Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Home
Hostname: page-component-5f5657f67b-nlr98 Total loading time: 0.926 Render date: 2022-05-04T19:05:44.752Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, "shouldUseHypothesis": true, "isUnsiloEnabled": true, "useRatesEcommerce": false, "useNewApi": true }

Book contents

Chapter Sixteen - Top-down control of ecosystems and the case for rewilding: does it all add up?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 February 2019

Nathalie Pettorelli
Affiliation:
Institute of Zoology, London
Sarah M. Durant
Affiliation:
Institute of Zoology, London
Johan T. du Toit
Affiliation:
Utah State University
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Rewilding , pp. 325 - 354
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, P.A. (1984). Foraging time optimization and interactions in food webs. The American Naturalist, 124, 8096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, P.A. (1994). The fallacies of ratio-dependent predation. Ecology, 75, 18421850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, P.A. (1996). Dynamics and interactions in food webs with adaptive foragers. In Polis, G.A. and Winemiller, K.O. (Eds.), Food webs (pp. 113121). Boston, MA: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, P.A. (2000). The evolution of predator–prey interactions: theory and evidence. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 79105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, P.A., and Ginzburg, L.R. (2000). The nature of predation: prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 15, 337341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akcakaya, H.R., Arditi, R., and Ginzburg, L.R. (1995). Ratio-dependent predation – an abstraction that works. Ecology, 76, 9951004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, B.L., Engeman, R.M., and Allen, L.R. (2011). Wild dogma: an examination of recent ‘evidence’ for dingo regulation of invasive mesopredator release in Australia. Current Zoology, 57, 568583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, B.L., Fleming, P.J.S., Allen, L.R., Engeman, R.M., Ballard, G., and Leung, L.K.P. (2013). As clear as mud: a critical review of evidence for the ecological roles of Australian dingoes. Biological Conservation, 159, 158174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, B.L., Allen, L.R., Andrén, H., et al. (2017). Can we save large carnivores without losing large carnivore science? Food Webs, 12, 6475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arditi, R., and Ginzburg, L.R. (1989). Coupling in predator prey dynamics – ratio dependence. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 139, 311326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balestrieri, A., Remonti, L., and Prigioni, C. (2011). Assessing carnivore diet by faecal samples and stomach contents: a case study with Alpine red foxes. Central European Journal of Biology, 6, 283292.Google Scholar
Barnier, F., Valeix, M., Duncan, P., et al. (2014). Diet quality in a wild grazer declines under the threat of an ambush predator. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 281, 20140446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckerman, A.P., Uriarte, M., and Schmitz, O.J. (1997). Experimental evidence for a behavior-mediated trophic cascade in a terrestrial food chain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 1073510738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beschta, R.L., and Ripple, W.J. (2009). Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States. Biological Conservation, 142, 24012414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, L.C. (1957). The meanings of competition. The American Naturalist, 91, 518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blueweiss, L., Fox, H., Kudzma, H., Nakashima, D., Peters, R., and Sams, S. (1978). Relationship between body size and some life-history parameters. Oecologia, 37, 257272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broekhuis, F., Cozzi, G., Valeix, M., McNutt, J.W., and Macdonald, D.W. (2013). Risk avoidance in sympatric large carnivores: reactive or predictive? Journal of Animal Ecology, 82, 10981105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brook, L.A., Johnson, C.N., and Ritchie, E.G. (2012). Effects of predator control on behaviour of an apex predator and indirect consequences for mesopredator suppression. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 12781286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J.H. (1984). On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. The American Naturalist, 124, 255279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camerano, L. (1880). Dell’equilibrio dei viventi merce la reciproca distruzione. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 15, 393414 (translated in the refd source by C.M. Jacobi and J.E. Cohen, 1994, into: On the equilibrium of living beings by means of reciprocal destruction). Frontiers of theoretical biology (ed. S.A. Levin), pp. 360380. Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Chan, K., Boutin, S., Hossie, T.J., Krebs, C.J., O’Donoghue, M., and Murray, D.L. (2017). Improving the assessment of predator functional responses by considering alternate prey and predator interactions. Ecology, 98, 17871796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Creel, S. (2011). Toward a predictive theory of risk effects: hypotheses for prey attributes and compensatory mortality. Ecology, 92, 21902195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creel, S., and Christianson, D. (2008). Relationships between direct predation and risk effects. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23, 194201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Creel, S., and Winnie, J.A. (2005). Responses of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves. Animal Behaviour, 69, 11811189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creel, S., Winnie, J.J., Maxwell, B., Hamlin, K., and Creel, M. (2005). Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology, 86, 33873397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creel, S., Christianson, D., Liley, S., and Winnie, J.A. (2007). Predation risk affects reproductive physiology and demography of elk. Science, 315, 960960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csada, R.D., James, P.C., and Richard, H.M.E. (1996). The ‘file drawer problem’ of non-significant results: does it apply to biological research? Oikos, 76, 591593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies-Mostert, H.T., Mills, M.G.L., and Macdonald, D.W. (2013). Hard boundaries influence African wild dogs’ diet and prey selection. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50, 13581366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeByle, N.V. (1985). Wildlife. In DeByle, N.V., and Winokur, B.P. (Eds.), Aspen: ecology and management in the western United States. Fort Collins, CO: US Forest Service General Technical Report.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickie, M., Serrouya, R., McNay, R.S., and Boutin, S. (2017). Faster and farther: wolf movement on linear features and implications for hunting behaviour. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54, 253263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durant, S.M. (1998). Competition refuges and coexistence: an example from Serengeti carnivores. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67, 370386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberhardt, L.L., Garrott, R.A., Smith, D.W., White, P.J., and Peterson, R.O. (2003). Assessing the impact of wolves on ungulate prey. Ecological Applications, 13, 776783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrlich, P.R., and Birch, L.C. (1967). The ‘balance of nature’ and ‘population control’. The American Naturalist, 101, 97107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elmhagen, B., and Rushton, S.P. (2007). Trophic control of mesopredators in terrestrial ecosystems: top-down or bottom-up? Ecology Letters, 10, 197206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fancourt, B.A. (2015). Making a killing: photographic evidence of predation of a Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii) by a feral cat (Felis catus). Australian Mammalogy, 37, 120124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fancourt, B.A. (2016). Avoiding the subject: the implications of avoidance behaviour for detecting predators. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 70, 15351546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fancourt, B.A., Hawkins, C.E., Cameron, E.Z., Jones, M.E., and Nicol, S.C. (2015). Devil declines and catastrophic cascades: is mesopredator release of feral cats inhibiting recovery of the eastern quoll? PLoS ONE, 10, e0119303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farnes, P., Heydon, C., and Hansen, K. (1999). Snowpack distribution across Yellowstone National Park. Final Report CA, 1268, 19017.Google Scholar
Fleming, P.J.S., Allen, B.L., and Ballard, G.-A. (2012). Seven considerations about dingoes as biodiversity engineers: the socioecological niches of dogs in Australia. Australian Mammalogy, 34, 119131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, A.T., and Goheen, J.R. (2015). Trophic cascades by large carnivores: a case for strong inference and mechanism. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30, 725735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, A.T., Goheen, J.R., Augustine, D.J., et al. (2015). Recovery of African wild dogs suppresses prey but does not trigger a trophic cascade. Ecology, 96, 27052714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortin, D., Beyer, H.L., Boyce, M.S., Smith, D.W., Duchesne, T., and Mao, J.S. (2005). Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology, 86, 13201330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fryxell, J.M., Mosser, A., Sinclair, A.R.E., and Packer, C. (2007). Group formation stabilizes predator–prey dynamics. Nature, 449, U1041U1044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, T.K., and Sievert, P.R. (2001). Carnivore demography and the consequences of changes in prey availability. In Gittleman, J.L., Funk, S.M., Macdonald, D.W., and Wayne, R.K. (Eds.), Carnivore conservation (pp. 163178). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Zoological Society of London.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J.M., and Yoccoz, N.G. (2003). Temporal variation in survival of mammals: a case of environmental canalization? Ecology, 84, 32943306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaillard, J.M., Festa-Bianchet, M., and Yoccoz, N.G. (1998). Population dynamics of large herbivores: variable recruitment with constant adult survival. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 13, 5863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaillard, J.M., Festa-Bianchet, M., Yoccoz, N.G., Loison, A., and Toigo, C. (2000). Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 367393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaillard, J.M., Yoccoz, N.G., Lebreton, J.D., et al. (2005). Generation time: a reliable metric to measure life-history variation among mammalian populations. The American Naturalist, 166, 119123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, A.J., Creel, S., Wilson, R.P., and Cooke, S.J. (2017). Energy landscapes and the landscape of fear. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32, 8896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gause, G.F., Smaragdova, N.P., and Witt, A.A. (1936). Further studies of interaction between predators and prey. Journal of Animal Ecology, 5, 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgiadis, N.J., Ihwagi, F., Olwero, J.G.N., and Romanach, S.S. (2007). Savanna herbivore dynamics in a livestock-dominated landscape. II. Ecological, conservation, and management implications of predator restoration. Biological Conservation, 137, 473483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gervasi, V., Nilsen, E.B., Sand, H., et al. (2012). Predicting the potential demographic impact of predators on their prey: a comparative analysis of two carnivore-ungulate systems in Scandinavia. Journal of Animal Ecology, 81, 443454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gervasi, V., Nilsen, E.B., and Linnell, J.D.C. (2015). Body mass relationships affect the age structure of predation across carnivore–ungulate systems: a review and synthesis. Mammal Review, 45, 253266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glen, A.S., and Dickman, C.R. (2008). Niche overlap between marsupial and eutherian carnivores: does competition threaten the endangered spotted-tailed quoll? Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 700707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorini, L., Linnell, J.D.C., May, R., et al. (2012). Habitat heterogeneity and mammalian predator–prey interactions. Mammal Review, 42, 5577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hairston, N.G., Smith, F.E., and Slobodkin, L.B. (1960). Community structure, population control, and competition. The American Naturalist, 94, 421425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haswell, P.M., Kusak, J., and Hayward, M.W. (2017). Large carnivore impacts are context-dependent. Food Webs, 12, 313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, M.W., and Kerley, G.I.H. (2005). Prey preferences of the lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology, 267, 309322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, M.W., and Marlow, N. (2014). Will dingoes really conserve wildlife and can our methods tell? Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 835838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, M.W., and Slotow, R. (2009). Temporal partitioning of activity in large African carnivores: tests of multiple hypotheses. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 39, 109125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, M.W., O’Brien, J., and Kerley, G.I.H. (2007). Carrying capacity of large African predators: predictions and tests. Biological Conservation, 139, 219229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, M.W., Lyngdoh, S., and Habib, B. (2014). Diet and prey preferences of dholes (Cuon alpinus): dietary competition within Asia’s apex predator guild. Journal of Zoology, 294, 255266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, M.W., Boitani, L., Burrows, N.D., et al. (2015). Ecologists need to use robust survey design, sampling and analysis methods. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52, 286290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, M.W., Kamler, J.F., Montgomery, R.A., et al. (2016). Prey preferences of the jaguar Panthera onca reflect the post-Pleistocene demise of large prey. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 3, e148. http://dx.doi.org/110.3389/fevo.2015.00148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, M.W., Porter, L., Lanszki, J., et al. (2017). Factors affecting the prey preferences of jackals (Canidae). Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 85, 7082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebblewhite, M. (2013). Consequences of ratio-dependent predation by wolves for elk population dynamics. Population Ecology, 55, 511522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebblewhite, M., White, C.A., Nietvelt, C.G., et al. (2005). Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves. Ecology, 86, 21352144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hersteinsson, P., Angerbjörn, A., Frafjord, K., and Kaikusalo, A. (1989). The arctic fox in Fennoscandia and Iceland: management problems. Biological Conservation, 49, 6781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holling, C.S. (1959). The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation of the European pine sawfly. The Canadian Entomologist, 91, 293320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornsby, P. (1982). Predation of the Euro Macropus robustus (Marsupialia, Macropodidae) by the European fox Vulpes vulpes (Placentalia, Canidae). Australian Mammalogy, 5, 225227.Google Scholar
Houston, D. (1982). The northern Yellowstone elk: ecology and management. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing.Google Scholar
Huffaker, C.B. (1958). Experimental studies on predation: dispersion factors and predator–prey oscillations. Hilgardia, 27, 343383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jędrzejewska, B., and Jędrzejewski, W. (1998). Predation in vertebrate communities: the Bialowieża primeval forest as a case study. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeschke, J.M., Kopp, M., and Tollrian, R. (2004). Consumer–food systems: why type I functional responses are exclusive to filter feeders. Biological Reviews, 79, 337349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J.R., and DeByle, N.V. (1985). Fire. In DeByle, N.V. and Winokur, B.P. (Eds.), Aspen: ecology and management in the western United States. Fort Collins, CO: US Forest Service General Technical Report.Google Scholar
Judge, S., Lippert, J.S., Misajon, K., Hu, D., and Hess, S.C. (2012). Videographic evidence of endangered species depredation by feral cat. Pacific Conservation Biology, 18, 293296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karanth, K.U., Nichols, J.D., Kumar, N.S., Link, W.A., and Hines, J.E. (2004). Tigers and their prey: predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 48544858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karanth, K.U., Gopalaswamy, A.M., Kumar, N.S., et al. (2011). Counting India’s wild tigers reliably. Science, 332, 791791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kauffman, M.J., Brodie, J.F., and Jules, E.S. (2010). Are wolves saving Yellowstone’s aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade. Ecology, 91, 27422755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, C. (1990). Yellowstone’s northern elk heard: a critical evaluation of the ‘natural regulation’ paradigm. Dissertation, Utah State University.
Knight, D.H. (1994). Mountains and plains: the ecology of Wyoming landscapes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kopnina, H., Washington, H., Gray, J., and Taylor, B. (2018). The ‘future of conservation’ debate: defending ecocentrism and the Nature Needs Half movement. Biological Conservation, 217, 140148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruuk, H. (1972). Surplus killing by carnivores. Journal of Zoology, 166, 233244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuijper, D.P.J., de Kleine, C., Churski, M., van Hooft, P., Bubnicki, J., and Jędrzejewska, B. (2013). Landscape of fear in Europe: wolves affect spatial patterns of ungulate browsing in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. Ecography, 36, 12631275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lande, R., Engen, S., and Sæther, B.E. (2003). Stochastic population dynamics in ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, E.J., and Ripple, W.J. (2003). Aspen age structure in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem: USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 179, 469482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laundré, J.W., Hernández, L., and Altendorf, K.B. (2001). Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the ‘landscape of fear’ in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 14011409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laundré, J.W., Hernández, L., Medina, P.L., et al. (2014). The landscape of fear: the missing link to understand top-down and bottom-up controls of prey abundance? Ecology, 95, 11411152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letnic, M., and Ripple, W.J. (2017). Large-scale responses of herbivore prey to canid predators and primary productivity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 26, 860866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lima, S.L. (1998). Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator–prey interactions. BioScience, 48, 2534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lima, S.L., and Dill, L.M. (1990). Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 619640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnell, J.D.C., and Strand, O. (2000). Interference interactions, co-existence and conservation of mammalian carnivores. Diversity and Distributions, 6, 169176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnell, J.D., Strand, O., and Landa, A. (1999). Use of dens by red Vulpes vulpes and arctic Alopex lagopus foxes in alpine environments: can inter-specific competition explain the non-recovery of Norwegian arctic fox populations? Wildlife Biology, 5, 167176.Google Scholar
Lodge, D.M., Kershner, M.W., Aloi, J.E., and Covich, A.P. (1994). Effects of an omnivorous crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) on a freshwater littoral food web. Ecology, 75, 12651281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lourenço, R., Penteriani, V., Rabaça, J.E., and Korpimäki, E. (2014). Lethal interactions among vertebrate top predators: a review of concepts, assumptions and terminology. Biological Reviews, 89, 270283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luttbeg, B., and Schmitz, O.J. (2000). Predator and prey models with flexible individual behavior and imperfect information. The American Naturalist, 155, 669683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marco, A., da Graça, J., García-Cerdá, R., Abella, E., and Freitas, R. (2015). Patterns and intensity of ghost crab predation on the nests of an important endangered loggerhead turtle population. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 468, 7482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshal, J.P., and Boutin, S. (1999). Power analysis of wolf–moose functional responses. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 396402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, K.N., Hobbs, N.T., and Cooper, D.J. (2013). Stream hydrology limits recovery of riparian ecosystems after wolf reintroduction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 280, 20122977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattson, D.J., Blanchard, B.M., and Knight, R.R. (1991). Food habits of Yellowstone grizzly bears, 1977–1987. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 16191629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, R.M. (1976). Models for two interacting populations. In May, R.M. (Ed.), Theoretical ecology: principles and applications (pp. 4970). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.Google Scholar
McGregor, H.W., Legge, S., Jones, M.E., and Johnson, C.N. (2015). Feral cats are better killers in open habitats, revealed by animal-borne video. PLoS ONE, 10, e0133915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mech, L.D., and Peterson, R.O. (2003). Wolf–prey relations. In Mech, L.D. and Boitani, L. (Eds.), Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation (pp. 131160). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melis, C., Jedrzejewska, B., Apollonio, M., et al. (2009). Predation has a greater impact in less productive environments: variation in roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, population density across Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 18, 724734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melis, C., Basille, M., Herfindal, I., et al. (2010). Roe deer population growth and lynx predation along a gradient of environmental productivity and climate in Norway. EcoScience, 17, 166174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melis, C., Nilsen, E.B., Panzacchi, M., Linnell, J.D.C., and Odden, J. (2013). Roe deer face competing risks between predators along a gradient in abundance. Ecosphere, 4, art 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menge, B.A., and Sutherland, J.P. (1976). Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. The American Naturalist, 110, 351369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messier, F. (1991). The significance of limiting and regulating factors on the demography of moose and white-tailed deer. Journal of Animal Ecology, 60, 377393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messier, F. (1994). Ungulate population models with predation: a case study with the North American moose. Ecology, 75, 478488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messier, F. (1995a). Is there evidence for a cumulative effect of snow on moose and deer populations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 64, 136140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messier, F. (1995b). Trophic interactions in two northern wolf–ungulate systems. Wildlife Research, 22, 131145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middleton, A.D., Kauffman, M.J., McWhirter, D.E., et al. (2013a). Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore. Ecology Letters, 16, 10231030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Middleton, A.D., Morrison, T.A., Fortin, J.K., et al. (2013b). Grizzly bear predation links the loss of native trout to the demography of migratory elk in Yellowstone. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 280, 20130870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, H.R., Hunter, J.T., Ballard, G., Reid, N.C.H., and Fleming, P.J.S. (2017). Trophic cascades and dingoes in Australia: does the Yellowstone wolf–elk–willow model apply? Food Webs, 12, 7687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, S.R. (2017). On pessimism in Australian ecology. Austral Ecology, 42, 122131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moseby, K.E., Neilly, H., Read, J.L., and Crisp, H. (2012). Interactions between a top order predator and exotic mesopredators in the Australian rangelands. International Journal of Ecology, 2012, 250352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murdoch, W.W. (1966). Community structure, population control, and competition – a critique. The American Naturalist, 100, 219226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council. (2002). Ecological dynamics on Yellowstone’s northern range. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Newsome, T., Ballard, G.-A., Crowther, M., et al. (2015). Resolving the value of the dingo in ecological restoration: could a reintroduction experiment help? Restoration Ecology, 23, 201208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newsome, T.M., Greenville, A.C., Ćirović, D., et al. (2017). Top predators constrain mesopredator distributions. Nature Communications, 8, 15469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng’weno, C.C., Maiyo, N.J., Ali, A.H., Kibungei, A.K., and Goheen, J.R. (2017). Lions influence the decline and habitat shift of hartebeest in a semiarid savanna. Journal of Mammalogy, 98, 10781087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsen, E.B., Gaillard, J.M., Andersen, R., et al. (2009a). A slow life in hell or a fast life in heaven: demographic analyses of contrasting roe deer populations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 78, 585594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nilsen, E.B., Linnell, J.D.C., Odden, J., and Andersen, R. (2009b). Climate, season, and social status modulate the functional response of an efficient stalking predator: the Eurasian lynx. Journal of Animal Ecology, 78, 741751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Kane, C.A.J., and Macdonald, D.W. (2016). An experimental demonstration that predation influences antelope sex ratios and resource-associated mortality. Basic and Applied Ecology, 17, 370376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oksanen, L., and Oksanen, T. (2000). The logic and realism of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. The American Naturalist, 155, 703723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orians, G., Cochran, P.A., Duffield, J.W., et al. (1997). Wolves, bears and their prey in Alaska. Biological and Social Changes in Wildlife Mangaement (pp. 99114). New York, NY: FWS.Google Scholar
Owen-Smith, N. (2011). Accommodating environmental variation in population models: metaphysiological biomass loss accounting. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80, 731741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owen-Smith, N., and Mason, D.R. (2005). Comparative changes in adult vs. juvenile survival affecting population trends of African ungulates. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, 762773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palomares, F., and Caro, T.M. (1999). Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores. The American Naturalist, 153, 492508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasanen-Mortensen, M., Elmhagen, B., Lindén, H., et al. (2017). The changing contribution of top-down and bottom-up limitation of mesopredators during 220 years of land use and climate change. Journal of Animal Ecology, 86, 566576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Périquet, S., Valeix, M., Loveridge, A.J., Madzikanda, H., Macdonald, D.W., and Fritz, H. (2010). Individual vigilance of African herbivores while drinking: the role of immediate predation risk and context. Animal Behaviour, 79, 665671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, M.K., and Smith, D.W. (1997). Yellowstone wolf project: biennial report 1995 and 1996. Yellowstone National Park, WY: Yellowstone Center for Resources.Google Scholar
Polis, G.A., and Strong, D.R. (1996). Food web complexity and community dynamics. The American Naturalist, 147, 813846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polis, G.A., Myers, C.A., and Holt, R.D. (1989). The ecology and evolution of intraguild predation: potential competitors that eat each other. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20, 297330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, K.H., Nichols, J.D., Simons, T.R., Farnsworth, G.L., Bailey, L.L., and Sauer, J.R. (2002). Large scale wildlife monitoring studies: statistical methods for design and analysis. Environmetrics, 13, 105119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pounds, J.A., Bustamante, M.R., Coloma, L.A., et al. (2006). Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature, 439, 161167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preisser, E.L., Bolnick, D.I., and Benard, M.F. (2005). Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator–prey interactions. Ecology, 86, 501509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radloff, F.G.T., and du Toit, J.T. (2004). Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator’s size determines its prey size range. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 410423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, R. (1958). Silvical characteristics of Plains Cottonwood Populus sargentii. Station Paper. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Ripple, W.J., and Beschta, R.L. (2003). Wolf reintroduction, predation risk, and cottonwood recovery in Yellowstone National Park. Forest Ecology and Management, 184, 299313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ripple, W.J., and Beschta, R.L. (2012). Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biological Conservation, 145, 205213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ripple, W.J., and Larsen, E.J. (2000). Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Biological Conservation, 95, 361370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ripple, W.J., Larsen, E.J., Renkin, R.A., and Smith, D.W. (2001). Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park’s northern range. Biological Conservation, 102, 227234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritchie, E.G., and Johnson, C.N. (2009). Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation. Ecology Letters, 12, 982998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romme, W.H., Turner, M.G., Wallace, L.L., and Walker, J.S. (1995). Aspen, elk, and fire in northern Yellowstone Park. Ecology, 76, 20972106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schullery, P., and Whittlesey, L.H. (1992). The documentary record of wolves and related wildlife species in the Yellowstone National Park area prior to 1882. National Park Service, Division of Research.
Short, J., Kinnear, J.E., and Robley, A. (2002). Surplus killing by introduced predators in Australia – evidence for ineffective anti-predator adaptations in native prey species? Biological Conservation, 103, 283301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shurin, J.B., Borer, E.T., Seabloom, E.W., et al. (2002). A cross-ecosystem comparison of the strength of trophic cascades. Ecology Letters, 5, 785791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sih, A., Crowley, P., McPeek, M., Petranka, J., and Strohmeier, K. (1985). Predation, competition and prey communities: a review of field experiments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 16, 269311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, A.R.E., Mduma, S., and Brashares, J.S. (2003). Patterns of predation in a diverse predator–prey system. Nature, 425, 288290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skalski, G.T., and Gilliam, J.F. (2001). Functional responses with predator interference: viable alternatives to the Holling Type II model. Ecology, 82, 30833092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slobodkin, L.B., Smith, F.E., and Hairston, N.G. (1967). Regulation in terrestrial ecosystems, and the implied balance of nature. The American Naturalist, 101, 109124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, M. (1949). The natural control of animal populations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 18, 135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soulé, M.E. (2010). Conservation relevance of ecological cascades. In Terborgh, J. and Estes, J.A. (Eds.), Trophic cascades: predators, prey and the changing dynamics of nature (pp. 337353). Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Stephens, P.A., Buskirk, S.W., Hayward, G.D., and Del Rio, C.M. (2005). Information theory and hypothesis testing: a call for pluralism. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42, 412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terborgh, J., Estes, J., Paquet, P., et al. (1999). The role of top carnivores in regulating terrestrial ecosystems. In Soulé, M.E. and Terborgh, J. (Eds.), Continental conservation: scientific foundations of regional reserve networks (pp. 4256). Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Tomas, J., Aznar, F.J., and Raga, J.A. (2001). Feeding ecology of the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta in the western Mediterranean. Journal of Zoology, 255, 525532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Dyk, G., and Slotow, R. (2003). The effects of fences and lions on the ecology of African wild dogs reintroduced to Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa. African Zoology, 38, 7994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Valkenburgh, B., Hayward, M.W., Ripple, W.J., Meloro, C., and Roth, V.L. (2016). The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 862867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vucetich, J.A., Peterson, R.O., and Schaefer, C.L. (2002). The effect of prey and predator densities on wolf predation. Ecology, 83, 30033013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilmers, C.C., Post, E., Peterson, R.O., and Vucetich, J.A. (2006). Predator disease out-break modulates top-down, bottom-up and climatic effects on herbivore population dynamics. Ecology Letters, 9, 383389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilmers, C.C., Post, E., and Hastings, A. (2007). The anatomy of predator–prey dynamics in a changing climate. Journal of Animal Ecology, 76, 10371044.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winnie, J., and Creel, S. (2017). The many effects of carnivores on their prey and their implications for trophic cascades, and ecosystem structure and function. Food Webs, 12, 8894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, F.I., Fogg, G.E., and Heber, U. (1990). The impact of low temperatures in controlling the geographical distribution of plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 326, 585593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4
Cited by

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×