F. and Kovarovic, K. (2011). Paleoenvironments of Laetoli, Tanzania as determined by antelope habitat preferences. In: Harrison, T. (Ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context. Vol. 1: Geology, Geochronology, Paleoecology, and Paleoenvironment. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 355–366.Google Scholar

Bishop, W.W. (1968). The evolution of fossil environments in East Africa. Transactions of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society 62, 22–44.Google Scholar

Bishop, W.W. (1971). The late Cenozoic history of East Afrca in relation to hominoid evolution. In: Turekian, K.K. (Ed.), The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 493–527.Google Scholar

Bishop, W.W. and Chapman, G.R. (1970). Early Pliocene sediments and fossils from the northern Kenya Rift Valley. Nature 226, 914–918.Google Scholar

Bishop, W.W. and Pickford, M.H.L. (1975). Geology, fauna and palaeoenvironments of the Ngorora Formation, Kenya Rift Valley. Nature 254, 185–192.Google Scholar

Bishop, W.W. and Whyte, F. (1962). Tertiary mammalian faunas and sediments in Karamoja and Kavirondo, East Africa. Nature 4861, 1283–1287.Google Scholar

Bishop, W.W., Chapman, G.R., Hill, A. and Miller, J.A. (1971). Succession of Cainozoic vertebrate assemblages from Northern Kenya Rift Valley. Nature 233(5319), 389–394.Google Scholar

Bishop, W., Hill, A. and Pickford, M. (1978). Chesowanja: a revised geological interpretation. In: Bishop, W.W. (Ed.), Geological Background to Fossil Man. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, pp. 309–327.Google Scholar

Black, C.C. and Krishtalka, L. (1986). Rodents, bats, and insectivores from the Plio-Pleistocene sediments to the east of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Contributions in Science 372, 1–15.Google Scholar

Blois, J.L. and Hadly, E.A. (2009). Mammalian responses to Cenozoic climatic change. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37, 181–208.Google Scholar

Blondel, C., Merceron, G., Andossa, L., et al. (2010). Dental mesowear analysis of the late Miocene Bovidae from Toros-Menalla (Chad) and early hominid habitats in Central Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 292, 184–191.Google Scholar

Blondel, C., Rowan, J., Merceron, G., et al. (2018). Feeding ecology of Tragelaphini (Bovidae) from the Shungura Formation, Omo Valley, Ethiopia: contribution of dental wear analyses. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 496, 103–120.Google Scholar

Blome, M.W., Cohen, A.S., Tryon, C.A., Brooks, A.S. and Russell, J. (2012). The environmental context for the origins of modern human diversity: a synthesis of regional variability in African climate 150,000–30,000 years ago. Journal of Human Evolution 62, 563–592.Google Scholar

Blum, M.G.B. and Jakobsson, M. (2010). Deep divergences of human gene trees and models of human origins. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28, 889–898.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J. (1986). Early Hominid Scavenging Opportunities: Implications of Carcass Availability in the Serengeti and Ngorongoro Ecosystems. British Archaeological Reports International Series 283.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J. (1987). Characteristics of an early hominid scavenging niche. Current Anthropology 29, 382–407.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J. (1988). An experimental model of the timing of hominid and carnivore influence on archaeological bone assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 15, 483–502.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J. (1995). Percussion marks, tooth marks, and experimental determinations of the timing of hominid and carnivore access to long bones at FLK Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 29, 21–51.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J. and Masao, F.T. (1991). Living sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania? Preliminary landscape archaeology results in the basal Bed II lake margin zone. Journal of Human Evolution 21, 451–462.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J. and Peters, C.R. (1998). Archaeological predictions for hominid land use in the paleo-Olduvai Basin, Tanzania, during lowermost Bed II times. Journal of Human Evolution 34, 565–607.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J. and Pobiner, B.L. (2007). Zooarchaeology and the ecology of Oldowan hominin carnivory. In: Ungar, P.S. (Ed.), Evolution of the Human Diet. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 167–190.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J., Marean, C.W. and Capaldo, S.D. (1996). Blind tests of inter-analyst correspondence and accuracy in the identification of cut marks, percussion marks, and carnivore tooth marks on bone surfaces. Journal of Archaeological Science 23, 493–507.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J., Peters, C.R., Masao, F.T., et al. (2003). Late Pliocene Homo and hominid land use from Western Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Science 299(5610), 1217–1221.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J., Stanistreet, I.G. and Masao, F.T. (2012a). Olduvai Gorge and the Olduvai Landscape Paleoanthropology Project. Journal of Human Evolution 63, 247–250.Google Scholar

Blumenschine, R.J., Stanistreet, I.G., Njau, J.K., et al. (2012b). Environments and hominin activities across the FLK Peninsula during Zinjanthropus times (1.84 Ma), Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 63, 364–383.Google Scholar

Blumenthal, S.A., Levin, N.E., Brown, F.H., et al. (2017). Aridity and hominin environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, 7331–7336.Google Scholar

Boaz, N.T. (1990). Evolution of Environments and Hominidae in the African Western Rift Valley. Memoir Number 1. Martinsville: Virginia Museum of Natural History, p. 356.Google Scholar

Boaz, N.T., El-Arnauti, A., Gaziry, A.W., de Heinzelin, J. and Boaz, D.D. (Eds.) (1987). Neogene Paleontology and Geology of As Sahabi. New York: Alan R. Liss.Google Scholar

Boaz, N.T., El-Arnauti, A., Pavlakis, P., Salem, M.J. (Eds.) (2008a). Circum-Mediterranean Geology and Biotic Evolution During the Neogene Period: The Perspective from Libya. Garyounis Scientific Bulletin, Special Issue 5. Benghazi: University of Garyounis. 308 pp.Google Scholar

Boaz, N., El-Arnauti, A., Agustí, J., et al. (2008b). Temporal, lithostratigraphic, and biochronologic setting of the Sahabi Formation, North-Central Libya. Geology of East Libya 3, 959–972.Google Scholar

Bobe, R. (1997). Hominid environments in the Pliocene: an analysis of fossil mammals from the lower Omo valley, Ethiopia. PhD dissertation, Anthropology, University of Washington.Google Scholar

Bobe, R. (2006). The evolution of arid ecosystems in eastern Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 66(3), 564–584.Google Scholar

Bobe, R. (2011). Fossil mammals and paleoenvironments in the Omo-Turkana Basin. Evolutionary Anthropology 20, 254–263.Google Scholar

Bobe, R. and Behrensmeyer, A.K. (2004). The expansion of grassland ecosystems in Africa in relation to mammalian evolution and the origin of the genus Homo. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 207, 399–420.Google Scholar

Bobe, R. and Carvalho, S. (2019). Hominin diversity and high environmental variability in the Okote Member, Koobi Fora Formation, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 126, 91–105.Google Scholar

Bobe, R. and Eck, G.G. (2001). Responses of African bovids to Pliocene climatic change. Paleobiology 27, 1–47.Google Scholar

Bobe, R. and Leakey, M.G. (2009). Ecology of Plio-Pleistocene mammals in the Omo – Turkana Basin and the emergence of Homo. In: Grine, F.E., Fleagle, J.G. and Leakey, R.E. (Eds.), The First Humans – Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo. Dordrecht, Springer, pp. 173–184.Google Scholar

Bobe, R., Behrensmeyer, A.K. and Chapman, R.E. (2002). Faunal change, environmental variability, and late Pliocene hominin evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 42, 475–497.Google Scholar

Bobe, R., Alemseged, Z. and Behrensmeyer, A.K. (Eds.) (2007a). Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidences. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar

Bobe, R., Behrensmeyer, A.K., Eck, G. and Harris, J.M. (2007b). Patterns of abundance and diversity in late Cenozoic bovids from the Turkana and Hadar Basins, Kenya and Ethiopia. In: Bobe, R., Alemseged, Z. and Behrensmeyer, A.K. (Eds.), Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 129–157.Google Scholar

Bobe, R., Assefa, Z., and Lepre, C.J. (2009). The Akaki-Fanta prehistoric site, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Report to the National Geographic Society. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, p. 12.Google Scholar

Bobe, R., Manthi, F.K., Ward, C.V., Plavcan, J.M., and Carvalho, S. (2020a). The ecology of Australopithecus anamensis in the early Pliocene of Kanapoi, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 140, 102717.Google Scholar

Bobe, R., Martínez, F.I. and Carvalho, S. (2020b). Primate adaptations and evolution in the southern African Rift Valley. Evolutionary Anthropology 29, 94–101.Google Scholar

Bocherens, H., Koch, P., Mariotti, A., Geraads, D. and Jaeger, J.-J. (1996). Isotopic biogeochemistry (13C, 18O) of mammalian enamel from African Pleistocene Hominid sites. Palaios 11, 306–318.Google Scholar

Boisserie, J.R. (2005). The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143(1), 1–26.Google Scholar

Boisserie, J.-R. (2020). Hippopotamidae (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamoidea) from Kanapoi, Kenya, and the taxonomic status of the late early Pliocene hippopotamids from the Turkana Basin. Journal of Human Evolution 140, 102377.Google Scholar

Boisserie, J.R. and Merceron, G. (2011). Correlating the success of Hippopotaminae with the C₄ grass expansion in Africa: relationship and diet of early Pliocene hippopotamids from Langebaanweg, South Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 308(3–4), 350–361.Google Scholar

Boisserie, J.-R. and White, T.D. (2004). A new species of Pliocene Hippopotamidae from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24, 464–473.Google Scholar

Boisserie, J.-R., Brunet, M., Andossa, L. and Vignaud, P. (2003). Hippopotamids from the Djurab Pliocene faunas, Chad, Central Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 36, 15–27.Google Scholar

Boisserie, J.R., Zazzo, A., Merceron, G., et al. (2005a). Diets of modern and late Miocene hippopotamids: evidence from carbon isotope composition and micro-wear of tooth enamel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 221(1–2), 153–174. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.02.010Google Scholar

Boisserie, J.-R., Likius, A., Vignaud, P. and Brunet, M. (2005b) A new late Miocene hippopotamid from Toros-Menalla, Chad. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(3), 665–673.Google Scholar

Boisserie, J.R., Guy, F., Delagnes, A., et al. (2008). New palaeoanthropological research in the Plio-Pleistocene Omo Group, Lower Omo Valley, SNNPR (Southern Nations, Nationalities and People Regions), Ethiopia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 7(7), 429–439.Google Scholar

Boisserie, J.-R., Souron, A., Mackaye, H.T., et al. (2014). A new species of Nyanzachoerus (Cetartiodactyla: Suidae) from the Late Miocene Toros-Ménalla, Chad, Central Africa. PLoS ONE 9, e103221.Google Scholar

Boisserie, J.-R., Suwa, G., Asfaw, B., et al. (2017). Basal hippopotamines from the upper Miocene of Chorora, Ethiopia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37, e1297718.Google Scholar

Bolter, D.R., Elliott, M.C., Hawks, J. and Berger, L.R. (2020). Immature remains and the first partial skeleton of a juvenile Homo naledi, a late Middle Pleistocene hominin from South Africa. PLoS ONE 15(4), e0230440.Google Scholar

Bondioli, L., Coppa, A., Frayer, D.W., et al. (2006). A one million year old human pubic symphysis. Journal of Human Evolution 50, 479–483.Google Scholar

Boné, E.L. and Dart, R.A. (1955). A catalog of the Australopithecine fossils found at the Limeworks, Makapansgat. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 13, 621–624.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. (1968). Contribution à l’étude de la flore d’un niveau pléistocène de la haute vallée de l’Aouache (Ethiopie). Comptes Rendu de l’Académie des Sciences Paris 266, 1229–1232.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. (1969). Indication sur la paléoflore d’un niveau du Quaternaire moyen du site de Melka Kontouré (Ethiopie). Comptes rendu sommaire des Séances de la Société géologique de France 7, 238–239.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. (1971). Atlas des pollens d’Ethiopie. Principales espèces des forêts de montagne. Pollens et spores 13, 15–72.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. (1972). Associations polliniques actuelles et quaternaires en Ethiopie (Vallées de l’Awash et de l’Omo). Thèse de Doctorat ès Sciences, Université Paris VI, France.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. (1983). Evidence for a cooler and drier climate in the Ethiopian uplands towards 2.5 Myr ago. Nature 303, 487–491.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. (1984a). Palynological research at Olduvai Gorge. National Geographic Society Research Papers 17, 227–243.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. (1984b). Cenozoic vegetation and environments of early hominidsin East Africa. In: White, R.O. (Ed.), The Evolution of the East Asian Environment. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, pp.579–612.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. (2010). Cenozoic vegetation, climate changes and hominid evolution in tropical Africa. Global and Planetary Change 72, 390–411.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. and Dechamps, R. (1983). Data on fossil flora. In: de Heinzelin, J. (Ed.), The Omo Group. Tervuren: Musée Royale de l’Afrique Central, pp. 191–207.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. and Letouzey, R. (1976). Fruits fossiles d’Antrocaryon dans la vallée de l’Omo (Éthiopie). Adansonia, Ser. 2, 16, 65–82.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. and Riollet, G. (1980). Palynologie, vegetation et climats de Bed I et Bed II à Olduvai, Tanzanie. In: Leakey, R.E. and Ogot, B.A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth Pan-African Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies. Nairobi: The International Louis Leakey Memorial Institute for African Prehistory, pp. 123–127.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R. and Riollet, G. (1987). Palynological spectra from the Upper Laetolil Beds. In: Leakey, M.D. and Harris, J.M. (Eds.), Laetoli: A Pliocene Site in Northern Tanzania. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 23–47.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R., Vincens, A. and Buchet, G. (1987). Palynology, stratigraphy, and paleoenvironments of a Pliocene hominid site (2.9–3.3 M.Y.) at Hadar, Ethiopia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 60, 249–281.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R., Potts, R., Chalié, F., Jolly, D. and Peyron, O. (2004). High-resolution vegetation and climate change associated with Pliocene Australopithecus afarensis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 12125–12129.Google Scholar

Bonnefille, R., Melis, R.T. and Mussi, M. (2018). Variability in the mountain environment at Melka Kunture archaeological site, Ethiopia, during the Early Pleistocene (~1.7 Ma) and the Middle Pleistocene transition (0.9–0.6 Ma). In: Gallotti, R. and Mussi, M. (Eds.), The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond: Contributions in Honor of Jean Chavaillon. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 93–114.Google Scholar

Boshoff, A.F. and Kerley, G.I.H. (2001). Potential distributions of the medium- to large sized mammals in the Cape Floristic Region, based on historical accounts and habitat requirements. African Zoology 36, 245e273.Google Scholar

Boshoff, A., Landman, M. and Kerley, G. (2016). Filling the gaps on the maps: historical distribution patterns of some larger mammals in part of southern Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 71, 23–87.Google Scholar

Boswell, P.G.H. (1935). Human remains from Kanam and Kanjera, Kenya Colony. Nature 135, 371–371.Google Scholar

Bougariane, B., Zouhri, S., Ouchaou, B., Oujaa, A. and Boudad, L. (2010). Large mammals from the Upper Pleistocene at Tamaris I ‘Grotte des gazelles’ (Casablanca, Morocco): paleoecological and biochronological implications. Historical Biology 22, 295–302.Google Scholar

Boulton, S.J., Van De Velde, J.H., and Grimes, S.T. (2019). Palaeoenvironmental and tectonic significance ofMiocene lacustrine and palustrine carbonates (Aït Kandoula Formation) in the Ouarzazate Foreland Basin, Morocco. Sedimentary Geology 383, 195–215.Google Scholar

Bowen, B.E. and Von dra, C.F. (1973). Stratigraphical relationships of the Plio-Pleistocene deposits, East Rudolf, Kenya. Nature 242, 391–393.Google Scholar

Brachert, T.C., Brügmann, G.B., Mertz, D.F., et al. (2010). Stable isotope variation in tooth enamel from Neogene hippopotamids: monitor of meso and global climate and rift dynamics on the Albertine Rift, Uganda. International Journal of Earth Sciences 99, 1663–1675.Google Scholar

Bradley, B.J. (2008). Reconstructing phylogenies and phenotypes: a molecular view of human evolution. Journal of Anatomy 212(4), 337–353.Google Scholar

Braga, J. and Thackeray, J.F. (2003). Early Homo at Kromdraai B: probabilistic and morphological analysis of the lower dentition. Comptes Rendu Palevol 2, 269–279.Google Scholar

Braga, J. and Thackeray, J.F. (2016). Kromdraai, a Birthplace of Paranthropus in the Cradle of Humankind. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media Metro, 113 pp.Google Scholar

Braga, J., Thackeray, J.F., Dumoncel, J., et al. (2013). A new partial temporal bone of a juvenile hominin from the site of Kromdraai B (South Africa). Journal of Human Evolution 65, 447–456.Google Scholar

Braga, J., Thackeray, J.F., Bruxelles, L., Dumoncel, J. and Fourvel, J.-B. (2017). Stretching the time span of hominin evolution at Kromdraai (Gauteng, South Africa): recent discoveries. Comptes Rendu Palevol 16(1), 58–70.Google Scholar

Brain, C.K. (1958). The Transvaal Ape-man-bearing Cave Deposits. Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 11. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum.Google Scholar

Brain, C.K. (1967). Hottentot food remains and their bearing on the interpretation of fossil bone assemblages. Scientific Papers of theNamib Desert Research Station 32, 1–11.Google Scholar

Brain, C.K. (1969a). The contribution of Namib Desert Hottentots to an understanding of australopithecine bone accumulations. Scientific Papers of the Namib Desert Research Station 39, 13–22.Google Scholar

Brain, C.K. (1969b). Faunal remains from the Bushman Rock Shelter, Eastern Transvaal. South African Archaeological Bulletin 24, 52–55.Google Scholar

Brain, C.K. (1970). New finds at the Swartkrans australopithecine site. Nature 225, 1112–1119.Google Scholar

Brain, C.K. (1972). An attempt to reconstruct the behaviour of australopithecines: the evidence for interpersonal violence. Zoologica Africana 7, 379–401.Google Scholar

Brain, C.K. (1974). Some suggested procedures in the analysis of bone accumulations from southern African Quaternary sites. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 29, 1–8.Google Scholar

Brain, C.K. (1975a). An introduction to the South African australopithecine bone accumulations. In: Clason, A.T. (Ed.), Archaeological Studies. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 109–119.Google Scholar

Brain, C.K. (1975b). An interpretation of the bone assemblage from the Kromdraai australopithecine site, South Africa. In: Tuttle, R.H. (Ed.), Palaeontology, Morphology and Palaeoecology. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 225–243.Google Scholar

Brain, C.K. (1976). A re-interpretation of the Swartkrans site and its remains. South African Journal of Science 72, 141–146.Google Scholar