Architectures of Earth System Governance

doi:10.1017/9781108784641.001

1 - Architectures of Earth System Governance

Setting the Stage

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 April 2020

Frank Biermann and

Rakhyun E. Kim

Edited by

Frank Biermann and

Rakhyun E. Kim

Show author details

Frank Biermann: Affiliation:
Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands
Rakhyun E. Kim: Affiliation:
Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Over the past decades, international institutions, such as treaties and regimes, have proliferated in global governance, and we have seen a tremendous amount of studies on their emergence, maintenance and effectiveness. Increasingly it has become evident, however, that such institutions do not operate in a void but within complex webs of larger governance settings. These large web-like structures, or ‘governance architectures’, are important to understand because they shape, enable and at times hinder the functioning of single international institutions and are crucial variables in determining the overall effectiveness of global governance. In recent years, this concept of governance architecture has effectively shifted the debate to situations in which an area is regulated by multiple institutions and norms in complex settings. This introductory chapter offers conceptual clarity about global governance architectures and their structural features as well as an overview of key insights gained through the last decade of research. We also identify key methodological approaches, challenges, and advances in this field of study.

Keywords

Governance architecture performance fundamental norms multi-level governance architectural voids architectural interaction

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: Architectures of Earth System Governance
Institutional Complexity and Structural Transformation
, pp. 1 - 34

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108784641.001 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abbott, K. W. (2012). The transnational regime complex for climate change. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 30, 571–90.Google Scholar

Abbott, K. W. (2014). Strengthening the transnational regime complex for climate change. Transnational Environmental Law, 3, 57–88.Google Scholar

Abbott, K. W., & Bernstein, S. (2015). The High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development: Orchestration by default and design. Global Policy, 6, 222–33.CrossRef Google Scholar

Ahlström, H., & Cornell, S. E. (2018). Governance, polycentricity and the global nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Environmental Science and Policy, 79, 54–65.Google Scholar

Aldy, J. E., Barrett, S., & Stavins, R. N. (2003). Thirteen plus one: A comparison of global climate policy architectures. Climate Policy, 3, 373–97.Google Scholar

Alter, K. J., & Meunier, S. (2009). The politics of international regime complexity. Perspectives on Politics, 7, 13–24.Google Scholar

Balsiger, J., & Prys, M. (2016). Regional agreements in international environmental politics. International Environmental Agreements, 16, 239–60.Google Scholar

Balsiger, J., & VanDeveer, S. D. (2012). Navigating regional environmental governance. Global Environmental Politics, 12, 1–17.Google Scholar

Betsill, M. M., Benney, T. M., & Gerlak, A. K. (eds.) (2019). Agency in earth system governance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Betsill, M. M., Dubash, N., Paterson, M., van Asselt, H., Vihma, A., & Winkler, H. (2015). Building productive links between the UNFCCC and the broader global climate governance landscape. Global Environmental Politics, 15 (2), 1–10.Google Scholar

Benvenisti, E., & Downs, G. W. (2007). The Empire’s new clothes: Political economy and the fragmentation of international law. Stanford Law Review, 60, 595–631.Google Scholar

Biermann, F. (2007). ‘Earth system governance’ as a crosscutting theme of global change research. Global Environmental Change, 17, 326–37.Google Scholar

Biermann, F. (2010). Beyond the intergovernmental regime: Recent trends in global carbon governance. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 284–8.Google Scholar

Biermann, F. (2012). Planetary boundaries and earth system governance: Exploring the links. Ecological Economics, 81, 4–9.Google Scholar

Biermann, F. (2014). Earth system governance: World politics in the Anthropocene. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Biermann, F., Abbott, K. W., Andresen, S. et al. (2012). Navigating the Anthropocene: Improving earth system governance. Science, 335, 1306–7.Google Scholar

Biermann, F., Bai, X., Bondre, N. et al. (2016). Down to earth: Contextualizing the Anthropocene. Global Environmental Change, 39, 341–50.CrossRef Google Scholar

Biermann, F., Betsill, M. M., Gupta, J. et al. (2009a). Earth system governance: People, places and the planet. Science and implementation plan of the Earth System Governance Project. Bonn: Earth System Governance Project.Google Scholar

Biermann, F., Betsill, M. M., Gupta, J. et al. (2010). Earth system governance: A research framework. International Environmental Agreements, 10, 277–98.Google Scholar

Biermann, F., & Gupta, A. (2011). Accountability and legitimacy in earth system governance: A research framework. Ecological Economics, 70, 1856–64.Google Scholar

Biermann, F., Kanie, N., & Kim, R. E. (2017). Global governance by goal-setting: The novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 26–27, 26–31.Google Scholar

Biermann, F., & Pattberg, P. (2008). Global environmental governance: Taking stock, moving forward. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 33, 277–94.Google Scholar

Biermann, F., Pattberg, P., van Asselt, H., & Zelli, F. (2009b). The fragmentation of global governance architectures: A framework for analysis. Global Environmental Politics, 9, 14–40.Google Scholar

Billé, R., Kelly, R., Biastoch, A. et al. (2013). Taking action against ocean acidification: A review of management and policy options. Environmental Management, 52, 761–79.Google Scholar

Boas, I., Biermann, F., & Kanie, N. (2016). Cross-sectoral strategies in global sustainability governance: Towards a nexus approach. International Environmental Agreements, 16, 449–64.Google Scholar

Böhmelt, T., & Spilker, G. (2016). The interaction of international institutions from a social network perspective. International Environmental Agreements, 16, 67–89.CrossRef Google Scholar

Boyd, E., & Folke, C. (eds.) (2012). Adapting institutions: Governance, complexity and social-ecological resilience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Boyle, A. (2007). Relationship between international environmental law and other branches of international law. In Bodansky, D, Brunnée, J, & Hey, E (eds.), The Oxford handbook of international environmental law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Breitmeier, H., Underdal, A., & Young, O. R. (2011). The effectiveness of international environmental regimes: Comparing and contrasting findings from quantitative research. International Studies Review, 13, 579–605.Google Scholar

Bridgewater, P., Kim, R. E., & Bosselmann, K. (2014). Ecological integrity: A relevant concept for international environmental law in the Anthropocene? Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 25, 61–78.Google Scholar

Brown Weiss, E. (1993). International environmental law: Contemporary issues and the emergence of a new world order. Georgetown Law Journal, 81, 675–710.Google Scholar

Brown Weiss, E., & Jacobson, H. K. (eds.) (1998). Engaging countries: Strengthening compliance with international environmental accords. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Bulkeley, H., Andonova, L., Bäckstrand, K. et al. (2012). Governing climate change transnationally: Assessing the evidence from a database of sixty initiatives. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 30, 591–612.CrossRef Google Scholar

Campbell, L. M., Gray, N. J., Fairbanks, L. et al. (2016). Global oceans governance: New and emerging issues. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41, 517–43.CrossRef Google Scholar

Carlarne, C. (2008). Good climate governance: Only a fragmented system of international law away? Law and Policy, 30, 450–80.Google Scholar

Cash, D. W., Adger, W. N., Berkes, F. et al. (2006). Scale and cross-scale dynamics: Governance and information in a multilevel world. Ecology and Society, 11.Google Scholar

Chambers, W. B. (2008). Interlinkages and the effectiveness of multilateral environmental agreements. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar

Chan, S., van Asselt, H., Hale, T. et al. (2015). Reinvigorating international climate policy: A comprehensive framework for effective nonstate action. Global Policy, 6, 466–73.Google Scholar

Compagnon, D., Chan, S., & Mert, A. (2012). The changing role of the state. In Biermann, F, & Pattberg, P (eds.), Global environmental governance reconsidered (pp. 237–63). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Conca, K. (2000). The WTO and the undermining of global environmental governance. Review of International Political Economy, 7, 484–94.Google Scholar

Conca, K. (2006). Governing water: Contentious transnational politics and global institution building. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Costanza, R., McGlade, J., Lovins, H., & Kubiszewski, I. (2015). An overarching goal for the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Solutions, 5, 13–16.Google Scholar

Craik, N., Jefferies, C. S. G., Seck, S. L., & Stephens, T. (eds.) (2018). Global environmental change and innovation in international law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dauvergne, P. (2018). Why is the global governance of plastic failing the oceans? Global Environmental Change, 51, 22–31.Google Scholar

Dimitrov, R. S. (2005). Hostage to norms: States, institutions and global forest politics. Global Environmental Politics, 5 (4), 1–24.Google Scholar

Dimitrov, R. S., Sprinz, D. F., & DiGiusto, G. M. (2007). International nonregimes: A research agenda. International Studies Review, 9, 230–58.Google Scholar

Dorsch, M. J., & Flachsland, C. (2017). A polycentric approach to global climate governance. Global Environmental Politics, 17, 45–64.Google Scholar

Dryzek, J. S. (2014). Institutions for the Anthropocene: Governance in a changing earth system. British Journal of Political Science, 46, 937–56.Google Scholar

Dür, A., Baccini, L., & Elsig, M. (2014). The design of international trade agreements: Introducing a new dataset. Review of International Organizations, 9, 353–75.Google Scholar

Ebbesson, J. (2014). Planetary boundaries and the matching of international treaty regimes. Scandinavian Studies in Law, 59, 259–84.Google Scholar

Eichner, T., & Pethig, R. (2011). Carbon leakage, the green paradox, and perfect future markets. International Economic Review, 52, 767–805.Google Scholar

Ekstrom, J. A., & Crona, B. I. (2017). Institutional misfit and environmental change: A systems approach to address ocean acidification. Science of the Total Environment, 576, 599–608.Google Scholar

Ekstrom, J. A., & Young, O. R. (2009). Evaluating functional fit between a set of institutions and an ecosystem. Ecology and Society, 14.Google Scholar

Fernández, E. F., Malwé, C. (2018). The emergence of the ‘planetary boundaries’ concept in international environmental law: A proposal for a framework convention. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 28, 48–56Google Scholar

Fidelman, P., & Ekstrom, J. A. (2012). Mapping seascapes of international environmental arrangements in the coral triangle. Marine Policy, 36, 993–1004.CrossRef Google Scholar

Folke, C., Pritchard, Jr., L., Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Svedin, U. (2007). The problem of fit between ecosystems and institutions: Ten years later. Ecology and Society, 12.Google Scholar

Fuhr, H., Hickmann, T., & Kern, K. (2018). The role of cities in multi-level climate governance: Local climate policies and the 1.5 ^oC target. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 30, 1–6.Google Scholar

Galaz, V. (2011). Double complexity: Information technology and reconfigurations in adaptive governance. In Boyd, E, & Folke, C (eds.), Adapting institutions: Governance, complexity and social-ecological resilience (pp. 193–215). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Galaz, V., Crona, B., Österblom, H., Olsson, P., & Folke, C. (2012). Polycentric systems and interacting planetary boundaries: Emerging governance of climate change–ocean acidification–marine biodiversity. Ecological Economics, 81, 21–32.Google Scholar

Galaz, V., Olsson, P., Hahn, T., Folke, C., & Svedin, U. (2008). The problem of fit between governance systems and environmental regimes. In Young, O. R., King, L. A., & Schroeder, H (eds.), Institutions and environmental change: Principal findings, applications and research frontiers (pp. 147–86). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Gehring, T., & Faude, B. (2014). A theory of emerging order within institutional complexes: How competition among regulatory international institutions leads to institutional adaptation and division of labor. Review of International Organizations, 9, 471–98.Google Scholar

Gehring, T., & Oberthür, S. (2006). Comparative empirical analysis and ideal types of institutional interaction. In Oberthür, S, & Gehring, T (eds.), Institutional interaction in global environmental governance: Synergy and conflict among international and EU policies (pp. 307–71). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Gehring, T., & Oberthür, S. (2009). The causal mechanisms of interaction between international institutions. European Journal of International Relations, 15, 125–56.Google Scholar

Gibson, C., Ostrom, E., & Ahn, T.-K. (2000). The concept of scale and the human dimensions of global change: A survey. Ecological Economics, 32, 217–39.Google Scholar

Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1–22.Google Scholar

Green, J. F. (2010). Private authority on the rise: A century of delegation in multilateral environmental agreements. In Tallberg, J, & Jönsson, C (eds.), Transnational actors in global governance (pp. 155–76). Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Green, J. F. (2013). Order out of chaos: Public and private rules for managing carbon. Global Environmental Politics, 13, 1–25.Google Scholar

Greenhill, B., & Lupu, Y. (2017). Clubs of clubs: Fragmentation in the network of intergovernmental organizations. International Studies Quarterly, 61, 181–95.Google Scholar

Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O. et al. (2013). Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495, 305–7.Google Scholar

Guerra, F. (2018). Mapping offshore renewable energy governance. Marine Policy, 89, 21–33.Google Scholar

Gupta, A., & Möller, I. (2018). De facto governance: How authoritative assessments construct climate engineering as an object of governance. Environmental Politics, 28, 480–501.Google Scholar

Gupta, A., Pistorius, T., & Vijge, M. J. (2016). Managing fragmentation in global environmental governance: The REDD+ partnership as bridge organization. International Environmental Agreements, 16, 355–74.Google Scholar

Gupta, J., & Lebel, L. (2010). Access and allocation in earth system governance: Water and climate change compared. International Environmental Agreements, 10, 377–95.Google Scholar

Gupta, A., & Mason, M. (eds.) (2014). Transparency in global environmental governance: Critical perspectives. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Gupta, J., Pahl-Wostl, C., & Zondervan, R. (2013). ‘Glocal’ water governance: A multi-level challenge in the Anthropocene. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5, 573–580.Google Scholar

Hackmann, B. (2012). Analysis of the governance architecture to regulate GHG emissions from international shipping. International Environmental Agreements, 12, 85–103.Google Scholar

Hafner-Burton, E. M., Kahler, M., & Montgomery, A. H. (2009). Network analysis for international relations. International Organization, 63, 559–92.Google Scholar

Hare, W., Stockwell, C., Flachsland, C., & Oberthür, S. (2010). The architecture of the global climate regime: A top-down perspective. Climate Policy, 10, 600–14.Google Scholar

Hickmann, T. (2017). The reconfiguration of authority in global climate governance. International Studies Review, 19, 430–51.Google Scholar

Hickmann, T., Widerberg, O., Lederer, M., & Pattberg, P. (2019). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat as an orchestrator in global climate policymaking. International Review of Administrative Sciences, in press.Google Scholar

Hoffmann, M. J. (2011). Climate governance at the crossroads: Experimenting with a global response after Kyoto. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hollway, J., & Koskinen, J. (2016). Multilevel embeddedness: The case of the global fisheries governance complex. Social Networks, 44, 281–94.Google Scholar

Holzscheiter, A. (2017). Coping with institutional fragmentation? Competition and convergence between boundary organizations in the global response to polio. Review of Policy Research, 34, 767–89.Google Scholar

Holzscheiter, A., Bahr, T., & Pantzerhielm, L. (2016). Emerging governance architectures in global health: Do metagovernance norms explain inter-organisational convergence? Politics and Governance, 4, 5–19.Google Scholar

Jinnah, S. (2014). Post-treaty politics: Secretariat influence in global environmental governance. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Jinnah, S. (2018). Why govern climate engineering? A preliminary framework for demand-based governance. International Studies Review, 20, 272–82.Google Scholar

Jinnah, S., & Morgera, E. (2013). Environmental provisions in American and EU free trade agreements: A preliminary comparison and research agenda. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 22, 324–39.Google Scholar

Johnson, T., & Urpelainen, J. (2012). A strategic theory of regime integration and separation. International Organization, 66, 645–77.Google Scholar

Jordan, A., Huitema, D., Schoenefeld, J., van Asselt, H., & Forster, J. (2018a). Governing climate change polycentrically: Setting the scene. In Jordan, A, Huitema, D, van Asselt, H, & Forster, J (eds.), Governing climate change: Polycentricity in action? (pp. 3–26). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jordan, A., Huitema, D., van Asselt, H., & Forster, J. (eds.) (2018b). Governing climate change: Polycentricity in action? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jordan, A., & Lenschow, A. (2010). Environmental policy integration: A state of the art review. Environmental Policy and Governance, 20, 147–58.Google Scholar

Kanie, N. (2007). Governance with multilateral environmental agreements: A healthy or ill-equipped fragmentation? In Swart, L, & Perry, E (eds.), Global environmental governance: Perspectives on the current debate (pp. 67–86). New York: Center for UN Reform Education.Google Scholar

Kanie, N., Andresen, S., & Haas, P. M. (eds.) (2013). Improving global environmental governance: Best practices for architecture and agency. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Kanie, N., & Biermann, F. (eds.) (2017). Governing through goals: Sustainable Development Goals as governance innovation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Kanie, N., Nishimoto, H., Hijioka, Y., & Kameyama, Y. (2010). Allocation and architecture in climate governance beyond Kyoto: lessons from interdisciplinary research on target setting. International Environmental Agreements, 10, 299–315.Google Scholar

Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S. I., & McGee, J. (2013). Legitimacy in an era of fragmentation: The case of global climate governance. Global Environmental Politics, 13, 56–78.Google Scholar

Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S., Kok, M. T. J., Visseren-Hamakers, I. J., & Termeer, C. J. A. M. (2017). Mainstreaming biodiversity in economic sectors: An analytical framework. Biological Conservation, 210, 145–56.Google Scholar

Keohane, R. O., & Victor, D. G. (2011). The regime complex for climate change. Perspectives on Politics, 9, 7–23.Google Scholar

Kim, J. A. (2004). Regime interplay: The case of biodiversity and climate change. Global Environmental Change, 14, 315–24.Google Scholar

Kim, R. E. (2012). Is a new multilateral environmental agreement on ocean acidification necessary? Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, 21, 243–58.Google Scholar

Kim, R. E. (2013). The emergent network structure of the ultilateral environmental agreement system. Global Environmental Change, 23, 980–91.Google Scholar

Kim, R. E. (2016). The nexus between international law and the Sustainable Development Goals. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 25, 15–26.Google Scholar

Kim, R. E. (2017). Should deep seabed mining be allowed? Marine Policy, 82, 134–7.Google Scholar

Kim, R. E. (2019). Is global governance fragmented, polycentric, or complex: The state of the art of the network approach. International Studies Review.Google Scholar

Kim, R. E., & Bosselmann, K. (2013). International environmental law in the Anthropocene: Towards a purposive system of multilateral environmental agreements. Transnational Environmental Law, 2, 285–309.Google Scholar

Kim, R. E., & Bosselmann, K. (2015). Operationalizing sustainable development: Ecological integrity as a Grundnorm of international law. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 24, 194–208.Google Scholar

Kim, R. E., & Mackey, B. (2014). International environmental law as a complex adaptive system. International Environmental Agreements, 14, 5–24.Google Scholar

Kim, R. E., & van Asselt, H. (2016). Global governance: Problem shifting in the Anthropocene and the limits of international law. In Morgera, E, & Kulovesi, K (eds.), Research handbook on international law and natural resources (pp. 473–95). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Kolleck, N., Well, M., Sperzel, S., & Jörgens, H. (2017). The power of social networks: How the UNFCCC Secretariat creates momentum for climate education. Global Environmental Politics, 17, 106–26.Google Scholar

Kotzé, L. J. (2016). Global environmental constitutionalism in the Anthropocene. Portland: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar

Kotzé, L. J., & French, D. (2018). A critique of the global pact for the environment: A stillborn initiative or the foundation for Lex Anthropocenae? International Environmental Agreements, 18, 811–38.Google Scholar

Kotzé, L. J, & Kim, R. E. (2019). Earth system law: The juridical dimensions of earth system governance. Earth System Governance, 1.Google Scholar

Lazer, D. (2011). Networks in political science: Back to the future. Political Science and Politics, 44, 61–8.Google Scholar

Lazer, D., Pentland, A., Adamic, L. et al. (2009). Computational social science. Science, 323, 721–3.Google Scholar

Le Blanc, D. (2015). Towards integration at last? The Sustainable Development Goals as a network of targets. Sustainable Development, 23, 176–87.Google Scholar

Lima, M. G. B., & Gupta, J. (2013). The policy context of biofuels: A case of non-governance at the global level? Global Environmental Politics, 13, 46–64.Google Scholar

Mitchell, R. B. (2003). International environmental agreements: A survey of their features, formation, and effects. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 28, 429–61.Google Scholar

Morin, J. F. (2018). Concentration despite competition: The organizational ecology of technical assistance providers. Review of International Organizations, 70, 1–33.Google Scholar

Morin, J. F., & Bialais, C. (2018). Strengthening multilateral environmental governance through bilateral trade deals. Policy Brief No. 123. Waterloo, ON Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation.Google Scholar

Morin, J. F., Dür, A., & Lechner, L. (2018). Mapping the trade and environment nexus: Insights from a new data set. Global Environmental Politics, 18, 122–39.Google Scholar

Morin, J. F., & Jinnah, S. (2018). The untapped potential of preferential trade agreements for climate governance. Environmental Politics, 27, 541–65.Google Scholar

Morin, J. F., Louafi, S., Orsini, A., & Oubenal, M. (2017). Boundary organizations in regime complexes: A social network profile of IPBES. Journal of International Relations and Development, 20, 543–77.Google Scholar

Morin, J. F., Pauwelyn, J., & Hollway, J. (2017). The trade regime as a complex adaptive system: Exploration and exploitation of environmental norms in trade agreements. Journal of International Economic Law, 20 (2), 365–90.Google Scholar

Morseletto, P. (2019). Confronting the nitrogen challenge: Options for governance and target setting. Global Environmental Change, 54, 40–9.Google Scholar

Murdie, A. (2013). The ties that bind: A network analysis of human rights international nongovernmental organizations. British Journal of Political Science, 44, 1–27.Google Scholar

Murphy, H., & Kellow, A. (2013). Forum shopping in global governance: Understanding states, business and NGOs in multiple arenas. Global Policy, 4, 139–49.Google Scholar

Nicholson, S., Jinnah, S., & Gillespie, A. (2017). Solar radiation management: A proposal for immediate polycentric governance. Climate Policy, 18, 322–34.Google Scholar

Nielsen, T. D., Holmberg, K., & Stripple, J. (2019). Need a bag? A review of public policies on plastic carrier bags – Where, how and to what effect? Waste Management, 87, 428–40.Google Scholar

Nilsson, M., Griggs, D., & Visbeck, M. (2016). Map the interactions between Sustainable Development Goals. Nature, 534, 320–2.Google Scholar

Nunan, F., Campbell, A., & Foster, E. (2012). Environmental mainstreaming: The organisational challenges of policy integration. Public Administration and Development, 32, 262–77.Google Scholar

Oberthür, S., & Gehring, T. (eds.) (2006). Institutional interaction in global environmental governance: Synergy and conflict among international and EU policies. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Oberthür, S., & Pożarowska, J. (2013). Managing institutional complexity and fragmentation: The Nagoya Protocol and the global governance of genetic resources. Global Environmental Politics, 13, 100–18.Google Scholar

Oberthür, S., & Stokke, O. S. (eds.) (2011). Managing institutional complexity: Regime interplay and global environmental change. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

O’Neill, K., Weinthal, E., Marion Suiseeya, K. R., Bernstein, S., Cohn, A., Stone, M. W., & Cashore, B. (2013). Methods and global environmental governance. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 38, 441–71.Google Scholar

Ostrom, E. (2010a). Nested externalities and polycentric institutions: Must we wait for global solutions to climate change before taking actions at other scales? Economic Theory, 49, 353–69.Google Scholar

Ostrom, E. (2010b). Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 20, 550–7.Google Scholar

Park, S., & Kramarz, T. (2019). Global environmental governance and the accountability trap. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Pasztor, J., Scharf, C., & Schmidt, K. U. (2017). How to govern geoengineering? Science, 357, 231.Google Scholar

Pattberg, P. (2010). Public–private partnerships in global climate governance. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1, 279–87.Google Scholar

Pattberg, P., Chan, S., Sanderink, L., & Widerberg, O. (2018). Linkages: Understanding their role in polycentric governance. In Jordan, A, Huitema, D, van Asselt, H, & Forster, J (eds.), Governing climate change: Polycentricity in action? (pp. 169–87). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pattberg, P., & Zelli, F. (eds.) (2016). Environmental politics and governance in the Anthropocene: Institutions and legitimacy in a complex world. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Pauwelyn, J. (2007). Conflict of norms in public international law: How WTO law relates to other rules of international law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pauwelyn, J. (2014). At the edge of chaos? Foreign investment law as a complex adaptive system, how it emerged and how it can be reformed. ICSID Review, 29, 372–418.CrossRef Google Scholar

Peel, J., Godden, L., & Keenan, R. J. (2012). Climate change law in an era of multi-level governance. Transnational Environmental Law, 1, 245–80.Google Scholar

Persson, Å., Runhaar, H., Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S., Mullally, G., Russel, D., & Widmer, A. (2018). Environmental policy integration: Taking stock of policy practice in different contexts. Environmental Science and Policy, 85, 113–15.Google Scholar

Pickering, J. (2018). Ecological reflexivity: Characterising an elusive virtue for governance in the Anthropocene. Environmental Politics, in press.Google Scholar

Pittock, J. (2010). Better management of hydropower in an era of climate change. Water Alternatives, 3, 444–52.Google Scholar

Raworth, K. (2017). Doughnut economics: Seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing.Google Scholar

Reid, W. V., Chen, D., Goldfarb, L. et al. (2010). Earth system science for global sustainability: Grand challenges. Science, 12, 916–17.Google Scholar

Reus-Smit, C. (2013). Constructivism. In Burchill, S, & Linklater, A (eds.), Theories of international relations (pp. 217–40). New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Robinson, N. A. (2014). Fundamental principles of law for the Anthropocene? Environmental Policy and Law, 44, 13–27.Google Scholar

Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K. et al. (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461, 472–5.Google Scholar

Runhaar, H., Driessen, P., & Uittenbroek, C. (2014). Towards a systematic framework for the analysis of environmental policy integration. Environmental Policy and Governance, 24, 233–46.Google Scholar

Runhaar, H., Wilk, B., Persson, Å., Uittenbroek, C., & Wamsler, C. (2018). Mainstreaming climate adaptation: Taking stock about ‘What Works’ from empirical research worldwide. Regional Environmental Change, 18, 1–10.Google Scholar

Sand, P. H. (2017). The discourse on ‘protection of the atmosphere’ in the International Law Commission. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 26, 201–9.Google Scholar

Scharpf, F. W. (1999). Governing in Europe: Effective and democratic? Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Schellnhuber, H. J., Crutzen, P. J., Clark, W. C., Claussen, M., & Held, H. (2004). Earth system analysis for sustainability. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Scobie, M. (2019). Global environmental governance and small states: Architectures and agency in the Caribbean. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Scott, D., Hitchner, S., Maclin, E. M., & Dammert, B, J. L. (2014). Fuel for the fire: Biofuels and the problem of translation at the tenth conference of the parties to the convention on biological diversity. Global Environmental Politics, 14, 84–101.Google Scholar

Scott, K. N. (2013). International law in the Anthropocene: Responding to the geoengineering challenge. Michigan Journal of International Law, 34, 309–58.Google Scholar

Shelton, D. (2006). Normative hierarchy in international law. American Journal of International Law, 100, 291–323.Google Scholar

Sovacool, B. K., & Brown, M. A. (2009). Scaling the policy response to climate change. Policy and Society, 27, 317–28.Google Scholar

Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J. et al. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347, 1259855.Google Scholar

Steffen, W., Rockström, J., Richardson, K. et al. (2018). Trajectories of the earth system in the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2, 201810141–8.Google Scholar

Steffen, W., Sanderson, A., Tyson, P. et al. (2004). Global change and the earth system: A planet under pressure. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar

Steffen, W., & Stafford-Smith, M. (2013). Planetary boundaries, equity and global sustainability: Why wealthy countries could benefit from more equity. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5, 1–6.Google Scholar

Stevens, C. (2018). Scales of integration for sustainable development governance. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 25, 1–8.Google Scholar

Truelove, H. B., Carrico, A. R., Weber, E. U., Raimi, K. T., & Vandenbergh, M. P. (2014). Positive and negative spillover of pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and theoretical framework. Global Environmental Change, 29, 127–38.Google Scholar

Underdal, A., & Kim, R. E. (2017). The Sustainable Development Goals and multilateral agreements. In Kanie, N, & Biermann, F (eds.), Governing through goals: Sustainable Development Goals as governance innovation (pp. 241–9). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

UNEP (2007). Global environment outlook 4: Environment for development. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.Google Scholar

UNEP (2012). Global environment outlook 5: Environment for the future we want. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.Google Scholar

UNEP (2019). Global environment outlook 6: Healthy planet, healthy people. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.Google Scholar

van Asselt, H. (2014). The fragmentation of global climate governance: Consequences and management of regime interactions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Van de Graaf, T. (2013). Fragmentation in global energy governance: Explaining the creation of IRENA. Global Environmental Politics, 13, 14–33.Google Scholar

Van den Bergh, J., Folke, C., Polasky, S., Scheffer, M., & Steffen, W. (2015). What if solar energy becomes really cheap? A thought experiment on environmental problem shifting. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 14, 170–9.Google Scholar

Van Doren, D., Driessen, P. P., Runhaar, H., & Giezen, M. (2018). Scaling-up low-carbon urban initiatives: Towards a better understanding. Urban Studies, 55, 175–94.Google Scholar

Van Doren, D., Giezen, M., Driessen, P. P. J., & Runhaar, H. (2016). Scaling-up energy conservation initiatives: Barriers and local strategies. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 227–39.Google Scholar

Vidas, D. (2011). The Anthropocene and the international law of the sea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 369, 909–25.Google Scholar

Vidas, D., Fauchald, O. K., Jensen, Ø., & Tvedt, M. W. (2015). International law for the Anthropocene? Shifting perspectives in regulation of the oceans, environment and genetic resources. Anthropocene, 9, 1–13.Google Scholar

Vijge, M. J. (2013). The promise of new institutionalism: Explaining the absence of a world or united nations environment organisation. International Environmental Agreements, 13, 153–76.Google Scholar

Voigt, C. (2009). Sustainable development as a principle of international law: Resolving conflicts between climate measures and WTO law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar

Vordermayer, M. (2014). ‘Gardening the great transformation’: The Anthropocene concept’s impact on international environmental law doctrine. Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 25 (1), 79–112.Google Scholar

Watts, D. J. (2017). Should social science be more solution-oriented? Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 5–15.Google Scholar

Widerberg, O. (2016). Mapping institutional complexity in the Anthropocene: A network approach. In Pattberg, P, & Zelli, F (eds.), Environmental politics and governance in the Anthropocene: Institutions and legitimacy in a complex world (pp. 81–102). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Wilson, M., Davis, D. R., & Murdie, A. (2016). The view from the bottom: Networks of conflict resolution organizations and international peace. Journal of Peace Research, 53, 442–58.Google Scholar

Yang, Y., Bae, J., Kim, J., & Suh, S. (2012). Replacing gasoline with corn ethanol results in significant environmental problem-shifting. Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 3671–8.Google Scholar

Young, M. A. (2012). Regime interaction in international law: Facing fragmentation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (1996). Institutional linkages in international society: Polar perspectives. Global Governance, 2, 1–23.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (ed.) (1999). The effectiveness of international environmental regimes: Causal connections and behavioural mechanisms. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (2002). The institutional dimensions of environmental change: Fit, interplay, and scale. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (2008). The architecture of global environmental governance: Bringing science to bear on policy. Global Environmental Politics, 8, 14–32.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (2011a). Effectiveness of international environmental regimes: Existing knowledge, cutting-edge themes, and research strategies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 19853–60.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (2011b). If an arctic ocean treaty is not the solution, what is the alternative? Polar Record, 47, 327–34.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (2012). Arctic tipping points: Governance in turbulent times. AMBIO, 41, 75–84.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (2013). Sugaring off: Enduring insights from long-term research on environmental governance. International Environmental Agreements, 13, 87–105.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (2017). Governing complex systems: Social capital for the Anthropocene. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (2018). Research strategies to assess the effectiveness of international environmental regimes. Nature Sustainability, 1, 461–5.Google Scholar

Young, O. R., Underdal, A., Kanie, N., & Kim, R. E. (2017). Goal setting in the Anthropocene: The ultimate challenge of Planetary Stewardship. In Kanie, N, & Biermann, F (eds.), Governing through goals: Sustainable Development Goals as governance innovation (pp. 53–74). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Young, O. R. (2019). Constructing diagnostic trees: A stepwise approach to institutional design. Earth System Governance, 1.Google Scholar

Zelli, F. (2011). The fragmentation of the global climate governance architecture. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2, 255–70.Google Scholar

Zelli, F., & van Asselt, H. (2013). The institutional fragmentation of global environmental governance: Causes, consequences, and responses. Global Environmental Politics, 13, 1–13.Google Scholar

Ziervogel, G., & Ericksen, P. J. (2010). Adapting to climate change to sustain food security. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1, 525–40.Google Scholar

Zürn, M. (2012). Global governance as multi-level governance. In Levi-Faur, D (ed.), The Oxford handbook of governance (pp. 730–44). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Zürn, M., & Faude, B. (2013). On fragmentation, differentiation, and coordination. Global Environmental Politics, 13, 119–30.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.