Psychotropic Drug Treatment in Childhood and Adolescence

doi:10.1017/9781911623465.019

Chapter 17 - Psychotropic Drug Treatment in Childhood and Adolescence

from Part 3 - Specific Therapeutic Areas

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 May 2020

David Coghill and

Nicoletta Adamo

Edited by

Peter M. Haddad and

David J. Nutt

Show author details

Peter M. Haddad: Affiliation:
Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
David J. Nutt: Affiliation:
Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Whilst the use of medication to treat psychiatric problems is less common in children and adolescents than in adults, rates of prescription are increasing for these groups. Notwithstanding a significant increase in the number and quality of clinical trials of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents there are continuing concerns that increases in rates of prescribing still outstrip the evidence base. For example, the prescribing of antipsychotics for children 7–12 years of age in primary care within the UK almost tripled between 1992 and 2005, with the prescribing of ‘atypical antipsychotics’ increasing 60-fold from 1994 to 2005 (Rani et al., 2008).

Type: Chapter
Information: Seminars in Clinical Psychopharmacology , pp. 525 - 542

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781911623465.019 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Allen, AJ, Kurlan, RM, Gilbert, DL, et al. (2005). Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders. Neurology, 65, 1941–1949.Google Scholar

Baldwin, DS, Kosky, N (2007). Off-label prescribing in psychiatric practice. Adv Psychiatr Treat, 13, 414–422.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bratt, AM, Masanyero-Bennie, B, Kelley, SP (2017). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of immediate release methylphenidate to reduce hyperactivity in children with autistic spectrum disorder. J Pharm Sci Exp Pharmacol, 2017, 11–20.Google Scholar

Brent, D, Emslie, G, Clarke, G (2008). Switching to another SSRI or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression: the TORDIA randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 299, 901–913.Google Scholar

Cipriani, A, Zhou, X, Del Giovane, C, et al. (2016). Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Lancet, 388, 881–890.Google Scholar

Coghill, D, Seth, S (2015). Effective management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through structured re-assessment: the Dundee ADHD Clinical Care Pathway. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 9, 52. doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0083-2.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cohen, SC, Mulqueen, JM, Ferracioli-Oda, E, et al. (2015). Meta-analysis: risk of tics associated with psychostimulant use in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 54, 728–736.Google Scholar

Cortese, S, Holtmann, M, Banaschewski, T, et al. (2013). Practitioner review: current best practice in the management of adverse events during treatment with ADHD medications in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 54, 227–246.Google Scholar

Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE, Gulisano, M, et al. (2011). Clinical correlates of quality of life in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord, 26, 735–738.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Emslie, GJ, Mayes, T, Porta, G, et al. (2010). Treatment of resistant depression in adolescents (TORDIA): week 24 outcomes. Am J Psychiatry, 167, 782–791.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

European Medicines Agency (2007). Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on medicinal products for paediatric use, as amended by Regulation (EC) No 1902/2006 (online). Available at: www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/document_listing/document_listing_000068.jsp (last accessed 12.6.18).Google Scholar

Fraguas, D, Correll, CU, Merchan-Naranjo, J, et al. (2011). Efficacy and safety of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents with psychotic and bipolar spectrum disorders: comprehensive review of prospective head-to-head and placebo-controlled comparisons. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 21, 621–645.Google Scholar

Gibbons, RD, Brown, CH, Hur, K, et al. (2007). Early evidence on the effects of regulators’ suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry, 164, 1356–1363.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Goodyer, I, Dubicka, B, Wilkinson, P, et al. (2007). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and routine specialist care with and without cognitive behaviour therapy in adolescents with major depression: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 335, 142.Google Scholar

Gusmao, R, Quintao, S, McDaid, D, et al. (2013). Antidepressant utilization and suicide in Europe: an ecological multi-national study. PLoS One, 8, e66455.Google Scholar

Hammad, TA, Laughren, T, Racoosin, J (2006). Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63(3), 332–339.Google Scholar

Hazell, P, Mirzaie, M (2013). Tricyclic drugs for depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (6), CD002317.Google Scholar

Hetrick, SE, McKenzie, JE, Cox, GR, Simmons, MB, Merry, SN (2012). Newer generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (11), CD004851.Google Scholar PubMed

Hollander, E, Phillips, A, Chaplin, W, et al. (2005). A placebo controlled crossover trial of liquid fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in childhood and adolescent autism. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 582–589.Google Scholar

Hollander, E, Chaplin, W, Soorya, L, et al. (2010). Divalproex sodium vs placebo for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 990–998.Google Scholar

Joint Formulary Committee (2019). British National Formulary for Children (online). London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press.Google Scholar

Kendall, T, Hollis, C, Stafford, M, Taylor, C; Guideline Development Group (2013). Recognition and management of psychosis and schizophrenia in children and young people: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ, 346, f150.Google Scholar

Le Noury, J, Nardo, JM, Healy, D, et al. (2015). Restoring Study 329: efficacy and harms of paroxetine and imipramine in treatment of major depression in adolescence. BMJ, 351, h4320.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Leslie, LK, Newman, TB, Chesney, PJ, et al. (2005). The Food and Drug Administration’s deliberations on antidepressant use in pediatric patients. Pediatrics, 116, 195–204.Google Scholar

Malone, RP, Gratz, SS, Delaney, MA, Hyman, SB (2005). Advances in drug treatments for children and adolescents with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. CNS Drugs, 19, 923–934.Google Scholar

March, J, Silva, S, Petrycki, S, et al.; Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) Team (2004). Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 292, 807–820.Google Scholar PubMed

Marcus, RN, Owen, R, Kamen, L, et al. (2009). A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 48, 1110–1119.Google Scholar PubMed

McClellan, L, Dominick, KC, Pedapati, EV, Wink, LK, Erickson, CA (2017). Lurasidone for the treatment of irritability and anger in autism spectrum disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 26, 985–989.Google Scholar

McDougle, CJ, Scahill, L, Aman, MG, et al. (2005). Risperidone for the core symptom domains of autism: results from the study by the autism network of the research units on pediatric psychopharmacology. Am J Psychiatry, 162, 1142–1148.Google Scholar

Medicines for Children (2015). Unlicensed Medicines (online). Available at: www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk/unlicensed-medicines (last accessed 12.6.18).Google Scholar

Murray, ML, Thompson, M, Santosh, PJ, Wong, IC (2005). Effects of the Committee on Safety of Medicines advice on antidepressant prescribing to children and adolescents in the UK. Drug Saf, 28(12), 1151–1157.Google Scholar

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2015). Depression in children and young people: identification and management in primary, community and secondary care. Clinical guideline [CG28]. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.Google Scholar

Owen, R, Sikich, L, Marcus, RN, et al. (2009). Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics, 124, 1533–1540.Google Scholar

Politte, LC, Scahill, L, Figueroa, J, et al. (2018). A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release guanfacine in children with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD symptoms: an analysis of secondary outcome measures. Neuropsychopharmacology, 43, 1772–1778.Google Scholar

Rani, F, Murray, ML, Byrne, PJ, Wong, IC (2008). Epidemiologic features of antipsychotic prescribing to children and adolescents in primary care in the United Kingdom. Pediatrics, 121, 1002–1009.Google Scholar

Remington, G, Sloman, L, Konstantareas, M, Parker, K, Gow, R (2001). Clomipramine versus haloperidol in the treatment of autistic disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 21, 440–444.Google Scholar

Roessner, V, Plessen, KJ, Rothenberger, A, et al.; ESSTS Guidelines Group (2011). European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 20, 173–196.Google Scholar

Rosen, MS (2017). Lithium in child and adolescent bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry Resid J, 12, 3–5.Google Scholar

Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2013). The use of unlicensed medicines or licensed medicines for unlicensed applications in paediatric practice. London: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.Google Scholar

Royal College of Psychiatrists (2007). Use of Licensed Medicines for Unlicensed Applications in Psychiatric Practice, 2nd ed. College Report CR210. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar

Ryan, ND (1990). Heterocyclic antidepressants in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 1, 21–31.Google Scholar PubMed

Rylance, GW, Moreland, TA (1980). Drug level monitoring in paediatric practice. Arch Dis Child, 55, 89–98.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sandor, P (1995). Clinical management of Tourette’s syndrome and associated disorders. Can J Psychiatry, 40, 577–583.Google Scholar

Scahill, L, Erenberg, G, Berlin, CM Jr, et al.; Tourette Syndrome Association Medical Advisory Board: Practice Committee (2006). Contemporary assessment and pharmacotherapy of Tourette syndrome. NeuroRx, 3, 192–206.Google Scholar

Sharma, AN, Arango, C, Coghill, D, et al. (2016). BAP Position Statement: Off-label prescribing of psychotropic medication to children and adolescents. J Psychopharmacol, 30, 416–421.Google Scholar

Shrestha, SS, Nelson, EE, Liow, JS, et al. (2014). Fluoxetine administered to juvenile monkeys: effects on the serotonin transporter and behavior. Am J Psychiatry, 171, 323–331.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Simonoff, E, Pickles, A, Charman, T, et al. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 47, 921–929.Google Scholar

Sonuga-Barke, EJ, Swanson, JM, Coghill, D, Decory, HH, Hatch, SJ (2004). Efficacy of two once-daily methylphenidate formulations compared across dose levels at different times of the day: preliminary indications from a secondary analysis of the COMACS study data. BMC Psychiatry, 4, 28.Google Scholar

Sparks, JA, Duncan, BL (2013). Outside the black box: re-assessing pediatric antidepressant prescription. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 22, 240–246.Google Scholar

Stone, M, Laughren, T, Jones, ML, et al. (2009). Risk of suicidality in clinical trials of antidepressants in adults: analysis of proprietary data submitted to US Food and Drug Administration. BMJ, 339, b2880.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

UK Government (1983). UK Medical Act 1983 (c54).Google Scholar

Usala, T, Clavenna, A, Zuddas, A, Bonati, M (2008). Randomised controlled trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating depression in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 18, 62–73.Google Scholar

Verdellen, C, van de Griendt, J, Hartmann, A, Murphy, T; ESSTS Guidelines Group (2011). European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 20, 197–207.Google Scholar

Zheng, W, Li, XB, Xiang, YQ, et al. (2016). Aripiprazole for Tourette’s syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol, 31, 11–18.Google Scholar