Adeney, Katherine. 2007. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict Regulation in India and Pakistan. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Adeney, Katherine 2017. ‘Does Ethnofederalism Explain the Success of Indian Federalism?’ India Review 16 (1): 125–48.Google Scholar

Adeney, Katherine 2021. ‘How Can We Model Ethnic Democracy? An Application to Contemporary India’. Nations and Nationalism 27 (2): 393–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12654Google Scholar

Adhikari, Gangadhar. 1945. Sikh Homeland through Hindu-Muslim-Sikh Unity. Bombay: Communist Party of India.Google Scholar

Advani, L. K 2008. My Country: My Life. New Delhi: Rupa.Google Scholar

Ahluwalia, Pal, Mandair, Arvind-Pal S and Singh, Gurharpal. 2005. ‘The Subject of Sikh Studies’. Sikh Formations 1 (1): 1–11.Google Scholar

Ahmed, Ishtiaq. 2000. ‘The Partition of Punjab: Arguments Put Forth before the Punjab Boundary Commission by the Parties Involved’. In Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Sub-continent, edited by Talbot, Ian and Singh, Gurharpal, 115–65. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ali, Imran. 1988. The Punjab under Imperialism, 1855–1947. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ali, Murad. 2019. ‘China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Prospects and Challenges’. Contemporary South Asia 28 (1): 100–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2019.1667302Google Scholar

Aloysius, G 1997. Nationalism without a Nation in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Amnesty International. 1991. India: Human Rights Violations in Punjab – Use and Abuse of the Law. Accessed 12 May 2020. www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/196000/asa200111991en.pdfGoogle Scholar

Amritsar Declaration. 1994. Accessed 15 June 2020. www.sikhsangat.com/index.php?/topic/78434-amritsar-declaration-1994-akali-dal-and-capt-amarinder-singh-push-for-independent-state/Google Scholar

Anand Marriage Act (1909). Accessed 6 May 2020. http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1909-07.pdfGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict 1992. Long-Distance Nationalism: World Capitalism and the Rise of Identity Politics. Amsterdam: Centre for Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Anderson, Perry. 2013. The Indian Ideology. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Appadurai, Arjun. 1990. ‘Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy’. In Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalisation and Modernity, edited by Featherstone, Mike, 295–311. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Austin, Granville. 1966. The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016. ‘Religion in Australia 2016’. Accessed 23 April. www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Data%20Summary~70Google Scholar

Axel, Brian Keith. 2001. The Nation’s Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh ‘Diaspora’. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Axel, Brian Keith 2002. ‘The Diasporic Imaginary’. Public Culture 14 (2): 411–28.Google Scholar

Babbar Khalsa International. 1991. ‘Babbar Khalsa International Wallon Sandesh’. Jantak Paigam.Google Scholar

Bains, Tara Singh, and Johnston, Hugh. 1995. Four Quarters of the Night: The Life Journey of an Emigrant Sikh. Montreal: McGill-Queens.Google Scholar

Bajpai, Rochana. 2011. Debating Difference: Group Rights and Liberal Democracy in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bal, Hartosh Singh. 2017. ‘Under a Cloud: Punjab Seeks Alternative after Ten Years under the Badal Family’. The Caravan. 1 January. Accessed 7 May 2018. https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/punjab-badal-politicsGoogle Scholar

Ballantyne, Tony. 2006. Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Ballard, Roger. 1994. ‘Differentiation and Disjunction among the Sikhs’. In Desh Pardesh: The South Asian Presence in Britain, edited by Ballard, Roger, 88–116. London. Hurst.Google Scholar

Ballard, Roger 1996. ‘Panth, Kismet, Dharm te Qaum: Continuity and Change of Four Dimensions of Punjabi Religion’. In Globalisation and the Region: Explorations in Punjab Identity, edited by Singh, Pritam and Thandi, Shinder S, 7–38. Coventry: Association for Punjab Studies.Google Scholar

Banaji, Shakuntala. 2018. ‘Vigilante Publics: Orientalism, Modernity and Hindu Fascism in India’. Javnost – The Public 24 (4): 333–50.Google Scholar

Banerjee, Indubhusan. 1963. Evolution of the Khalsa: The Foundation of the Sikh Panth. Vol. 1. Calcutta: A Mukherjee.Google Scholar

Banga, Indu. 1988. ‘The Crisis of Sikh Politics (1940–47)’. In Sikh History and Religion in the Twentieth Century, edited by O’ Connell, Joseph T, Israel, Milton and Oxtoby, Willard G, 233–55. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Centre for South Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Banga, Indu 1997. ‘The Formation of the Sikh State: 1765–1845’. In Five Punjabi Centuries: Polity, Economy, Society and Culture, edited by Banga, Indu, 84–112. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar

Banga, Indu 1999. ‘The Punjab under Sikh Rule: Formation of a Regional State’. In The Khalsa over 300 Years, edited by Banga, Indu and Grewal, J. S, 68–77. New Delhi: Tulika Press.Google Scholar

Bardhan, Parnab. 1984. The Political Economy of Development in India. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Barrier, N. Gerald. 1968. ‘The Punjab Government and Communal Politics, 1870–1908’. Asian Studies 27 (3): 523–39.Google Scholar

Barrier, N. Gerald, and Dusenbery, Verne. 1989. The Sikh Diaspora and the Experience beyond the Punjab. New Delhi: South Asia.Google Scholar

Barry, Brian. 2001. Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Baru, Sanjaya. 2014. The Accidental Prime Minister: The Making and Unmaking of Manmohan Singh. Gurgaon: Penguin.Google Scholar

Basran, G. S, and Bolaria, B. S. 2003. The Sikhs of Canada: Migration, Race, Class, and Gender. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bayly, Susanne. 1999. ‘Race in Britain and India’. In Nation and Religion: Perspectives on Europe and Asia, edited by van der Veer, Peter and Lehmann, Martmut, 71–95. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Bennet, Fred. 1999. ‘The Face of the State’. Political Studies 47 (2): 677–90.Google Scholar

Bertolani, Barbara. 2015. ‘Young Sikhs in Italy: A Plural Presence for an Intergenerational Dialogue’. In Young Sikhs in a Global World: Negotiating Traditions, Identities and Authorities, edited by Jacobsen, Knut A and Myrvold, Kristina, 209–30. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Bhachu, Parminder. 1985. Twice Migrants: East African Sikh Settlers in Britain. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar

Bharadwaj, J, Khwaja, A and Mian, A. 2008. ‘The Big March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India’. Economic and Political Weekly (30 August): 39–49.Google Scholar

Bharatiya Janata Party. 1984. Action Unavoidable, Situation Avoidable: Hindu-Sikh Unity at All Costs. New Delhi: BJP Publications.Google Scholar

Bhargava, Rajeev. 1998. ‘What Is Secularism For?’ In Secularism and Its Critics, edited by Bhargava, Rajeev, 486–542. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bhattacharyya, Harihar. 2019. ‘Pitfalls of Indian Ethno-federal Model of Ethnic Conflict Management: Tension between Tribal Ethnicity and Territory in India’s North East’. Ethnopolitics. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1622222CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Block, Daniel. 2018. ‘Model Minority: The Hard Questions Facing the Poster Boy of Canadian Multiculturalism’. The Caravan. 1 February 2018. Accessed 23 January 2020. www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/jagmeet-singh-hard-questions-facing-canada-multiculturalism-poster-boy.Google Scholar

Bose, Sumantra. 2003. Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Path to Peace. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Brar, K. S 1993. Operation Blue Star: The True Story. New Delhi: USB Publishers’ Distributors.Google Scholar

Brass, Paul R 1974. Language, Religion and Politics in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Brass, Paul R 1991. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar

Brass, Paul R 2003. ‘The Partition of India and Retributive Genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: Means, Methods, and Purpose’. Journal of Genocide Research 5 (1): 71–101.Google Scholar

Brass, Paul R 2004. The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Brass, Paul R 2009. ‘Was There Ever a Khalistan Movement?’ Paper presented at a workshop on ‘What’s Happening to Sikh Ethno-nationalism?’ University of Birmingham. 27–28 May, 1–22. [Unpublished].Google Scholar

British Sikh Report. 2019. Accessed 15 May 2020. https://britishsikhreport.org/british-sikh-report-2019/Google Scholar

Brown, Judith M 1985. Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Brubaker, Rogers. 2011. ‘Religion and Nationalism: Four Approaches’. Nations and Nationalism 18 (1): 1–19.Google Scholar

Bruce, Steve, ed. 1992. Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularisation Thesis. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar

Butalia, Urvashi. 2000. The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India. London: Hurst.Google Scholar

Butalia, Urvashi 2017. ‘Sandip Kaur’s Bikhra Painda: A Militant Women’s Story from Punjab’. Sikh Formations 13 (1 & 2): 20–9.Google Scholar

Carter, Lionel, ed. 2007. Punjab Politics 1 June–14 August 1947 Tragedy: Governors’ Fortnightly Reports and Other Key Documents. Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar

Census India. 2011. Accessed 12 February 2019. http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CensusData2011.htmlGoogle Scholar

Chaddah, Mehar Singh. 1982. Are Sikhs a Nation? Delhi: Delhi Gurdwara Management Committee.Google Scholar

Chandra, Bipan. 1984. Communalism in Modern India. New Delhi: Vikas.Google Scholar

Chattha, Ilyas Ahmed. 2021. The Punjab Borderland: Mobility,Materiality, and Militancy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chatterjee, Chhanda. 2019. The Sikh Minority and the Partition of the Punjab 1920–1947. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Chatterji, Joya. 2002. Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chatterjee, Partha. 1986. Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse. London: Zed.Google Scholar

Chatterjee, Partha 1993. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Chatterji, Agana P, Hansen, Thomas Blom and Jaffrelot, Christophe, eds. 2019. How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India. London: Hurst.Google Scholar

Chester, Lucy. 2008. On the Edge: Borders, Territory and Conflict in South Asia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Chibber, Vivek. 2013. Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Chima, Jugdep S 2010. The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar

Chima, Jugdep S 2015a. ‘The Shiromani Akali Dal and Emerging Cleavages in Contemporary Sikh Politics in Punjab: Integrative Regionalism versus Exclusivist Ethnonationalism’. Journal of Punjab Studies 22 (1):143–74.Google Scholar

Chima, Jugdep S 2015b. ‘The Sikh “Political Prisoner” Issue and Hunger Strikes: A Study of Political Leadership, Institutional Mobilisation and Emerging Dynamics of Sikh Politics in Punjab’. Sikh Formations 11 (3): 283–305.Google Scholar

Chopra, Radhika. 2010. ‘Commemorating Hurt: Memorialising Operation Blue Star’. Sikh Formations 6 (2): 119–52.Google Scholar

Chopra, Radhika 2013. ‘A Museum, a Memorial, and a Martyr: Politics of Memory in the Sikh Golden Temple’. Sikh Formations 9 (2): 97–114.Google Scholar

Chrisman, Laura. 2004. ‘Nationalism and Postcolonial Studies’. In The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Studies, edited by Lazaras, Neil, 183–98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Clarke, Peter. 2003. The Cripps Version: The Life of Sir Stafford Cripps 1899–1952. London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Cohen, Robin. 1997. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. London: UCL Press.Google Scholar

Cohn, Bernard S 1996. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182. 2010. 4 vols. Accessed 29 July 2018. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/bcp-pco/CP32-89-4-2010-eng.pdfGoogle Scholar

Connor, Walker. 1972. ‘Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?’ World Politics 24 (3): 319–55.Google Scholar

Connor, Walker 1993. ‘Beyond Reason: The Nature of the Ethno-nationalist Bond’. Ethnic and Racial Studies 16 (3): 373–89.Google Scholar

Constituent Assembly Debates. 1949a. 25 May. Accessed 21 June 2020. https://indiankanoon.org/doc/790979/Google Scholar

Constituent Assembly Debates 1949b. 21 November. Accessed 21 June 2020. www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_assembly_debates/volume/11/1949-11-21Google Scholar

Constituent Assembly Debates 1949c. 22 November. Accessed 17 April 2020. http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/v11p8m.htmGoogle Scholar

Constituent Assembly Debates 1986. Vol. 9. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat.Google Scholar

Copland, Ian. 2003. ‘The Master and the Maharajas: The Sikh Princes and the East Punjab Massacres of 1947’. Modern Asian Studies 36 (3): 657–704.Google Scholar

Copley, Antony. 1987. Gandhi. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Corbridge, Stuart, and Harriss, John. 2000. Reinventing India: Liberalisation, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Corruccini, Robert S, and Kaul, Samvit. 1990. Demographic Consequences of the Partition of the Punjab 1947. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar

Cunningham, Joseph Davey [1849] 1997. History of the Sikhs. New Delhi: Low Price.Google Scholar

Das, Suranjan. 1991. Communal Riots in Bengal, 1905–1947. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Declaration of Independence of Khalistan. 1986. Accessed 4 December 2017. www.1984tribute.com/Declaration-of-Independence-of-Khalistan.phpGoogle Scholar

Deol, Harnik. 2000. Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Department of Statistics Singapore. 2011. ‘Demographic Characteristics, Education and Language’. In Singapore Census 2010, Statistical Release 1. Accessed 24 January 2020. www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications-and-papers/cop2010/census10_stat_release1Google Scholar

Dewey, Clive. 2010. ‘Honour and Martyr: The Ideological Origins of Sikh Violence’. Paper presented at a conference on ‘Rethinking 1947 Violence in Punjab’. University of Southampton. 10 April. [Oral presentation].Google Scholar

DeWitt, John. 1969. Indian Workers’ Associations in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dhar, Maloy Krishna. 2012. Open Secret: The Explosive Memoirs of an Indian Intelligence Officer. Accessed 13 August 2020. https://ru.b-ok2.org/book/2859039/58eceeGoogle Scholar

Dhavan, Purmina. 2014. ‘Sikhism in the Eighteenth Century’. In The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies, edited by Singh, Pashaura and Fenech, Louis E, 49–57. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dhillon, Kirpal. 2006. Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978–1993. New Delhi: Penguin.Google Scholar

Dhulipala, Venkat. 2015. Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dulat, A. S, Durrani, Asad and Sinha, Aditya. 2018. The Spy Chronicles. Nodia: HarperCollins.Google Scholar

Dumont, Louis. 1966. Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.Google Scholar

Dusenbery, Verne A 2008. Sikhs at Large: Religion, Culture, and Politics in Global Perspective. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dusenbery, Verne A 2012. ‘3HO/Sikh Dharma’. Sikh Formations 8 (3): 335–49.Google Scholar

Dusenbery, Verne A 2018. ‘Millennial Sikhs of the Diaspora Come of Age’. Sikh Formations 14 (3 & 4): 252–9.Google Scholar

Dusenbery, Verne A, and Tatla, Darshan Singh. 2009. Sikh Diaspora Philanthropy in Punjab: Global Giving for Local Good. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Economist Intelligence Report. 2003. Country Report: India. London: EIU Publications.Google Scholar

Election Commission of India. 1985. Statistical Report on the General Election, to the Legislative Assembly of the Punjab. Accessed 5 June 2020. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3450-punjab-1985/Google Scholar

Election Commission of India 1989. Statistical Report on General Elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha. Vol. 1. Accessed 10 July 2020. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4120-general-election-1989-vol-i-ii/Google Scholar

Election Commission of India 1992a. Statistical Report on General Elections, 1992 to the Tenth Lok Sabha. Vol. 1. Accessed 3 February 2020. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4122-general-election-1992-vol-i-ii/Google Scholar

Election Commission of India 1992b. Statistical Report on General Elections, 1992 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab. Accessed 3 February 2020. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3451-punjab-1992/Google Scholar

Election Commission of India 1996. Statistical Report on General Elections, 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha. Accessed 4 May 2019. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/Google Scholar

Election Commission of India 1997. Statistical Report on General Elections, 1997, to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab. Accessed 4 May 2019. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3452-punjab-1997/Google Scholar

Election Commission of India 2002. Statistical Report on General Elections, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab. Accessed 15 April 2020. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3453-punjab-2002/Google Scholar

Election Commission of India 2007. Statistical Report on General Elections, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab. Accessed 15 April 2020. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3454-punjab-2007/Google Scholar

Election Commission of India 2012. Statistical Report on General Elections, 2012 to Legislative Assembly of Punjab. Accessed 15 April 2020. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3455-punjab-2012/Google Scholar

Election Commission of India 2017. Statistical Report on General Elections, 2017 to Legislative Assembly of Punjab. Accessed 15 April 2020. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/Google Scholar

Embree, Ainslie. 1990. Utopias in Conflict: Religion and Nationalism in Modern India. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Fair, Christine C 2004. ‘The Historical Novels of Bhai Vir Singh: Narratives of Sikh Nationhood’. PhD diss., University of Chicago.Google Scholar

Fair, Christine C 2005. ‘Diaspora Involvement in Insurgencies: Insights from the Khalistan and Tamil Ealam Movements’. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 11 (1): 125–56.Google Scholar

Fenech, Louis E 2006. Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the ‘Game of Love’. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fenech, Louis E 2008. The Durbar of the Sikh Gurus: The Court of God in the World of Men. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fenech, Louis E 2013. The Sikh Zafar-namha of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Five Member Panthic Committee. 1986. ‘Khalistan Ailaan di Dastawez’. Gurmata 26 January.Google Scholar

Fitzgerald, Allister, ed. 2011. Air Crash Investigations: Mass Murder in the Sky: The Bombing of Air India Flight 182. www.Lulu.com.Google Scholar

Forgac, David, ed. 1988. A Gramsci Reader. London: Lawrence Wishart.Google Scholar

Fox, Richard G. 1985. Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Foucault, Michel. 2007. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France, 1977–1978. Translated by Graham Burchell. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Franke, Marcus. 2011. War and Nationalism in South Asia: The Indian State and the Nagas. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar

Frankel, Francine. 1971. India’s Green Revolution: Economic Gains and Political Cost. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

French, Patrick. 1998. Liberty or Death: India’s Journey to Independence and Division. London: Flamingo.Google Scholar

Friedland, Roger. 2002. ‘Money, Sex and God: The Erotic Logic of Religious Nationalism’. Sociological Theory 20 (3): 381–425.Google Scholar

Ganguly, Sumit. 2015. ‘Modi’s Silence on Hindu Violence Threatens India’s Secular Tradition’. World Politics Review. 26 October. Accessed 12 March 2020. www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/17039/modi-s-silence-on-hindu-violence-threatens-india-s-secular-traditionGoogle Scholar

Gayer, Laurent. 2012. ‘“Princesses” among the “Lions”: The Militant Careers of Sikh Female Fighters’. Sikh Formations 8 (1): 1–19.Google Scholar

Geertz, Clifford. 1963. ‘The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in New States’. In Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, edited by Geertz, Clifford, 105–19. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Gellner, Ernest. 1964. Thought and Change. London: Weidenfield and Nicholson.Google Scholar

Gellner, Ernest 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Gill, K. P. S 2007. Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood. Delhi: Har Anand.Google Scholar

Gill, Sucha Singh. n.d. ‘Changing Economic Structure [and] the Emergence of New Political Classes and Elections in Punjab’. 1–25. [Unpublished].Google Scholar

Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Gilmartin, David 2015. ‘Rethinking the Public through the Lens of Sovereignty’. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 38 (3): 371–86.Google Scholar

Glazer, Nathan, and Moynihan, Daniel P, eds. 1975. Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Gould, William. 2004. Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Government of India. 1984. White Paper on the Punjab Agitation. New Delhi: Government of India.Google Scholar

Government of India Act 1988. Commission on Centre-State Relations. Part 1. New Delhi: Government of India.Google Scholar

Government of India Act, 1935. Accessed 7 May 2020. www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1935/2/pdfs/ukpga_19350002_en.pdfGoogle Scholar

Government of Punjab. 2017. White Paper on Finances. Chandigarh: Government of Punjab.Google Scholar

Graham, Bruce D 1990. Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Canada, Grant v (Attorney General). 1994 CanLII 3507 (FC), [1995] 1 FC 158. Accessed 15 August 2020. www.canlii.org/en/ca/fct/doc/1994/1994canlii3507/1994canlii3507.htmlGoogle Scholar

Grewal, J. S. 1990. The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Grewal, J. S 1996. The Akalis: A Short History. Chandigarh: Punjab Studies.Google Scholar

Grewal, J. S 1999. ‘Nabha’s Ham Hindu Nahin: A Declaration of Sikh Ethnicity’. In Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change, edited by Singh, Pashaura and Barrier, N. Gerald, 231–54. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar

Grewal, J. S 2018. Master Tara Singh in Indian History: Colonialism, Nationalism and the Politics of Sikh Identity. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Grosby, Stephen. 1995. ‘Territoriality: the Transcendental, Primordial Feature of Modern Societies’. Nations and Nationalism 1 (2): 143–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guha, Ramchandra. 2008. India after Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. London: Pan.Google Scholar

Guha, Ranajit, and Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, eds. 1988. Selected Subaltern Studies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Guibernau, Montserrat. 1999. Nations without States: Political Communities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Gulati, Kailish Chandra. 1974. The Akalis: Past and Present. New Delhi: Ashajanak.Google Scholar

Gupta, Dipankar. 1996. The Context of Ethnicity: Sikh Identity in a Comparative Perspective. New Delhi. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sahib, Guru Granth. n.d. Accessed 12 January 2019. www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?S=yGoogle Scholar

Hall, Kathleen. D. 2002. Lives in Translation: Sikh Youth as British Citizens. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Handa, Rishi. 2014. ‘Udasi “Religiosity”: A Challenge to Exclusive Identities’. PhD diss., SOAS, University of London.Google Scholar

Haqqani, Hussain. 2005. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for Peace.Google Scholar

Haroon, Sana. 2017. ‘Shahidganj in Colonial Lahore: Land, Land Use and the Formation of a Religious Community’. The Indian Economic and Social History Review 54 (2): 183–220.Google Scholar

Harrison, Selig S 1960. India: The Most Dangerous Decades. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Hecter, Michael. 1975. Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536–1966. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Held, David, and McGrew, Andrew, eds. 2000a. The Global Transformations Reader. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Held, David, and McGrew, Andrew 2000b. ‘The Great Globalisation Debate’. In The Global Transformations Reader, edited by Held, David and McGrew, Anthony, 1–30. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Helweg, Arthur W 1986. Sikhs in England. 2nd edition. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hill, K, Seltzer, W, Leaning, J, Malik, S. J, and Russell, S. S. 2005. ‘The Demographic Impact of Partition: Bengal in 1947’. Accessed 13 May 2020. https://iussp2005.princeton.edu/papers/52236Google Scholar

Hill, K, Seltzer, W, Leaning, J, Malik, S. J, and Russell, S. S 2008. ‘The Demographic Impact of the Partition in the Punjab 1947’. Population Studies 62 (2): 155–70.Google Scholar

Hobsbawm, Eric J 1959. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movements in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Hobsbawm, Eric J 1983. ‘Introduction: Inventing Traditions’. In The Invention of Tradition, edited by Hobsbawm, Eric J and Ranger, Terence, 1–15. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hobsbawm, Eric J 1990. Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

House of Lords. 1983. Mandla and another v. Dowell Lee and another. Accessed 2 June 2020. www.hrcr.org/safrica/equality/Mandla_DowellLee.htmGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 1994 Dead Silence: The Legacy of Human Rights Abuses in Punjab. Accessed 20 May 2020. www.hrw.org/report/1994/05/01/dead-silence-legacy-abuses-punjabGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch 2018. ‘India: Events of 2017’. Accessed 20 April 2020. www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/indiaGoogle Scholar

Hundle, Anneeth Kaur. 2012. ‘After Wisconsin’. Sikh Formations 8 (3): 287–91.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel P 1993. ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’ Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 22–49.Google Scholar

Ikeda, Atsushi. 2019. ‘The Transformation of Sikh Identity in Colonial Punjab: Portraiture of Guru Nanak the Founder of Sikhism’. SOAS, University of London. 1–21. [Unpublished].Google Scholar

Inayatullah, Naeem, and Blaney, David L. 2004. International Relations and the Problem of Difference. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Inden, Ronald B 1990. Imagining India. London: Hurst.Google Scholar

India, Census Commissioner. 1923. Census of India 1921. Vol. XV, Part 1. Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette Press.Google Scholar

India, Census Commissioner 1943. Census of India. Vol. 1, Part 1. Tables. Delhi: Government of India.Google Scholar

Indian Round Table Conference (second session) (17 September–1 December 1931). 1932. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Jacobsen, Knut A, and Myrvold, Kristina, eds. 2012. Sikhs across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1996. The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Jaffrelot, Christophe 2002. Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation. London: Zed.Google Scholar

Jaffrelot, Christophe 2011. Religion, Caste and Politics in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jaffrelot, Christophe 2017. ‘India’s Democracy at 70: Toward a Hindu State?’ Journal of Democracy 28 (3): 52–63.Google Scholar

Jakobsh, Doris R 2003. Relocating Gender in Sikh History: Transformations, Meaning and Identity. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jalal, Ayesha. 1994. The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jalal, Ayesha 2001. ‘South Asia’. Encyclopaedia of Nationalism: Fundamental Themes, edited by Motyl, Alexander J, 737–56. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Jayal, Niraja Gopal, ed. 2001. Democracy in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jeffrey, Renee, and Hall, Ian. 2020. ‘Post-conflict Justice in Divided Democracies: The 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots in India’. Third World Quarterly 41 (6): 994–1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1728686Google Scholar

Jeffrey, Robin. 1986. What Is Happening to India? Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, Mrs Gandhi’s Death and the Test for Federalism. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Jenkins, Robert. 1999. Democratic Politics and Economic Reforms in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jha, Saumitra, and Wilkinson, Steve. 2012. ‘Does Combat Experience Foster Organisation Skills: Evidence from Ethnic Cleansing during the Partition of South Asia’. American Political Science Review 106 (4): 883–907.Google Scholar

Jodhka, Surinder S 2004a. ‘Sikhism and the Caste Question: Dalits and Their Politics in Contemporary Punjab’. Contributions to Indian Sociology 38 (1–2): 165–92.Google Scholar

Jodhka, Surinder S 2004b. ‘Dissociation, Distancing and Autonomy: Caste and Untouchability in Rural Punjab’. In Dalits in Regional Context, edited by Puri, Harish K, 62–99. New Delhi: Rawat.Google Scholar

Jodhka, Surinder S 2008. ‘Of Babas and Deras’. Seminar 581. Accessed 10 December 2017. www.india-seminar.com/2008/581/581_surinder_jodhka.htmGoogle Scholar

Jones, Kenneth. 1976. Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in Nineteenth Century Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Joshi, Manoj. 1993. Combatting Terrorism in Punjab: Indian Democracy in Crisis. London: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict.Google Scholar

Judge, Paramjit Singh. 2005. Religion, Identity and Nationhood: The Sikh Militant Movement. Jaipur: Rawat.Google Scholar

Judge, Rajbir Singh, and Brar, Jasdeep Singh. 2017. ‘Guru Nanak Is Not at the White House: An Essay on the Idea of Sikh-American Redemption’. Sikh Formations 13 (3): 147–61.Google Scholar

Juergensmeyer, Mark. 1977. ‘The Ghadar Syndrome: Nationalism in an Immigrant Community’. Punjab Journal of Politics 1 (1): 3–12.Google Scholar

Juergensmeyer, Mark 1982. Religion As Social Vision: The Movement against Untouchability in 20th Century Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Juergensmeyer, Mark 1993. The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Juergensmeyer, Mark 2000. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Juergensmeyer, Mark 2008. Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to Al Qaeda. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Juergensmeyer, Mark 2015. ‘From Bhindranwale to Bin Laden: The Global Rise of Religious Violence’. Paper presented at International Christian University, 1–9. 25 March. [Unpublished].Google Scholar

Juergensmeyer, Mark, and Barrier, N. Gerald. eds. 1979. Sikh Studies: Comparative Perspectives on a Changing Tradition. Berkeley: Graduate Theological Union.Google Scholar

Kapur, Rajiv A 1986. Sikh Separatism: The Politics of Faith. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kashmeri, Zuhair, and McAndrew, Brian. 1989. Soft Target: How Indian Intelligence Services Penetrated Canada. Toronto: James Lorimer.Google Scholar

Kaur, Jaskaran. 2002. ‘A Judicial Blackout: Judicial Impunity for Disappearances in Punjab, India’. Harvard Human Rights Journal 15 (1): 269–300.Google Scholar

Kaviraj, Sudipta. 1997. ‘Religion and Identity in India’. Ethnic and Racial Studies 20 (2): 325–44.Google Scholar

Kaviraj, Sudipta 2010. The Imaginary Institution of India: Politics and Ideas. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Keating, Michael. 2001. Plurinational Democracy: Stateless Nations in a Post-sovereignty Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Keating, Michael 2004. ‘European Integration and the Nationalities Question’. Politics and Society 31 (1): 367–88.Google Scholar

Keating, Michael, and McGarry, John, eds. 2001. Minority Nationalisms in a Changing International Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kedourie, Elie. 1960. Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Kessing’s Contemporary Archive. 1988. Vols. VXIV and XXXV.Google Scholar

Khilnani, Sunil. 1998. The Idea of India. New Delhi: Penguin.Google Scholar

Khosla, Gopal Das [1949] 1989. Stern Reckoning: A Survey of Events Leading up to and Following the Partition of India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kim, Heewon, 2017. ‘Understanding Modi and Minorities: The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance Government in India’. India Review 16 (4): 357–76.Google Scholar

Kim, Heewon 2019. The Struggle of Equality: India’s Muslims and Rethinking the UPA Experience. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kohn, Hans. 1967. The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background. 2nd edition. New York: Collier-Macmillan.Google Scholar

Kumar, Ashutosh. 2014. ‘Deras As Sites of Electoral Mobilisation in Indian Punjab: Examining the Reasons That Political Parties Flock to the Deras’. Asian Ethnicity 13 (3): 335–50.Google Scholar

Kumar, Ashutosh 2015. ‘The Aam Aadmi Party and Emerging Political Scenario on the Eve of the 2017 Punjab State Assembly Elections’. Journal of Punjab Studies 22 (1): 175–93.Google Scholar

Kumar, Ram Narayan. 2008. Terror in Punjab: Narrative, Knowledge and Truth. Delhi: Shirpa.Google Scholar

Kumar, Ram Narayan, Singh, Amrik, Agrwaal, Ashok and Kaur, Jaskaran. 2003. Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab. Final Report. Vol. 1. Kathmandu: South Asia Forum for Human Rights.Google Scholar

Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

La Brack, Bruce. 1988. The Sikhs of Northern California, 1904–1975. New York: AMS Press.Google Scholar

Leaf, Murray J 1985. ‘The Punjab Crisis’. Asian Survey 25 (2): 475–98.Google Scholar

Leigh, M. S 1922. The Punjab and the War. Lahore: Government of Punjab.Google Scholar

Leonard, Karen. 1992. Making Ethnic Choices: California’s Punjabi-Mexican Americans. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend. 2002. ‘Epilogue’. In Ian Talbot, Khizr Tiwana: The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, 236–45. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lloyd, Nick. 2013. ‘The Last Governor: Sir Evan Jenkins in the Punjab’. In The Independence of India and Pakistan: New Approaches and Reflections, edited by Talbot, Ian, 208–42. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Luthra, Sangeeta. 2018. ‘Sikh American Millennials at Work: Institution Building, Activism, and a Renaissance of Cultural Expression’. Sikh Formations 14 (3 & 4): 280–99.Google Scholar

Lutz, James M 2017. ‘Risk Sensitivity and the Sikh Uprising in the Punjab’. India Quarterly 73 (3): 327–41.Google Scholar

Macauliffe, Max Arthur. [1909] 1963. The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writing and Authors. Vols. 1–2. Delhi: S. Chand.Google Scholar

Mahajan, Gurpreet, and Jodhka, Surinder Singh. 2009. ‘Religions, Democracy and Governance: Spaces for the Marginalised in Contemporary India’. Religions and Development Research Programme. Working Paper 26. Accessed 5 March 2018. www.researchgate.net/publication/277828466_Religions_democracy_and_governance_Spaces_for_tiie_marginalised_in_contemporary_IndiaGoogle Scholar

Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley. 1996. Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley 1997. ‘Playing the Game of Love: Passion and Martyrdom among Khalistani Sikhs’. In Martyrdom and Political Resistance: Essays from Asia and Europe, edited by Pettigrew, Joyce, 19–35. Amsterdam: VU University Press.Google Scholar

Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley 2005. ‘Sikhs in Canada: Identity and Commitment’. In Religion and Ethnicity in Canada, edited by Bramadat, Paul and Selijak, David, 53–68. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar

Malcolm, Sir John. 1812. Sketch of the Sikhs: A Singular Nation. London.Google Scholar

Malhotra, Anshu. 2002. Gender, Caste and Religious Identities: Restructuring Class in Colonial Punjab. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Malhotra, Karamjit K 2016. The Eighteenth Century in Sikh History. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mandair, Arvind-Pal S. 2009. Religion and the Spectre of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality, and the Politics of Translation. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Mandair, Arvind-Pal S. 2015. ‘Sikhs, Sovereignty and Modern Government’. In Religion as a Category of Governance and Sovereignty, edited by Stacks, Trevor, Goldenberg, Naomi R and Fitzgerald, Timothy, 115–41. Brill: Leiden.Google Scholar

Mann, Gurinder Singh. 2000. ‘Sikhism in the United States of America’. In The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States, edited by Coward, H, Hinnells, J. R and Williams, R. B, 259–76. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Manor, James. 2001. ‘Centre-State Relations’. In The Success of India’s Democracy, edited by Kohli, Atul, 78–102. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mansergh, Nicolas, and Lumby, E. W. R, eds. 1970. The Transfer of Power. Vol. 1. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Mansergh, Nicolas, and Lumby, E. W. R 1971. The Transfer of Power 1942–47. Vol. 2. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Mansergh, Nicolas, and Moon, Penderel, eds. 1976. The Transfer of Power. Vol. 6. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Mansergh, Nicolas, and Moon, Penderel 1977. The Transfer of Power 1942–7. Vol. 7. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Mansergh, Nicolas, and Moon, Penderel 1981. The Transfer of Power. Vol. 10. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Mansergh, Nicolas, and Moon, Penderel 1983. The Transfer of Power. Vol. 12. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Martin, Nicholas. 2019. ‘Political Exclusion and Subordination of Scheduled Castes in Rural Malwa, Punjab’. In India’s Village in the 21st Century: Revisits and Revisions, edited by Jodhka, Surinder S and Simpson, Edward, 253–73. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Maxwell, Neville. 1972. India’s China War. Harmondsworth: Pelican.Google Scholar

Maynard, John. 1923. ‘The Sikh Problem in the Punjab, 1920–23’. The Contemporary Review 124 (September–December).Google Scholar

McEvoy, Joanne, and O’Leary, Brendan, eds. 2013. Power-Sharing in Deeply Divided Places. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

McGarry, John, and O’Leary, Brendan, eds. 1993. ‘Introduction: The Macro-political Regulation of Ethnic Conflict’. In The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts, edited by McGarry, John and O’Leary, Brendan, 1–40. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

McGarry, John, and O’Leary, Brendan 2004. The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consociational Engagements. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McLeod, W. H 1968. Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McLeod, W. H 1976. The Evolution of the Sikh Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McLeod, W. H 1989. The Sikhs: History, Religion and Society. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

McLeod, W. H 1991. Popular Sikh Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McLeod, W. H 1997. Sikhism. London: Penguin.Google Scholar

McLeod, W. H 2004. Sikhs of the Khalsa: A History of the Khalsa Rahit. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mehrotra, S. R 1970. ‘The Congress and the Partition of India’. In The Partition of India, edited by Philips, C. H and Wainwright, Mary Doreen, 188–221. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Menon, Ritu, and Bashin, Kamla. 1998. Borders and Boundaries: Women in India’s Partition. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar

Metcalf, Thomas R 1995. Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mitta, Monja, and Phoolkia, H. S. 2008. When a Tree Shook Delhi: The 1984 Carnage and Aftermath. New Delhi: Lotus Roli.Google Scholar

Modood, Tariq. 2005. Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity and Muslims in Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Moffat, Chris. 2019. India’s Revolutionary Inheritance: Politics and Promise of Bhagat Singh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Moliner, Christine. 2011. ‘The Boa Constrictor and Its Petty Enemies: Contemporary Relationships between Hindu Nationalists and the Sikhs’. In Cultural Entrenchment of Hindutva: Local Mediations and Forms of Convergence, edited by Berti, Daniela, Jaoul, Nicolas and Kanungo, Pralay, 307–28. New Delhi: Routledge.Google Scholar

Moon, Penderel. 1961. Divide and Quit: An Eyewitness Account of the Partition of India. London: Chatto and Windus.Google Scholar

Mooney, Nicola. 2018. ‘Sikh Millennials Engaging the Earth: Sikhi, Environmental Activism, and Eco-enchantment’. Sikh Formations, 14 (3 & 4): 315–38.Google Scholar

Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, MA: Beacon.Google Scholar

Mosely, Leonard. 1962. The Last Days of the British Raj. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.Google Scholar

Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys (2006) SCC 6 (CanLII), [2006] 1 SCR 256. Accessed 15 August 2020. http://canlii.ca/t/1mnj2Google Scholar

Murphy, Anne. 2012. The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in the Sikh Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Myers, David N 2015. ‘New Currents in the History of Jewish Nationalism’. Transversal 13 (1): 44–51.Google Scholar

Myrvold, Kristina. 2014. ‘Sikhs in Mainland European Countries’. In The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies, edited by Singh, Pashaura and Fenech, Louis E, 413–24. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Nair, Neeti. 2011. Changing Homelands: Hindu Politics and the Partition of India. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Nairn, Tom. 1977. The Break-Up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-nationalism. London: New Left.Google Scholar

Narang, A. S 1986. Democracy, Development and Distortion. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar

Nath, R [Major-General]. 1993. ‘In the Eye of the Storm’. Defence Today (Meerut) 1 (1).Google Scholar

Nayar, Baldev Raj 1966. Minority Politics in the Punjab. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Nayar, Kuldip, and Singh, Khushwant. 1985. Tragedy of Punjab: Operation Blue Star and After. New Delhi: Vision.Google Scholar

Nehru, Jawaharlal. [1946] 1989. The Discovery of India. 8th edition. New Delhi: Oxford University.Google Scholar

Newbigin, Eleanor. 2008. The Hindu Code Bill and the Making of the Modern Indian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Newbigin, Eleanor 2013. The Hindu family and the emergence of modern India: law, citizenship and community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Network of Sikh Organisations .n.d.a ‘Gauging Support for Describing “Sikh” as an Ethnic Group in the 2021 UK Census’. Accessed 11 October 2019. http://nsouk.co.uk/gauging-support-for-describing-sikh-as-an-ethnic-group-in-the-2021-uk-census/Google Scholar

Network of Sikh Organisations n.d.b. Accessed 15 May 2020. http://nsouk.co.uk/2019/11/Google Scholar

Oberoi, S. Harjot. 1987. ‘From Punjab to “Khalistan”? Territoriality and Metacommentary’. Pacific Affairs 60 (1): 26–41.Google Scholar

Oberoi, S. Harjot 1994. The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Office for National Statistics. 2011. Religion in England and Wales 2011. Accessed 23 January 2020. www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/articles/religioninenglandandwales2011/2012-12-11Google Scholar

O’Leary, Brendan. 1989. The Asiatic Mode of Production: Oriental Despotism, Historical Materialism, and Indian History. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

O’Leary, Brendan 2001. ‘Introduction’. In Right-Sizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders, edited by O’Leary, Brendan, Lustick, Ian S and Callaghy, Thomas, 1–14. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

O’Leary, Brendan, and Arthur, Paul. 1990. ‘Introduction: Northern Ireland As the Site of State and Nation-Building Failures’. In The Future of Northern Ireland, edited by McGarry, John and O’Leary, Brendan, 1–47. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar

O’Leary, Brendan, and Salih, Kahled. 2017. ‘Why Journalists Should Not Use the Expression Semi-autonomous (Semiautonomous)’. Accessed 14 May 2020. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/11/02/why-journalists-should-not-use-the-expression-semi-autonomous/Google Scholar

Orsini, Francesca. 2002. The Hindi Public Sphere 1920–1940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Owen, Nicholas. 2002. ‘The Cripps Mission: A Reinterpretation’. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 30 (1): 69–98.Google Scholar

Pandey, Gyanendra. 2001. Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Parekh, Bhikhu. 1991. Gandhi’s Political Philosophy: A Critical Examination. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Parekh, Bhikhu 2000. The Commission on the Future of Multi-ethnic Britain. London: Profile.Google Scholar

Parekh, Bhikhu, Singh, Gurharpal and Vertovec, Steve, eds. 2003. Culture and Economy in the Indian Diaspora. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

People’s Union for Civil Liberties and People’s Union for Democratic Rights. 1984. Who Are the Guilty? Report of a Joint Inquiry into the Causes and Impact of the Riots in Delhi from 31 October 10 November 1984. New Delhi: People’s Union for Civil Liberties and People’s Union for Democratic Rights.Google Scholar

Petito, Fabio, and Hatzopoulos, Pavlos, eds. 2003. Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Petrie, D 1911. ‘Recent Developments in Sikh Politics’. Memorandum of D. Petrie, Assistant Director Criminal Intelligence, 11 August 1911. Intelligence Bureau File No. 204/11. Serial no 22/91, West Bengal State Archives, Calcutta.Google Scholar

Pettigrew, Joyce M 1975. Robber Noblemen: A Study of the Political System of Sikh Jats. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Pettigrew, Joyce M 1987. ‘In Search of a New Kingdom of Lahore’. Pacific Affairs, 60 (1): 1–25.Google Scholar

Pettigrew, Joyce M 1995. The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerrilla Violence. London: Zed.Google Scholar

Pettigrew, Joyce M 1996. ‘The State and Local Groupings in the Rural Sikh Areas, Post-1984’. In Punjab Identity: Continuity and Change, edited by Singh, Gurharpal and Talbot, Ian, 139–58. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar

Pettigrew, Joyce M 2009. ‘The Way It Was: Indian Punjab: 1983–93’. Paper presented at a workshop on ‘What’s Happening to Sikh Ethno-nationalism?’ University of Birmingham. 27–28 May, 1–15. [Unpublished].Google Scholar

Pew Research Center. 2012, How Many US Sikhs? Accessed 23 January 2020. www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/Google Scholar

Phadnis, Urmila. 1990. Ethnicity and Nation-Building in South Asia. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar

Pierson, Paul. 2000. ‘Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics’. American Political Science Review 94 (2): 251–67.Google Scholar

Polyani, Karl. 2002. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Times. 2nd edition. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar

PRS Legislative Services. 2020. ‘Punjab Budget Analysis 2020–21’. Accessed 18 March 2020. www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/budget_files/State%20Budget%20Analysis%20-%20Punjab%202020-21%20for%20upload.pdfGoogle Scholar

Puar, Jasbir K 2008. ‘The Turban Is Not a Hat: Queer Diaspora and Practices of Profiling’. Sikh Formations 4 (1): 47–91.Google Scholar

Punjab and Haryana High Court. 2011. Birender Kaur and Another v. Union of India. 3 October. C.W.P. No. 18634. 1.Google Scholar

Purewal, Shinder. 2000. Sikh Ethnonationalism and the Political Economy of the Punjab. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Puri, Harish. 1993. The Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation and Strategy. Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University Press.Google Scholar

Rai, Jasdev. 2011. ‘Khalistan Is Dead. Long Live Khalistan!’ Sikh Formations 7 (1): 1–41.Google Scholar

Ramnath, Maja. 2011. Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Chartered Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Randhawa, Mohinder Singh. 1954. Out of the Ashes: An Account of the Resettlement of Refugees from West Pakistan in the Rural Areas of East Punjab. Chandigarh: Public Relations Department.Google Scholar

Rao, Shiva B 1968. The Framing of India’s Constitution. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Indian Institution of Public Administration.Google Scholar

Razavy, Maryam. 2006. ‘Sikh Militant Movements in Canada’. Terrorism and Political Violence 18 (1): 79–93.Google Scholar

Rex, John. 2004. ‘Multiculturalism and Political Integration in the Modern Nation-State’. In Governance in Multicultural Societies, edited by Rex, John and Singh, Gurharpal, 36–48. Ashgate: Aldershot.Google Scholar

Rex, John, and Singh, Gurharpal, eds. 2004. Governance in Multicultural Societies. Ashgate: Aldershot.Google Scholar

Riar, Sukhmani Bal 2006. The Politics of the Sikhs 1940–47. Chandigarh: Unistar.Google Scholar

Ribeiro, Julio. 2017. Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer. New Delhi: Penguin.Google Scholar

Roberts, Andrew. 1995. Eminent Churchillians. London: Phoenix.Google Scholar

Robinson, Francis. 1974. Separatism among Indian Muslims. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Roy, Anjali Gera, and Sahoo, Ajay K. 2016. ‘The Journey of the Komagata Maru: National, Transnational, Diasporic’. South Asian Diaspora 8 (2): 85–97.Google Scholar

Roy, Kasuhik. 2013. Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Sáez, Lawrence, and Singh, Gurharpal, eds. 2012. New Dimensions of Politics in India: The United Progressive Alliance in Power. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Sahni, Ruchi Ram [1945] 1965. Struggle for the Reforms in Sikh Shrines. Reprinted and edited by Singh, Ganda. Amritsar. Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee.Google Scholar

Said, Edward W 1978. Orientalism. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar

Sandhu, Gian Singh. 2018. An Uncommon Road: How Canadian Sikhs Struggled out of the Fringes and into the Mainstream. Vancouver: ECHO Storytelling Agency.Google Scholar

Sandhu, Ranbir Singh. 1999. Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale. Dublin, OH: Sikh Educational and Religious Foundation.Google Scholar

Santosh, K. Singh. 2017. ‘Deras As Little Fiefdoms: Understanding the Dera Sacha Sauda Phenomenon’. Economic and Political Weekly, 16 September: 20–3.Google Scholar

Sarhadi, Ajit Singh. 1970. Punjabi Suba: The Story of the Struggle. Delhi: U. C. Kapur.Google Scholar

Sarsfield, Laden. 1946. Betrayal of the Sikhs. Lahore. Lahore Bookshop.Google Scholar

Savarkar, V. D 1923. Hindutva. Bombay: Veer Sarvarkar Prakashan.Google Scholar

Savarkar, V. D 1969. Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu? Bombay: S. S. Savakar.Google Scholar

Savarkar, V. D 1998. ‘Some of the Basic Principles and Tenets of the Hindu Movement’. In Between Tradition and Modern: India’s Search for Identity, edited by Dallmayr, F and Devy, G. N, 113–21. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar

Seal, Anil. 1971. The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sekhon, Jagrup Singh, and Sharma, Sunanaya. 2017. ‘Evaluation of SAD-BJP Government (2007–17)’. Economic and Political Weekly. 21 January, 50–4.Google Scholar

Sen, Amartya. 2005. The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar

Seth, Sanjay, Gandhi, Leela and Dutton., Michael 1998. ‘Postcolonial Studies: A Beginning …’ Postcolonial Studies 1 (1): 7–11.Google Scholar

Sevea, Iqbal Singh. 2018. ‘The Kartarpur Corridor: Symbolism, Politics and Impact on India-Pakistan Relations’. Institutes of South Asian Studies Insights. No. 525. Accessed 12 January 2019. www.isas.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ISAS-Insights-No.-525-The-Kartarpur-Corridor.pdfGoogle Scholar

Shackle, Christopher. 1983. An Introduction to the Sacred Language of the Sikhs. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar

Shackle, Christopher 1985. The Sikhs. London: Minority Rights Group Report.Google Scholar

Shackle, Christopher 1988. ‘Some Observations on the Evolution of Modern Standard Punjabi’. In Sikh History and Religion in the Twentieth Century, edited by O’ Connell, Joseph T, Israel, Milton and Oxtoby, Willard G, 101–9. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Centre for South Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Shackle, Christopher, and Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh, eds. 2005. Teaching of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Scriptures. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Shahed, Kalam. 2020. ‘Sikh Diaspora Nationalism in Canada’. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12307Google Scholar

Shani, Giorgio. 2005. ‘Beyond Khalistan? Sikh Diasporic Identity and Critical International Theory’. Sikh Formations 1(1): 57–74.Google Scholar

Shani, Giorgio 2008a. Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Shani, Giorgio 2008b. ‘Toward a Post Western IR: The Umma, Khalsa Panth, and Critical International Relations Theory’. International Studies Review 10 (4): 722–34.Google Scholar

Shani, Giorgio 2014a. Religion, Identity and Human Security. Abingdon. Routledge.Google Scholar

Shani, Giorgio 2014b. ‘Sikh Nationalism’. In The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies, edited by Singh, Pashaura and Fenech, Louis E, 271–82. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sharma, D. P 1996. The Punjab Story: Decade of Turmoil. New Delhi: Ashish.Google Scholar

Shils, Edward. 1957. ‘Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties: Some Particular Observations on the Relationships of Sociological Research and Theory’. British Journal of Sociology 8 (2): 130–45.Google Scholar

Shiva, Vandana. 1997. The Violence of the Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture, Ecology and Politics. London: Zed.Google Scholar

Sidhu, R. S, Singh, Sukhpal and Bhullar, A. S. 2011. ‘Farmers’ Suicides in Punjab: A Census Survey of Two Most Affected Districts’. Economic and Political Weekly. 25 June–8 July, 131–7.Google Scholar

Sikh Coalition. 2018. ‘Our Mission and Values’. Accessed 2 August 2018. www.sikhcoalition.org/about-us/mission-values/Google Scholar

Sikh Federation. 2015. ‘The Sikh Manifesto’. Accessed 22 August 2018. www.sikhfeduk.com/events/the-sikh-manifesto-2015-2020-full-downloadGoogle Scholar

Sikh Federation. 2018. ‘Agenda’. Accessed 22 August 2018. www.sikhfeduk.com/about-us/agendaGoogle Scholar

Sikh Formations. 2013. Vulnerable Minorities II: Continuing Reflections on the Oak Creek Tragedy. Special Issue 9 (2): 187–268.Google Scholar

Sikh Formations. 2015. After 1984: Reflections on Violence, Politics and Survivor Memories. Special Issue 11 (3): 267–451.Google Scholar

Sikh Gurdwaras Act. 1925. Accessed 13 April 2020. www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/haryana/1925/1925HR8.pdfGoogle Scholar

Sikh Network. 2015. ‘The Sikh Manifesto 2015–2020’. Accessed 4 May 2018. www.sikhfeduk.com/assets/files/The-Sikh-Manifesto-2015-20.pdf Accessed 31 May 2020. www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-e&q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhfeduk.com%2Fevents%2Fthe-sikh-manifesto-Google Scholar

Singh, Birinder Pal 2017. ‘Sikh Militants’ Terms of Discourse: Religion, Khalistan/Nation and Violence’. Sikh Formations 12 (2 & 3): 191–206.Google Scholar

Singh, Giani Kirpal. 1999. Eye-Witness Account of Operation Blue Star. New Delhi: B. Chattar Singh and Jiwan Singh.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurbachan, and Gyani, Lal Singh. 1946. The Idea of the Sikh State. Lahore: Lahore Bookshop.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal. 1987. ‘Understanding the “Punjab Problem”’. Asian Survey 37 (12): 1268–77.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 1991. ‘The Punjab Problem in the 1990s: A Post-1984 Assessment’. Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 29 (2): 175–91.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 1992. ‘The Punjab Elections 1992: Breakthrough or Breakdown?’ Asian Survey 32 (11): 988–99.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 1994. Communism in Punjab: A Study of the Movement up to 1967. New Delhi: Ajanta.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 1995. ‘The Punjab Crisis since 1984: A Reassessment’. Ethnic and Racial Studies 18 (3): 476–93.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 1996. ‘Punjab since 1984: Disorder, Order and Legitimacy’. Asian Survey 35 (4): 410–21.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 1997. ‘The Partition of India As State Contraction: Unspoken Assumptions’. Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 35(1): 51–66.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 1998. ‘The Akalis and the BJP in Punjab: From Ayodhya to the 1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly Elections’. In The BJP and the Compulsion of Politics in India, edited by Hansen, Thomas Blom and Jaffrelot, Christophe, 228–42. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 1999. ‘A Victim Diaspora? The Case of the Sikhs’. Diaspora 8 (3): 293–307.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 2000. Ethnic Conflict in Punjab: A Case-Study of Punjab. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 2003. ‘Sikhism and Just War Theory’. In Just War in Comparative Perspective, edited by Robinson, Paul, 126–36. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 2004. ‘The Strange Death of Sikh Ethno-nationalism: Reassessing Operation Blue Star and Its Aftermath’. Paper presented at a conference on ‘Remembering and Forgetting: Memory and Trauma in Contemporary Sikh Experience’. Hofstra University. 8–9 May, 1–11. [Unpublished].Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 2005a. ‘State and Religious Diversity: Reflections on Post-1947 India’. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 5 (2): 205–25.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 2005b. ‘Managing the Anti-corruption Rhetoric: The National Democratic Alliance, Transparency and Corruption’. In Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism, edited by Adeney, Katharine and Sáez, Lawrence, 136–52. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 2013. ‘Religious Transnationalism, Development and the Construction of Religious Boundaries: The Case of the Dera Sachkhand Ballan and the Ravidass Dharm’. Global Networks 13 (2): 183–99.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 2017. ‘Whither Punjab Politics?’ Economic and Political Weekly. 1 April: 4–5.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 2019a. ‘The Control of Sacred Spaces: Sikh Shrines in Pakistan from the Partition to the Kartarpur Corridor’. Sikh Formations. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2019.1593305Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal 2019b. ‘Hindu Nationalism in Power: Making Sense of Modi and the BJP-Led National Democratic Alliance Government, 2014–19’. Sikh Formations 15 (3 & 4): 314–31.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurharpal, and Tatla, Darshan Singh. 2006. Sikhs in Britain: The Making of a Community. London: Zed.Google Scholar

Singh, Gurnam. 1960. A Unilingual Punjabi State and Sikh the Unrest. Delhi: Super Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Harminder. 2014. ‘Development of Punjabi Journalism during Freedom Struggle in Punjab’. International Journal of Management and Humanity 5 (12): 172–84.Google Scholar

Singh, Harnam. 1945. Punjab the Homeland of the Sikhs. Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette.Google Scholar

Singh, Jaideep. 2011. ‘Sikhs As a Racial and Religious Minority in the US’. In The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies, edited by Singh, Pashaura and Fenech, Louis E, 524–33. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Jarnail. 2009. I Accuse: The Anti-Sikh Violence of 1984. New Delhi: Viking.Google Scholar

Singh, Jasjit. 2018. ‘Lost in Translation? The Emergence of the Digital Guru Granth Sahib’. Sikh Formations 14 (3 & 4): 339–51.Google Scholar

Singh, Jaswant, ed. 1972. Master Tara Singh Jiwan Sangharsh te Vdesh. Amritsar.Google Scholar

Singh, Joginder. 2006. Myth and Reality of the Sikh Militancy in Punjab. New Delhi: Shree.Google Scholar

Singh, Kapur. n.d. Some Documents on the Demand for the Sikh Homeland. Chandigarh: All-India Sikh Student Federation.Google Scholar

Singh, Kapur 2012. The True Story: The State of the Sikhs before and after Partition. Translated by Satjit Wadhva. Ludhiana: Lahore.Google Scholar

Khalsa, Singh. 1985. Khalsa Raj. [Publisher and place not stated].Google Scholar

Singh, Khushwant. 1966. A History of the Sikhs. Vol. 2. 1830–1964. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Khushwant 1991a. A History of the Sikhs. Vol. 1. 1469–1839. 8th edition. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Khushwant 1991b. A History of the Sikhs. Vol. 2. 1839–1988. 8th edition. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Khushwant 1992. My Bleeding Punjab. New Delhi: USB Publishers’ Distributors.Google Scholar

Singh, Khushwant 2008. Ranjit Singh: Maharaja of the Punjab. New Delhi: Penguin.Google Scholar

Singh, Khushwant 2015. Why I supported the Emergency: Essays and Profiles. New Delhi: Penguin.Google Scholar

Singh, Mohinder. 1978. The Akali Movement. Delhi: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur. 1993. The Feminist Principle in the Sikh Vision of the Transcendent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur 2005. The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-memory of Sikh Identity. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur 2011. An Introduction to Sikhism. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur 2019. The First Sikh: Life and Legacy of Guru Nanak. Gurgaon: Penguin Random House.Google Scholar

Singh, Pashaura. 2004. ‘Sikh Identity in Light of History’. In Sikhism and History, edited by Singh, Pashaura and Barrier, N. Gerald, 77–110. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Pashaura 2014. ‘An Overview of Sikh History’. In The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies, edited by Singh, Pashaura and Fenech, Louis E, 19–34. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Pashaura 2018. ‘The Millennial Generation of Sikhs in North America’. Sikh Formations 14 (3 & 4): 260–79.Google Scholar

Singh, Pav. 2017. 1984: India’s Guilty Secret. London: Kashi House.Google Scholar

Singh, Pritam. 2007. ‘Punjab’s Electoral Competition’. Economic and Political Weekly. 10 February: 466–7.Google Scholar

Singh, Sadhu Swarup. 1946. The Sikhs Demand Their Homeland. Lahore: Lahore Bookshop.Google Scholar

Singh, Sundar. 1917. ‘The Hindu in Canada’. Journal of Race Development 7 (3): 361–82.Google Scholar

Singh, Teja. [1922] 2000. The Gurdwara Reform Movement and the Sikh Awakening. Jullundur: Desh Sewak Book Agency.Google Scholar

Smith, Anthony D 1981. The Ethnic Revival in the Modern Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Anthony D 1983. Theories of Nationalism. 2nd edition. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar

Smith, Anthony D 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Smith, Anthony D 1991. National Identity. London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Smith, Anthony D 1999. Myths and Memories of the Nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Anthony D 2001. Nationalism. Theory, Ideology, History. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Smith, Anthony D 2003. Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Anthony D 2010. Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Smith, Donald Eugene. 1967. India as a Secular State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

South Asia Terrorism Portal. n.d. Accessed 17 May 2020. www.satp.org/backgrounder/india-punjabGoogle Scholar

Statistics Canada. 2011. 2011 National Household Survey: Data Tables. Accessed 23 January 2020. www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=Google Scholar

Statistics New Zealand. 2013. Census: Quick Stats about Culture and Identity – Table. Accessed 23 January 2020. www.stats.govt.nz/%7E/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xlsGoogle Scholar

Supreme Court of India. 2019. Civil Appellate Jurisdiction. Civil Appeals No. 10866-10867 of 2010. Accessed 17 March 2020. www.sci.gov.in/pdf/JUD_2.pdfGoogle Scholar

Suri, Sanjay. 2015. 1984: The Anti-Sikh Violence and After. Noida: Harper Collins.Google Scholar

Syan, Hardip Singh. 2013. Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Takhar, Opinderjit Kaur. 2018. ‘Social and Political Activism amongst British Sikhs: Responses to Issues of Equality and Human Rights – A New Way Forward?’ Sikh Formations 14 (3 & 4): 300–14.Google Scholar

Talbot, Ian. 1980. ‘The 1946 Punjab Elections’. Modern Asian Studies 14 (1): 65–93.Google Scholar

Talbot, Ian. 2002. The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Talbot, Ian. 2010. ‘Pakistan and Sikh Nationalism: State Policy and Private Perceptions’. Sikh Formations 6 (1): 63–76.Google Scholar

Talbot, Ian, and Kamran, Tahir. 2016. Colonial Lahore: A History of the City and Beyond. London: Hurst.Google Scholar

Talbot, Ian, and Singh, Gurharpal. 2009. The Partition of India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tan, Tai Yong. 1994. ‘Prelude to Partition: Sikh Reponses to the Demand for Pakistan, 1940–47’. International Journal of Punjab Studies 1 (2): 167–95.Google Scholar

Tan, Tai Yong 1995. ‘Assuaging the Sikhs: Government Responses to the Akali Movement, 1920–1925’. Modern Asian Studies 29 (3): 655–703.Google Scholar

Tan, Tai Yong 2000. ‘A Community in Crisis: Partition and the Sikhs’. In The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia, edited by Tan, Tai Yong and Kudaisya, Gyanesh, 101–24. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Tatla, Darshan Singh. 1999. The Sikh Diaspora: The Search for Statehood. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Tatla, Darshan Singh 2014. ‘The Sikh Diaspora’. In The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies, edited by Singh, Pashaura, and Fenech, Louis E, 497–512. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Tatla, Darshan Singh 2015. ‘The Third Ghallughara: On the Sikh Dilemma since 1984’. Sikh Formations 11 (3): 316–42.Google Scholar

Tatla, Darshan Singh 2016. ‘Incorporating Regional Events into the Nationalist Narrative: The Life of Gurdit Singh and the Komagata Maru Episode in Postcolonial India’. South Asian Diaspora 8 (2): 124–46.Google Scholar

Taylor, Charles 1994. ‘The Politics of Recognition’. In Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, edited by Gutman, Amy, 25–75. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Taylor, David, and Yapp, Malcolm, eds. 1979. Political Identity in South Asia. LondonCurzon.Google Scholar

Tejani, Shabnum. 2013. ‘Between Inequality and Identity: The Indian Constituent Assembly and Religious Difference, 1946–50’. South Asia Research 33(3): 205–21.Google Scholar

Thandi, Shinder S 1996. ‘Counterinsurgency and Political Violence in Punjab’. In Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change, edited by Singh, Gurharpal and Talbot, Ian, 159–85. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar

The Partition of the Punjab. 1993. Vol. II. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel.Google Scholar

Trumpp, Ernest. 1874. Letter to Secretary of State for India, 13 January 1874. GOI, Foreign (General Proceedings), no. 34-37A of July 1873.Google Scholar

Tully, Mark, and Jacob, Satish. 1985. Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi’s Last Battle. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar

United Nations. 2001. ‘Declaration: World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance’. Accessed 13 May 2020. www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdfGoogle Scholar

Upadhyaya, P. C 1992. ‘The Politics of Indian Secularism’. Modern Asian Studies. 26 (4): 815–53.Google Scholar

Uperty, Prem Raman. 1980. Religion and Politics in Punjab in the 1920s. New Delhi: Sterling.Google Scholar

US Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2018. Annual Report. Accessed 21 February 2019. www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/Tier2_INDIA.pdfGoogle Scholar

US State Department. 2006. International Religious Freedom Report for Thailand. Accessed 31 May 2019. https://20092017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71359.htmGoogle Scholar

van der Veer, Peter. 1994. Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Vanaik, Achin. 1997. The Furies of Indian Communalism: Religion, Modernity and Secularisation. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Vanaik, Achin 2018. ‘India’s Two Hegemonies’. New Left Review 112 (July–August). Accessed 3 March 2019. https://newleftreview.org/issues/II112/articles/achin-vanaik-india-s-two-hegemoniesGoogle Scholar

Varma, Subdoh. 2018. ‘How the Modi Government Is Destroying Key Institutions’. Newsclick. Accessed 12 December 2019. www.newsclick.in/how-modi-government-destroying-key-indian-institutionsGoogle Scholar

Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Verma, P. S 1999. ‘Akali-BJP Debacle: Wages of Non-performance and Fragmentation’. Economic and Political Weekly. 11 December: 3519–31.Google Scholar

Verma, P. S 2017. ‘Contours and Characteristics: Punjab’s Drug Problem’. Economic and Political Weekly. 21 January: 40–3.Google Scholar

Verma, Rita. 2011. ‘Making Sense of 1984 in Cyberspace: Youth Answering back to Reclaim Sikh Identity and Nationhood’. Sikh Formations 7 (1): 43–56.Google Scholar

Verma, Vidhu 2012. Non-discrimination and Equality in India: Contesting Boundaries of Social Justice. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Wagner, Kim. 2019. Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Wallace, Paul. 1982. ‘Religious and Secular Politics in Punjab: The Sikh Dilemma in Competing Political Systems’. In Political Dynamics of the Punjab edited by Wallace, Paul and Chopra, Surendra, 1–32. Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University Press.Google Scholar

Waseem, Mohammad. 2000. ‘Partition, Migration and Assimilation: A Comparative Study of Pakistani Punjab’. In Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent, edited by Talbot, Ian and Singh, Gurharpal, 202–27. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Weber, Max. 1991. From Max Weber. Translated and edited by Gerth, H. H and Wright Mills, C. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Wilkinson, Steve. 2004. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wolf, Eric R 1982. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Wolpert, Stanley. 2000. A New History of India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

World Atlas. 2018. Countries with the Largest Sikh Populations. Accessed 23 January. www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-largest-sikh populations.htmlGoogle Scholar

World Bank. n.d. India. Accessed 28 July 2018. https://data.worldbank.org/country/indiaGoogle Scholar

Wyatt, Andrew. 2013. ‘Populism and Politics in Contemporary Tamil Nadu’. Contemporary South Asia 21 (4): 365–81.Google Scholar

Zaidi, Z. H 1970. ‘Aspects of the Development of Muslim League Policy, 1937–47’. In The Partition of India, edited by Philips, C. H and Wainwright, Mary Doreen, 245–75. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar