Aarsen, J., de Ruiter, J. and Verhoeven, L. (1993), ‘Summative assessment of ethnic group language proficiency’ in Extra, G. and Verhoeven, L. (eds.), Immigrant Languages in Europe (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters), 285–296.Google Scholar

Abrahamsson, N. and Hyltenstam, K. (2008), ‘The robustness of aptitude effects in near-native second language acquisition’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 30, 481–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abrahamsson, N. and Hyltenstam, K. (2009), ‘Age of onset and nativelikeness in a second language: listener perception versus linguistic scrutiny’, Language Learning 59, 249–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aitchinson, J. (1991), Language Change: Progress or Decay? (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Alarcón, I. (2011), ‘Spanish gender agreement under complete and incomplete acquisition: early and late bilinguals’ linguistic behavior within the noun phrase’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, 332–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albirini, A. (2013), ‘Toward understanding the variability in the language proficiencies of Arabic heritage speakers’, International Journal of Bilingualism. doi: 10.1177/1367006912472404.Google Scholar

Albirini, A. (2014a), ‘Factors affecting the acquisition of plural morphology in Jordanian Arabic’, Journal of Child Language, First View Article, August 2014, 1–29. doi: 10.1017/S0305000914000270.Google ScholarPubMed

Albirini, A. (2014b), ‘The role of the colloquial varieties in the acquisition of the Standard Variety: the case of Arabic heritage speakers’, Foreign Language Annals 47, 447–463. doi: 10.1111/flan.12087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albirini, A. and Benmamoun, E. (2014a), ‘Aspects of second language transfer in the oral production of Egyptian and Palestinian heritage speakers’, International Journal of Bilingualism 18, 3, 244–273. doi: 10.1177/1367006912441729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albirini, A. and Benmamoun, E. (2014b), ‘Factors affecting the retention of sentential negation in heritage Egyptian Arabic’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. Epub ahead of print June 4, doi:10.1017/S1366728914000066.Google Scholar

Albirini, A., Benmamoun, E. and Chakrani, I. (2013), ‘Gender and number agreement in the oral production of Arabic heritage speakers’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albirini, A., Benmamoun, E. and Saadah, E. (2011), ‘Grammatical features of Egyptian and Palestinian Arabic heritage speakers’ oral production’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33, 273–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, S. (2007), ‘The future of Inuktitut in the face of majority languages: bilingualism or language shift?’, Applied Psycholinguistics 28, 515–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, S., Crago, M. and Presco, D. (2006), ‘The effect of majority language exposure on minority language skills: the case of Inuktitut’, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 9, 578–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amaral, L. and Roeper, T. (2014), ‘Multiple grammars and second language representations’, Second Language Research 30, 3–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, R. (1999), ‘Noun phrase gender agreement in language attrition. Preliminary results’, Bilingual Research Journal 23, 318–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aoun, J., Benmamoun, E. and Choueiri, L. (2010), The Syntax of Arabic (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Armon-Lotem, S., Joffe, S., Abutbul-Oz, H., Altman, C. and Walters, J. (2014), ‘Language exposure, ethnolinguistic identity and attitudes in the acquisition of Hebrew as a second language among bilingual preschool children from Russian- and English-speaking backgrounds’ in Grüter, T. and. Paradis, J. (eds.), Input and Experience in Bilingual Development (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 77–98.Google Scholar

Au, T., Knightly, L., Jun, S.-A., and Oh, J. (2002), ‘Overhearing a language during childhood’, Psychological Science 13, 238–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Austin, J. (2007), ‘Grammatical interference and the acquisition of ergative case in bilingual children learning Basque and Spanish’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10, 315–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bachman, L. F. (1985), ‘Performance on cloze tests with fixed ratio and rational deletions’, TESOL Quarterly 16, 61–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balcom, P. (2003), ‘Crosslinguistic influence of L2 English on middle constructions in L1 French’ in Cook, V. (ed.), Effects of the Second Language on the First (Clarendon: Multilingual Matters), 168–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, D. and Meyer, M. (2009), ‘How inherently social is language?’ in Hoff, E. and Shatz, M. (eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Language Development (Malden, MA: Blackwell), 87–106.Google Scholar

Bale, J. (2010), ‘International comparative perspectives on heritage language education policy research’, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30, 42–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barreña, A. (1995), Gramatikaren Jabekuntzagarapena eta Haur Euskaldunak (Bilbao: Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco).Google Scholar

Barreña, A. (1997), ‘Desarrollo diferenciado de sistemas gramaticales en un niño vasco-español bilingüe’ in Pérez-Leroux, A. T. and Glass, W. (eds.), Contemporary Perspectives on the Acquisition of Spanish (Sommerville, MA: Cascadilla Press), 55–74.Google Scholar

Barriga Villanueva, R. (2004), Estudios Sobre el Habla Infantil en los Años Escolares. “Un Solecito Calientote.” (México, DF: El Colegio de México).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barriga Villanueva, R. (2008), ‘Miradas a la interculturalidad’, Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa 13, 39, 1229–1254.Google Scholar

Baten, K. (2011), ‘Processability theory and German case acquisition’, Language Learning 61, 455–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bates, E. (1976), Language and Context: The Acquisition of Pragmatics (New York, NY: Academic Press).Google Scholar

Bavin, E. (1989), ‘Some lexical and morphological changes in Warlpiri’ in Dorian, N. (ed.), Investigating Obsolescence. Studies in Language Contraction and Death (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), 267–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bayley, R. and Tarone, E. (2011), ‘Variationist perspectives’ in Mackey, A. and Gass, S. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (New York, NY: Routledge), 41–56.Google Scholar

Bayram, F. (2013), ‘Acquisition of Turkish by heritage speakers: a processability Approach’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Newcastle, UK.Google Scholar

Beaudrie, S. (2012), ‘Introduction: developments in Spanish heritage language placement’, The Heritage Language Journal 9, i–xi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beaudrie, S., Ducar, C. and Potowski, K. (2014), Heritage Language Teaching: Research and Practice (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill).Google Scholar

Beaudrie, S. and Fairclough, M. (2012), Spanish as a Heritage Language in the United States (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press).Google Scholar

Beebe, L. (1980), ‘Sociolinguistic variation and style shifting in second language acquisition’, Language Learning 30, 433–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belletti, A., Bennati, E. and Sorace, A. (2007), ‘Theoretical and developmental issues in the syntax of subjects. Evidence from near-native Italian’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 25, 657–689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benmamoun, A., Albirini, A. Montrul, S. and Saadah, E. (2014), ‘Arabic plurals and root and pattern morphology in Palestinian and Egyptian heritage speakers’, Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4, 89–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S. and Polinsky, M. (2013a), ‘Keynote article. Heritage languages and their speakers: opportunities and challenges for linguistics’, Theoretical Linguistics 39, 129–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S. and Polinsky, M. (2013b), ‘Defining an “ideal” heritage speaker: theoretical and methodological challenges. Reply to peer commentaries’, Theoretical Linguistics 39, 259–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, R. (1987), ‘A developmental route: learning the form and function of complex nominal’, Linguistics 25, 1057–1085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, R. (1988), ‘Word class distinctions in developing grammars’ in Levy, Y., Schlesinger, I. and Braine, M. (eds.), Categories and Processes in Language Acquisition (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum), 45–72.Google Scholar

Berman, R. (2001), ‘Crosslinguistic aspects of later language development’ in Strömqvist, S. (ed.), The Diversity of Language and Language Learning (Lund: Lund University), 25–44.Google Scholar

Berman, R. (2004), ‘Between emergence and mastery: the long developmental route of language acquisition’ in Berman, R. (ed.), Language Development across Childhood and Adolescence (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 9–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, R. and Slobin, D. (1994), Relating Events in Narrative: a Crosslinguistic Developmental Study (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum).Google Scholar

Bhatt, R. (2002), ‘Experts, dialects, and discourse’, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 12, 74–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bialystok, E. (1994), ‘Analysis and control in the development of second language proficiency’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16, 157–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bialystok, E. (2001), Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy and Cognition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bialystok, E. and Hakuta, K. (1999), ‘Confounded age: linguistic and cognitive factors in age differences for second language acquisition’ in Birdsong, D. (ed.), Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum), 161–181.Google Scholar

Bialystok, E. and Ryan, E. (1985), ‘A metacognitive framework for the development of first and second language skills’ in Forrester-Pressley, D. L., MacKinnon, G. E. and Waller, T. G. (eds.), Metacognition, Cognition, and Human Performance (Orlando, FL: Academic Press), 207–252.Google Scholar

Bianchi, G. (2013), ‘Gender in Italian-German bilinguals: a comparison with German L2 learners of Italian’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, 538–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birdsong, D. (1989), Metalinguistic Performance and Interlinguistic Competence (Berlin: Springer-Verlag).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birdsong, D. (1992), ‘Ultimate attainment in second language acquisition’, Language 68, 706–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birdsong, D. (ed.), (1999), Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birdsong, D. and Molis, M. (2001), ‘On the evidence for maturational constraints in second language acquisition’, Journal of Memory and Language 44, 235–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bishop, D. and Adams, C. (1990), ‘A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment, phonological disorders and reading retardation’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 31, 1027–1050.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blake, R. (1983), ‘Mood selection among Spanish-speaking children, ages 4 to 12’, The Bilingual Review 10, 21–32.Google Scholar

Blake, R. and Zyzik, E. (2003), ‘Who’s helping whom?: learner/heritage-speakers’ networked discussions in Spanish’, Applied Linguistics 24, 519–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bley-Vroman, R. (1989), ‘The logical problem of second language learning’ in Gass, S. and Schachter, J. (eds.), Linguistic Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 41–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bley-Vroman, R. (1990), ‘The logical problem of foreign language learning’, Linguistic Analysis 20, 3–49.Google Scholar

Bley-Vroman, R. (2009), ‘The evolving context of the fundamental difference hypothesis’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 31, 2, 175–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blom, E. and Unsworth, S. (eds.), (2010), Experimental Methods in Language Acquisition Research (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bloom, P. (1990), ‘Syntactic distinctions in child language’, Journal of Child Language 17, 343–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bolonyai, A. (1998), ‘In between languages: language shift/ maintenance in childhood bilingualism. The International Journal of Bilingualism 2, 21–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bolonyai, A. (2007), ‘(In)vulnerable agreement in incomplete bilingual L1 learners’, The International Journal of Bilingualism 11, 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonilla, C. (2015), ‘From number agreement to the subjunctive: evidence for processability theory in L2 Spanish’, Second Language Research 15, 1, 53–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonvillian, J. and Folven, R. (1993), ‘Sign language acquisition: developmental aspects’ in Marschark, M. and Clark, D. (eds.), Psychological Perspectives on Deafness (New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 229–265.Google Scholar

Bowles, M. (2011a), ‘Measuring implicit and explicit linguistic knowledge: what can heritage language learners contribute?’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33, 247–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowles, M. (2011b), ‘Exploring the role of modality: L2–heritage learner interactions in the Spanish language classroom’, The Heritage Language Journal 8, 30–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowles, M., Adams, R. and Toth, P. (2014), ‘A comparison of L2-L2 and L2-heritage learner interactions in Spanish language classrooms’, The Modern Language Journal 98, 2, 497–517.Google Scholar

Bowles, M. and Montrul, S. (2009), ‘Instructed L2 acquisition of differential object marking in Spanish’ in Leow, R., Campos, H. and Lardiere, D. (eds.), Little Words: Their History, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics and Acquisition (Georgetown, TX: Georgetown University Press), 199–210.Google Scholar

Boyd, S. (1985), ‘Language survival: a study of language contact, language shift and language choice in Sweden’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.Google Scholar

Braine, M. (1987), ‘What is learned in acquiring word classes – a step toward an acquisition theory’ in MacWhinney, B. (ed.), Mechanisms of Language Acquisition (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum), 65–87.Google Scholar

Brehmer, B. and Czachór, A. (2012), ‘The formation and distribution of the analytic future tense in Polish-German bilinguals’ in Braunmüller, K. and Gabriel, C. (eds.), Multilingual Individuals and Multilingual Societies (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 297–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bresnan, J. (2001), Lexical-functional Syntax (Malden, MA: Blackwell).Google Scholar

Brinton, D., Kagan, O. and Bauckus, S. (eds.), (2008), Heritage Language Education: A New Field Emerging (New York, NY: Routledge).Google Scholar

Brooks, M. and Nagy, N. (2012), ‘Speech rates across generations in two Toronto heritage languages’, Paper presented at the Workshop on Heritage Languages: The Road Less Travelled, University of Toronto, October 26–27.Google Scholar

Brown, J. D. (1983), ‘A closer look at cloze: validity and reliability’ in Oller, J. W., Jr. (ed.), Issues in Language Testing Research (Rowley, MA: Newbury House), 237–250.Google Scholar

Brown, J. D., Hudson, T. and Clark, M. (2004), ‘Issues in language placement’ (Manoa, Hawai’i: National Foreign Language Resource Center), Retrieved 14 June 2014 from http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/NetWorks/NW41.pdfGoogle Scholar

Brown, R. (1958), Words and Things (New York, NY: The Free Press).Google Scholar

Brown, R. (1973), A First Language: The Early Stages (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bruhn de Garavito, J. (2002), ‘Verb raising in Spanish: a comparison of early and late bilinguals’, Proceedings of the 26th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (Sommerville, MA: Cascadilla Press), 84–94.Google Scholar

Burzio, L. (1986), Italian Syntax: A Government and Binding Approach (Dordrecht: Reidel).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Butt, M. (2006), Theories of Case (Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bybee, J. (1985), Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bybee, J. (1995), ‘Regular morphology and the lexicon’, Language and Cognitive Processes 10, 425–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bybee, J. (2002), ‘Phonological evidence for exemplar storage of multiword sequences’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24, 215–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bybee, J. (2008), ‘Usage-based grammar and second language acquisition’ in Robinson, P. and Ellis, N. (eds), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition (New York, NY: Routledge), 216–236.Google Scholar

Bybee, J. and Hopper, P. (eds.), (2001), Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bylund, E. (2009a), ‘Effects of age of L2 acquisition on L1 event conceptualization patterns’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12, 305–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bylund, E. (2009b), ‘Maturational constraints and first language attrition’, Language Learning 59, 687–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bylund, E., Abrahamsson, N. and Hyltenstam, K. (2012), ‘Does first language maintenance hamper nativelikeness in a second language? A study of ultimate attainment in early bilinguals’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 34, 215–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bylund, E. and Díaz, M. (2012), ‘The effects of heritage language instruction on first language proficiency: a psycholinguistic perspective’, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 15, 5, 593–609. doi: 10.1080/13670050.2012.676620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caldas, S. and Caron-Caldas, S. (2000), ‘The influence of family, school and community on bilingual preference: results from a Louisiana/Québec case study’, Applied Psycholinguistics 21, 365–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caplan, D. (2000), ‘Positron emission tomographic studies of syntactic processing’ in Grozinsky, Y., Shapiro, L. and Swinney, D. (eds.), Language and the Brain: Representation and Processing (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), 315–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carey, S. (1978), ‘The child as a word learner’ in Halle, M., Bresnan, J. and Miller, G. (eds.), Linguistic Theory and Psychological Reality (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar

Carreira, M. (2003), ‘Profiles of SNS students in the 21st century: pedagogical implications of the changing demographics and social status of US Hispanics’ in Roca, A. and Colombi, C. (eds.), Mi Lengua: Spanish as a Heritage Language in the United States, Research and Practice (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press), 51–77.Google Scholar

Carreira, M. (2004), ‘Seeking explanatory adequacy: a dual approach to understanding the term “heritage language learner”’, The Heritage Language Journal 2, 25 pages.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carreira, M. (2012), ‘Spanish as a heritage language’ in Hualde, J. I., Olarrea, A. and O’Rourke, E. (eds.), The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell), 765–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carreira, M. and Kagan, O. (2011), ‘The results of the national heritage language survey: implications for teaching, curriculum design, and professional development’, Foreign Language Annals 44, 40–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carreira, M. and Potowski, K. (2011), ‘Pedagogical implications of experimental SNS research’, The Heritage Language Journal 8, 134–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cenoz, J. and Gorter, D. (2008), ‘Applied linguistics and the use of minority languages in education’, AILA Review 21, 5–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chang, C., Yao, Y., Haynes, E. and Rhodes, R. (2011), ‘Production of phonetic and phonological constrast by heritage speakers of Mandarin’, Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 129, 3964–3980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chierchia, G., Crain, S., Guasti, M. T., Gualmini, A. and Meroni, L. (2001), ‘The acquisition of disjunction: evidence for a grammatical view of scalar implicatures’, Proceedings of the 25th Boston University Conference on Language Development (Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press), 157–168.Google Scholar

Cho, S.-W. (1982), ‘The acquisition of word order in Korean’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Calgary.Google Scholar

Cho, S.-W. (1989), ‘Parameter, subset principle, and the acquisition of the Korean reflexive pronoun’, Proceedings for the Cognitive Science Conference (Seoul, Korea), 296–301.Google Scholar

Cho, S.-W. (1992), ‘The syntax and acquisition of ‘kyay’ (‘s/he’) and ‘caki’ (‘self’)’, Studies in Generative Grammar, 361–392.Google Scholar

Chomsky, C. (1969), The Acquisition of Syntax in Children from 5 to 10. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1965), Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1980), Rules and Representations. (New York, NY: Columbia University Press; Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1981), Lectures on Government and Binding (Dordrecht: Foris).Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1986), Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use (New York, NY: Praeger).Google Scholar

Chung, E.-S. (2013), ‘Exploring the degree of native-likeness in bilingual acquisition: first, second and heritage language acquisition of Korean case ellipsis’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar

Clahsen, H. and Muysken, P. (1986), ‘The availability of universal grammar to adult and child learners: a study of the acquisition of German word order’, Second Language Research 5, 93–119.Google Scholar

Clark, E. (1971), ‘On the acquisition of the meaning of before and after’, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 10, 266–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clyne, M. (1991), Community Languages: The Australian Experience (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colombi, C. and Alarcón, F. (eds.), (1997), La enseñanza del español a hispanohablantes: praxis y teoría (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin).Google Scholar

Comrie, B. (1976), Aspect (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Cook, V. and Newson, M. (2007), Chomsky’s Universal Grammar: An Introduction (Malden, NJ: Blackwell).Google Scholar

Cornips, L. and Hulk, A. (2008), ‘Factors of success and failure in the acquisition of grammatical gender in Dutch’, Second Language Research 24, 267–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Correa, M. (2011), ‘Heritage language learners of Spanish: what role does metalinguistic knowledge play in their acquisition of the subjunctive?’, Selected Proceedings of the 13th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project), 128–138.Google Scholar

Coulmas, F. (ed.), (1991), A Language Policy for the European Community (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cowart, W. (1997), Experimental Syntax (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications).Google Scholar

Crain, S. (1991), ‘Language acquisition in the absence of experience’, Behavioral and Brain Science 14, 597–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crain, S. and Lillo-Martin, D. (1999), An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition (Oxford: Blackwell).Google Scholar

Crain, S. and McKee, C. (1985), ‘The acquisition of structural restrictions on anaphora’, Proceedings of NELS 15 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts, GLSA), 94–110.Google Scholar

Crain, S. and Thornton, R. (1998), Investigations in Universal Grammar: A Guide to Experiments on the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar

Cummins, J. (2005), ‘A proposal for action: strategies for recognizing heritage language competence as a learning resource within the mainstream classroom’, The Modern Language Journal 89, 585–592.Google Scholar

Curtiss, S. (1977), Genie: A Linguistic Study of a Modern Day “Wild” Child (New York, NY: Academic Press).Google Scholar

Curtiss, S. (1989), ‘The case of Chelsea: a new case test of the critical period for language acquisition’, Unpublished manuscript. University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar

Cuza, A. and Frank, J. (2011), ‘Transfer effects in the syntax-semantics interface: the case of double-que questions in heritage Spanish’, The Heritage Language Journal 8, 66–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dąbrowska, E. (1997). ‘The LAD goes to school: a cautionary tale for nativists’, Linguistics 35, 735–766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dąbrowska, E. (2012), ‘Different speakers, different grammars: individual differences in native language attainment’, Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2, 219–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daller, M., Yıldız, C., de Jong, N., Kan, S. and Başbaği, R. (2011), ‘Language dominance in Turkish-German bilinguals: methodological aspects of measurements in structurally different languages’, The International Journal of Bilingualism 15, 215–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davies, M. (1995), ‘Analyzing syntactic variation with computer-based corpora: the case of modern Spanish clitic climbing’, Hispania 78, 370–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Bot, K. and Gorter, D. (2005), ‘A European perspective on heritage languages’, The Modern Language Journal 89, 612–616.Google Scholar

DeGraff, M. (1999), Language Creation and Language Change: Creolization, Diachrony and Development (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar

De Groot, C. (2005), ‘The grammars of Hungarian outside Hungary from a linguistic-typological perspective’ in Fenyvesi, A. (ed.), Hungarian Language Contact Outside Hungary (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 351–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Houwer, A. (2003), ‘Home language spoken in officially monolingual Flanders: a survey’, Plurilingua 24, 71–87.Google Scholar

De Houwer, A. (2009), Bilingual First Language Acquisition (Bristol: Multilingual Matters).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeKeyser, R. (2000), ‘The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 22, 499–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeKeyser, R. (2003), ‘Implicit and explicit learning’ in Doughty, C. and Long, M. (eds.), The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (Malden, MA: Blackwell), 313–348.Google Scholar

DeKeyser, R. and Larson-Hall, J. (2005), ‘What does the critical period really mean?’ in Kroll, J. and de Groot, A. (eds.), The Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches (Oxford University Press), 88–108.Google Scholar

de Prada Pérez, A. and Pascual y Cabo, D. (2011), ‘Invariable gusta in the Spanish of heritage speakers in the U.S’ in Hershenschon, J. and Tanner, D. (eds.), Proceedings of the 11th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition (GASLA) (Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project) 110–120.Google Scholar

De Swart, P. (2013), ‘A (single) case for heritage speakers?’, Theoretical Linguistics 39, 251–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deuchar, M. and Quay, S. (2000), Bilingual Acquisition: Theoretical Implications of a Case Study (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Di Biase, B. and Kawaguchi, S. (2002), ‘Exploring the typological plausibility of processability theory: language development in Italian second language and Japanese second language’, Second Language Research 18, 274–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Di Gregorio, D. (2005), ‘The phenomenon of international adoption with a focus on second language acquisition: a case study of internationally adopted children and adolescents from Russia’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar

Dickinson, D., McCabe, A., Anastasopoulos, L., Peisner-Feinberg, E. and Poe, M. (2003), ‘The comprehensive language approach to early literacy: the interrelationships among vocabulary, phonological sensitivity, and print knowledge among preschool-aged children’, Journal of Educational Psychology 95, 465–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diessel, H. (2004), The Acquisition of Complex Sentences (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dixon, R. and Blake, B. (1979), Handbook of Australian Languages, vol. 1 (Canberra: A. N. U. Press and Amsterdam: John Benjamins).Google Scholar

Doherty, M. and Perner, J. (1998), ‘Metalinguistic awareness and theory of mind: just two words for the same thing?’, Cognitive Development 13, 279–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Döpke, S. (1992), One Parent, One Language: An Interactional Approach (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Döpke, S. (1998), ‘Competing language structures: the acquisition of verb placement by bilingual German-English children’, Journal of Child Language 25, 555–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dorian, N. (1981), Language Death (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dorian, N. (ed.), (1989), Investigating Obsolescence (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dowty, D. (1986), ‘The effects of aspectual class on the temporal structure of discourse: semantics or pragmatics?’, Linguistics and Philosophy 9, 37–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ducar, C. (2012), ‘SHL learners’ attitudes and motivations’ in Beaudrie, S. and Fairclough, M. (eds.), Spanish as a Heritage Language in the United States (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press), 161–178.Google Scholar

Duff, P. (2007), ‘Second language socialization and sociocultural theory: insights and issues’, Language Teaching 40, 309–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duff, P. (2008a), ‘Heritage language education in Canada’ in Brinton, D., Kagan, O. and Bauckus, S. (eds.), Heritage Language Education: A New Field Emerging (New York, NY: Routledge), 71–90.Google Scholar

Duff, P. (2008b), Case Study Research in Applied Linguistics (New York, NY: Erlbaum).Google Scholar

Dunn, L. and Dunn, D. (2007), Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th Edition (Minneapolis, MN: Pearson).Google Scholar

Dunn, L., Padilla, E., Lugo, D. and Dunn, L. (1986), Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes Peabody: Adaptación Hispanoamericana (Minneapolis, MN: Pearson).Google Scholar

Ebert, K. H. (1971), Referenz, Spreechsituation und die Bestimmten Artikel in Einem Nordfriesischen Dialekt (Fering) (Bredstedt: Nordfriisk Instituut).Google Scholar

Eckert, P. (1989), Jocks and Burnouts: Social Categories and Identity in the High School (New York, NY: Teachers College Press).Google Scholar

El Aissati, A. (1997), ‘Language loss among native speakers of Moroccan-Arabic in the Netherlands’ in Extra, G. and Verhoeven, T (eds.), Bilingualism and Migration (Studies in Multilingualism, 6) (Tilburg: Tilburg University Press).Google Scholar

Ellis, A. and Morrison, C. (1998), ‘Real age of acquisition effects in lexical retrieval’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 24, 515–523.Google ScholarPubMed

Ellis, N. (1966), ‘Sequencing in SLA: phonological memory, chunking and points of order’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18, 91–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellis, N. C. (2002), ‘Frequency effects in language processing: a review with implications for theories of implicit and explicit learning’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 23, 143–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellis, R. (2005), ‘Measuring implicit and explicit knowledge of a second language: a psychometric study’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 27, 141–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elman, J., Bates, E., Johnson, M., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D. and Plunkett, K. (1998), Rethinking Innateness (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar

Epstein, S., Flynn, S. and Martohardjono, G. (1996), ‘Second language acquisition: theoretical and experimental issues in contemporary research’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, 677–758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Erickson, F. and Shultz, J. (1982), The Counselor as Gatekeeper: Social Interactions in Interviews (New York, NY: Academic Press).Google Scholar

Escobar, A. M. (2004), ‘Bilingualism in Latin America’ in Bhatia, T. and Ritchie, W. (eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism (Malden, MA: Blackwell), 642–661.Google Scholar

Extra, G. and Gorter, D. (2001), The Other Languages of Europe (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters).Google Scholar

Extra, G. and Verhoeven, L. (1993), Immigrant Languages in Europe (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters).Google Scholar

Ezeizabarrena Segurola, M. J. (1996), Adquisición de la morfología verbal en esukera y español por niños bilingües. (Bilbao: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad del País Vasco).Google Scholar

Ezeizabarrena Segurola, M. J. (2001), ‘Dos tipos de morfología verbal, dos modos de adquisición en bilingües vasco-españoles’ in Nieto, C. Rojas and de León Pasquel, L. (eds.), La adquisición de la lengua materna: español, lenguas maya, euskera (México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), 237–263.Google Scholar

Ezeizabarrena Segurola, M. J. (2011), ‘The (in)consistent ergative marking of early Basque: L1 vs. child L2’, Lingua 122, 303–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fairclough, M. (2005), Spanish and Heritage Language Education in the United States. Struggling with Hypotheticals (Frankfurt: Verveurt Iberoamericana).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fairclough, M. (2011), ‘Testing the lexical recognition task with Spanish/English bilinguals in the United States’, Language Testing 28, 273–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fedzechkina, M., Jaeger, T. F. and Newport, E. (2012), ‘Language learners restructure their input to facilitate efficient communication’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, 44, 17897–17902, doi:10.1073/pnas.1215776109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fedzechkina, M., Jaeger, T. F. and Newport, E. (2013), ‘Communicative biases shape structures of newly acquired languages’ in Knauff, M., Pauen, M., Sebanz, N. and Wachsmuth, I. (eds.), Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society), 430–435.Google Scholar

Fedzechkina, M., Newport, E. and Jaeger, T. F. (2014), ‘Trading off information transmission against effort in language learning and language structure’, Poster presented at the 39th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, November 6–9.Google Scholar

Fenson, L., Bates, E., Dale, O., Goodman, J., Reznick, J. and Thal, D. (2000), ‘Measuring variability in early child language: don’t shoot the messenger’, Comments on Feldman et al. Child Development 71, 323–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fenson, L., Dale, P., Reznick, S., Bates, E., Thal, D. and Pethick, S. (1994), ‘Variability in early communicative development’, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Serial number 242, 59, 5, 1–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fenyvesi, A. (2000), ‘The affectedness of the verbal complex in American Hungarian’ in Fenyvesi, A. and Sándor, K. (eds.), Language Contact and the Verbal Complex of Dutch and Hungarian: Working Papers from the 1st Bilingual Language Use Theme Meeting of the Study Centre on Language Contact, November 11–13, 1999, Szeged, Hungary (Szeged: JGyTF Press), 94–107.Google Scholar

Ferguson, C. (1959). ‘Diglossia’, Word 15, 325–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferjan Ramírez, N., Leonard, M. K., Torres, C., Hatrak, M., Halgren, E. and Mayberry, R. I. (2013), ‘Neural language processing in adolescent first-language learners’, Cerebral Cortex. (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1.1093/cercor/bht137.Google ScholarPubMed

Fernández Martínez, A. (1994), ‘El aprendizaje de los morfemas verbales: datos de un estudio longitudinal’ in Ornat, S. López (ed.), La adquisición de la lengua española (Madrid: Siglo XXI), 29–45.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. (1966), Language Loyalty in the United States: The Maintenance and Perpetuation of Non-English Mother Tongues by American Ethnic and Religious Groups (The Hague: Mouton).Google Scholar

Fishman, J. (1972), The Sociology of Language: An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society (New York, NY: Newbury House Publishers).Google Scholar

Fishman, J. (2001), Can Threatened Languages be Saved? (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. (2006), ‘Three-hundred plus years of heritage language education in the United States’ in Valdés, G., Fishman, J., Chávez, R. and Pérez, W., Developing Minority Language Resources: The Case of Spanish in California (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters), 12–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flores, C. (2010), ‘The effect of age on language attrition: evidence from bilingual returnees’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, 533–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flores, C. (2012), ‘Differential effects of language attrition in the domain of verb placement and object expression’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, 550–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flores Ferrán, N. (2004), ‘Spanish subject personal pronoun use in New York City Puerto Ricans: can we rest the case of English contact?’, Language Variation and Change 16, 49–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franceschina, F. (2005), Fossilized Second Language Grammars: The Acquisition of Grammatical Gender (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freudenthal, D., Pine, J. M. and Gobet, F. (2006), ‘Modelling the development of children’s use of optional infinitives in Dutch and English using MOSAIC’, Cognitive Science 30, 277–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Friedman, D. and Kagan, O. (2008), ‘Academic writing proficiency of Russian heritage speakers: a comparative study’ in Brinton, D., Kagan, O. and Bauckus, S. (eds.), Heritage Language Education: A New Field Emerging (New York, NY: Routledge), 181–198.Google Scholar

Gábor, B. and Lukács, A. (2012), ‘Early morphological productivity in Hungarian: evidence from sentence repetition and elicited production’, Journal of Child Language 39, 411–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gal, S. (1989), ‘Lexical innovation and loss: the use and value of restricted Hungarian’ in Dorian, N. (ed.), Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), 313–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gambhir, S. and Gambhir, V. (2013), ‘The maintenance and vitality of Hindi in the United States’, The Heritage Language Journal 10, 35–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guasti, M. T. (2004). Language Acquisition: The Growth of Grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Gavriilidou, Z. and Efthymiou, A. (2003), ‘The acquisition of Greek gender by preschool children: a pilot study’ in Anastasiadi-Simeonidi, A., Ralli, A. and Chila-Markopoulou, D. (eds.), Gender (Athens: Patakis), 190–207.Google Scholar

Genesee, F. (1989), ‘Early bilingual development: one language or two?’, Journal of Child Language 6, 161–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Genesee, F. and Nicoladis, E. (2009). ‘Bilingual first language acquisition’ in Hoff, E and Shatz, M (eds.), Handbook of Language Development (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 324–342.Google Scholar

Genesee, F., Nicoladis, E. and Paradis, J. (1995), ‘Language differentiation in early bilingual development’, Journal of Child Language 22, 611–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gerken, L. A. and Shady, M. (1996), ‘The picture selection task’ in McDaniel, D., McKee, C. and Cairns, H. Smith (eds.), Methods for Assessing Children’s Syntax (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 125–146.Google Scholar

Gillis, S. and De Houwer, A. (eds.), (2001), The Acquisition of Dutch (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).Google Scholar

Gleitman, L. and Newport, E. (1995), ‘The invention of language by children: environmental and biological influences on the acquisition of language’ in Gleitman, L. and Liberman, M. (eds.), Language: An Invitation to Cognitive Science, 2nd Edition vol. 1 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glennen, S. (2005), ‘New arrivals, speech and language assessment for internationally adopted infants and toddlers within the first months at home’, Seminars in Speech and Language 26, 10–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Godson, L. (2004), ‘Vowel production in the speech of Western Armenian heritage speakers’, The Heritage Language Journal 2, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldberg, A. (1995), Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar

Goldberg, A. (1999), ‘The emergence of the semantics of argument structures’ in MacWhinney, B. (ed.), The Emergence of Language (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 197–212.Google Scholar

Gollan, T. H., Starr, J. and Ferreira, V. S. (in press), ‘More than use it or lose it: the number of speakers effect on heritage language proficiency’, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 22, 1, 147–155. doi: 10.3758/s13423-014-0649-7.Google Scholar

Goodluck, H. (2009), ‘Formal and computational constraints on language development’ in Hoff, E. and Shatz, M. (eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Language Development (Malden, MA: Blackwell), 46–67.Google Scholar

Gor, K. (2014), ‘Raspberry, not a car: context predictability and a phonological advantage in early and late learners’ processing of speech in noise’, Frontiers in Psychology 5, 1449, 1–15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gordon, P. (1996), ‘The truth value judgment task’ in McDaniel, D., McKee, C. and Cairns, H. Smith (eds.), Methods for Assessing Children’s Syntax (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 211–232.Google Scholar

Goro, T. and Akiba, S. (2004), ‘The acquisition of disjunction and positive polarity in Japanese’ in Garding, G. and Tsujimura, M. (eds.), Proceedings of the 23rd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press), 101–114.Google Scholar

Granena, G. and Long, M. (2013), ‘Age of onset, length of residence, language aptitude, and ultimate attainment in three linguistic domains’, Second Language Research 29, 311–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grosjean, F. (1997), ‘The bilingual individual’, Interpreting 2, 163–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grosjean, F. (1998), ‘Studying bilinguals: methodological and conceptual issues’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, 131–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grosjean, F. (2008), Studying Bilinguals (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grosjean, F. (2010), Bilingual: Life and Reality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grosjean, F. and Py, B. (1991), ‘La restructuration d’une première langue: l’intégration de variantes de contact dans la compétence de migrants bilingues’, La Linguistique 27, 35–60.Google Scholar

Guasti, M. T. (2002), Language Acquisition: The Growth of Grammar (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar

Gürel, A. (2002), ‘Linguistic characteristics of second language acquisition and first language attrition: Turkish overt versus null pronouns’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, McGill University, Montreal.Google Scholar

Gürel, A. (2004), ‘Selectivity in L2 induced L1 attrition: a psycholinguistic account’, Journal of Neurolinguistics 17, 53–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gürel, A. and Yılmaz, G. (2013), ‘Restructuring in the L1 Turkish grammar: effects of L2 English and L2 Dutch’ in Schmid, M. and Köpke, B. (eds.), First Language Attrition (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 37–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gutiérrez, M. (1996), ‘Tendencias y alternancia en la expresión de condicionalidad en el español hablado en Houston’, Hispania 79, 568–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Håkansson, G. (1995), ‘Syntax and morphology in language attrition: a study of five bilingual expatriate Swedes’, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 5, 153–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Han, C., Lidz, J. and Musolino, J. (2007), ‘Verb-raising and grammar competition in Korean: evidence from negation and quantifier scope’, Linguistic Inquiry 38, 1–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Han, Z. H. (2014), ‘From Julie to Wes to Alberto: revisiting the construct of fossilization’ in Han, Z. H and Tarone, E. (eds.), Interlanguage: Forty Years Later (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 47–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, J. (1991), ‘The exponence of gender in Spanish’, Linguistic Inquiry 22, 27–62.Google Scholar

Harris, J. (2008), ‘The declining role of primary schools in the revitalization of Irish’, AILA Review 21, 49–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hawkins, J. A. (1999), ‘Processing complexity and filler-gap dependencies across grammars’, Language 75, 244–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hawkins, J. A. (2004), Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hawkins, R. and Hattori, H. (2006), ‘Interpretation of English multiple wh-questions by Japanese speakers: a missing uninterpretable feature account’, Second Language Research 22, 269–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

He, A. W. (2006), ‘Toward an identity theory of the development of Chinese as a heritage language’, The Heritage Language Journal 4, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

He, A. W. (2010), ‘The heart of heritage: sociocultural dimensions of heritage language learning’, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30, 66–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henshaw, F. (2013), ‘Learning opportunities and outcomes of L2-L2 and L2-HL learner interaction during a collaborative writing task’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar

Hernández Pina, F. (1984). Teorías psicosociolingüísticas y su aplicación a la adquisición del español como lengua materna (Madrid: Siglo XXI).Google Scholar

Herschensohn, J. (2007), Language Development and Age (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hindley, R. (1990), The Death of the Irish Language (New York, NY: Routledge).Google Scholar

Hirakawa, M. (1990), ‘A study of the L2 acquisition of English reflexives’, Second Language Research 6, 60–85.Google Scholar

Hoekstra, T. and Hyams, N. (1998), ‘Aspects of root infinitives’, Lingua 106, 81–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoff, E. (2006), ‘How social contexts support and shape language development’, Developmental Review 26, 55–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoff, E., Core, C., Place, S., Rumiche, R., Señor, M. and Parra, M. (2011), ‘Dual language exposure and early bilingual development’, Journal of Child Language 39, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hoff, E., Welsh, D., Place, S. and Ribot, K. (2014), ‘Properties of dual language input that shape bilingual development and properties of environment that shape dual language input’ in Grüter, T. and Paradis, J. (eds.), Input and Experience in Bilingual Development (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 119–140.Google Scholar

Hopp, H. and Schmid, M. (2013), ‘Perceived foreign accent in L1 attrition and L2 acquisition: the impact of age of acquisition and bilingualism’, Applied Psycholinguistics 34, 361–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hornberger, N. (1988), Bilingual Education and Language Maintenance: A Southern Peruvian Quechua Case (Berlin: Mouton).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hornberger, N. and Wang, S. (2008), ‘Who are our heritage language learners? Identity and biliteracy in heritage language education in the United States’ in Brinton, D., Kagan, O. and Bauckus, S. (eds.), Heritage Language Education: A New Field Emerging (New York, NY: Routledge), 3–38.Google Scholar

Hróarsdóttir, T. (2001), Word Order Change in Icelandic (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hrycyna, M., Lapinskaya, N., Kochetov, A. and Nagy, N. (2011), ‘VOT drift in 3 generations of heritage language speakers in Toronto’, Canadian Acoustics 39, 166–167.Google Scholar

Huffines, M. (1989), ‘Case usage among the Pennsylvania German sectarian and nonsectarians’ in Dorian, N. (ed.), Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), 211–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hulsen, M. (2000), ‘Language loss and language processing: three generations of Dutch migrants in New Zealand’, Doctoral dissertation, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar

Hulstijn, J. (2011), ‘Language proficiency in native and nonnative speakers: an agenda for research and suggestions for second language assessment’, Language Assessment Quarterly 8, 3, 229–249. doi: 10.1080/15434303.2011.565844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hulstijn, J. (2015). Language Proficiency in Native and Non-native Speakers: Theory and Research (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huttenlocher, J. and Smiley, P. (1987), ‘Early word meanings: the case of object names’, Cognitive Psychology 19, 63–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hutz, M. (2007), ‘Is there a natural process of decay? A longitudinal study of language attrition’ in Schmid, M., Köpke, B., Keijer, M. and Weilmar, L. (eds.), First Language Attrition (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 189–206.Google Scholar

Hyltenstam, K. (1992), ‘Non-native features of near-native speakers: on ultimate attainment of childhood L2 learners’ in Harris, R. (ed.) Cognitive Processing in Bilinguals (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 351–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2003), ‘Maturational constraints in SLA’ in Doughty, C. and Long, M. (eds.), The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (Oxford: Blackwell), 539–588.Google Scholar

Hyltenstam, K., Bylund, E., Abrahamsson, N. and Park, H. S. (2009), ‘Dominant language replacement: the case of international adoptees’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12, 121–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ibrahim, Z. and Allam, J. (2006), ‘Arabic learners and heritage students redefined: present and future’ in Wahba, K., Taha, A. and England, L. (eds.), Handbook for Arabic Language Teaching Professionals in the 21st Century (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum), 437–446.Google Scholar

Imada, T., Zhang, Y., Cheour, M., Taulu, S., Ahonen, A. and Kuhl, P. (2006), ‘Infant speech perception activates Broca’s area: a developmental magnetoencephalography study’, NeuroReport 17, 957–962.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ionin, T. (2013), ‘Recent publications on research methods in second language acquisition’, Second Language Research 29, 119–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ionin, T. and Zyzick, E. (in press), ‘Judgment and interpretation tasks’, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Isurin, L. (2000), ‘Deserted island or a child’s first language forgetting’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3, 151–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Itard, J.-M. G. (1801), De l’éducation d’un homme sauvage ou des premiers développements physiques et moraux du jeune sauvage de l’aveyron (Paris: Gouyon).Google Scholar

Iverson, M. (2012), ‘Advanced language attrition of Spanish in contact with Brazilian Portuguese’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa.Google Scholar

Jackendoff, R. (2002), Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jia, G. (2008), ‘Heritage language development, maintenance, and attrition among recent Chinese immigrants in NewYork City’ in He, A. W. and Xiao, Y. (eds.), Chinese as a Heritage Language (Honolulu, HI: National Foreign Language Resource Center/University of Hawaii Press), 189–203.Google Scholar

Jia, G. and Aaronson, D. (2003), ‘A longitudinal study of Chinese children and adolescents learning English in the United States’, Applied Psycholinguistics 24, 131–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jia, G., Aaronson, D., Young, D., Chen, S. and Wagner, J. (2005), ‘Bilingual Mandarin-, Russian- and Spanish-English speakers’ grammatical proficiency in their two languages’ in Minami, M., Kobayashi, H., Nakayama, M., and Sirai, H. (eds.), Studies in Language Sciences (Tokyo: Kurosio), 160–171.Google Scholar

Jia, R. and Paradis, J. (2014), ‘The use of referring expressions in narratives by Mandarin heritage language children and the roles of language environment factors in predicting individual differences’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, First View Article, December 2014, pp. 1–16. doi: 10.1017/S1366728914000728.Google Scholar

Jiang, N. (2007), ‘Selective integration of linguistic knowledge in adult second language learning’, Language Learning 57, 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jisa, H. (2004), ‘Growing into academic French’ in Berman, R. (ed.), Language Development across Childhood and Adolescence (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 135–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johns, A. and Mazurkewich, I. (2001), ‘The role of the university in the training of native language teachers: Labrador’ in Hilton, L. and Hale, K. (eds.), The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), 355–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, J. and Newport, E. (1989), ‘Critical period effects in second language learning: the influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language’, Cognitive Psychology 21, 60–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Johnson, J. and Newport, E. (1991), ‘Critical period effects on universal principles of language: the status of subjacency in the acquisition of a second language’, Cognition 39, 215–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Johnson, V., de Villiers, J. and Seymour, H. (2005), ‘Agreement without understanding? The case of third person singular /s/’, First Language 25, 317–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kagan, O. and Dillon, K. (2003), ‘Heritage speakers’ potential for high level language proficiency’ in Byrnes, H. and Maxim, H. (eds.), Advanced Foreign Language Learning: A Challenge to College Programs (Boston, MA: Heinle/Thomson), 99–112.Google Scholar

Kagan, O. and Dillon, K. (2009), ‘Russian in the United States’ in Potowski, K. (ed), Language Diversity in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 179–194.Google Scholar

Kageyama, T. (1996), Dooshi imi-ron [Semantics of Verbs]. (Tokyo: Kuroshio Shuppan).Google Scholar

Kang, B.-M. (1998), ‘Mwunpep-kwa ene sayong: Khophes-ey kipanhan caykwisa ‘caki’, ‘casin’, ‘caki-casin’-uy kinung pwunsek-ul cwungsim-ulo [Grammar and the use of language: Korean reflexives ‘caki, ‘casin’, and caki-casin]’, Kwuk-e-hak 31, 165–204.Google Scholar

Kang, Y. and Nagy, N. (2012), ‘VOT merger in heritage Korean in Toronto’ Actes du congrès annuel de l’Association canadienne de linguistique 2012. [Proceedings of the 2012 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association], (Toronto), 1–15.Google Scholar

Kanno, K., Hasegawa, T., Ikeda, K., Ito, Y. and Long, M. (2008), ‘Relationships between prior language-learning experience and variation in the linguistic profiles of advanced English-speaking learners of Japanese’ in Brinton, D., Kagan, O. and Bauckus, S. (eds.), Heritage Language Education: A New Field Emerging (New York, NY: Routledge), 165–180.Google Scholar

Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1979), ‘Micro- and macrodevelopmental changes in language acquisition and other representational systems’, Cognitive Science 3, 91–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1986), ‘Some fundamental aspects of language development after age 5’ in Fletcher, P. and Garman, M. (eds.), Language Acquisition: Studies in First Language Development (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), 455–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karstadt, A. (2003), Tracking Swedish-American English: A Longitudinal Study of Linguistic Variation and Identity (Uppsala: University of Uppsala).Google Scholar

Kato, M., Cyrino, S. and Corrêa, V. (2009), ‘Brazilian Portuguese and the recovery of lost clitics through schooling’ in Pires, A. and Rothman, J. (eds.), Minimalist Inquiries into Child and Adult Language Acquisition: Case Studies across Portuguese (Berlin and New York: Mouton DeGruyter), 245–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaufman, D. and Aronoff, M. (1991), ‘Morphological disintegration and reconstruction in first language attrition’ in Seliger, H. and Vago, R. (eds.), First Language Attrition (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 175–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kazanina, N. and Phillips, C. (2001), ‘Coreference in child Russian: distinguishing syntactic and discourse constraints’, Proceedings of the 25th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (Sommerville, MA: Cascadilla Press), 413–424.Google Scholar

Keating, G., VanPatten, B. and Jegerski, J. (2011), ‘Who was walking on the beach? Anaphora resolution in Spanish heritage speakers and adult second language learners’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33, 193–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keel, W. (2015), ‘Noun phrase case shift in Volga German varieties on the Great Plains of Kansas’ in Page, R. and Putnam, M. (eds.), Moribund Germanic Heritage Languages in the Americas: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings (Leiden: Brill), 133–152.Google Scholar

Keenean, E. and Comrie, B. (1977), ‘Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar’, Linguistic Inquiry 8, 63–99.Google Scholar

Keijzer, M. (2007), Last in First Out? An Investigation of the Regression Hypothesis in Dutch Emigrants in Anglophone Canada (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics).Google Scholar

Kempe, V. and Brookes, P. (2001), ‘The role of diminutives in the acquisition of Russian gender: can elements of child directed speech aid in learning morphology?’, Language Learning 51, 221–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kenrick, D. (1993), ‘Romani at the crossroads’ in Extra, G. and Verhoeven, L. (eds.), Immigrant Languages in Europe (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters), 285–296.Google Scholar

Kerswill, P. (1996), ‘Children, adolescents and language change’, Language Variation and Change 8, 177–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, J. Y. (2012), ‘Discrepancy between the perception and production of stop consonants by Spanish heritage speakers in the United States’, Paper presented at CASPSLaP [Current Approaches to Spanish and Portuguese Second Language Phonology], Columbia, South Carolina.Google Scholar

Kim, J. Y. (2015), ‘Perception and production of prominence in Spanish by heritage speakers and English L2 learners of Spanish’ Selected Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology in E. W. Willis, P. M. Butragueño and E. H. Zendejas. Cascadilla Proceedings Project, Sommerville, MA, 106–128.Google Scholar

Kim, J.-H. and Yoon, J. (2008), ‘An experimental syntactic study of the binding of multiple anaphors in Korean’, Journal of Cognitive Science 9, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, J.-H., Montrul, S. and Yoon, J. (2009), ‘Binding interpretation of anaphors in Korean heritage speakers’, Language Acquisition 16, 3–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, J.-H., Montrul, S. and Yoon, J. (2010), ‘Dominant language influence in acquisition and attrition of binding: interpretation of the Korean reflexive caki’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, 73–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, M.-H. (2001), ‘Kwuke taymyengsa-uy ehwisa [A study on the diachronic change of Korean pronouns]’, Korean Semantics 9, 1–48.Google Scholar

Kim, M. Y., Kim, E., Montrul, S. and Yoon, J. (2014), ‘On-line and off-line binding properties of Korean reflexives by heritage Korean speakers’, Paper presented at the 2nd East Asian Psycholinguistics Colloquium, University of Chicago, March 7–8.Google Scholar

King, K. and Ennser-Kananen, J. (2013), ‘Heritage languages and language policy’ in Chapelle, C. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (Malden, NJ: Blackwell), 1–4.Google Scholar

Knightly, L., Jun, S., Oh, J. and Au, T. (2003), ‘Production benefits of childhood overhearing’, Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 114, 465–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kohnert, K., Bates, E. and Hernández, A. (1999), ‘Balancing bilinguals, lexical- semantic production and cognitive processing in children learning Spanish and English’, Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 42, 1400–1413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kondo-Brown, K. (2005), ‘Differences in language skills: heritage language learner subgroups and foreign language learners’, The Modern Language Journal 89, 563–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kondo-Brown, K. (ed.), (2006), Heritage Language Development: Focus on East Asian Immigrants (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kondo-Brown, K. (2010), ‘Curriculum development for advancing heritage language competence: recent research, current practices and a future agenda’, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30, 24–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Köpke, B. (2007), ‘Language attrition at the crossroads of brain, mind, and society’ in Köpke, B., Schmid, M., Keijzer, M. and Dosterst, S. (eds.), Language Attrition: Theoretical Perspectives (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 9–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Köpke, B. and Schmid, M. (2003), ‘Language attrition: the next phase’ in Schmid, M., Köpke, B., Keijzer, M. and Weilemar, L. (eds.), First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Methodological Issues (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 1–143.Google Scholar

Kovács, A. M. and Mehler, J. (2009), ‘Flexible learning of multiple speech structures in bilingual infants’, Science 325, 611–612. doi: 10.1126/science.1173947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kuhl, P., Conboy, B., Coffey-Corina, S., Padden, D., Rivera-Gaxiola, M. and Nelson, T. (2008), ‘Phonetic learning as a pathway to language: new data and native language magnet theory expanded (NLM-e)’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363, 979–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kupisch, T. (2012), ‘Generic subjects in the Italian of early German-Italian bilinguals and German learners of Italian as second language’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, 736–756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kupisch, T. (2013), ‘A new term for a better distinction? A view from the higher end of the proficiency scale’, Theoretical Linguistics 39, 203–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kupisch, T., Akpinar, D. and Stöhr, A. (2013), ‘Gender assignment and gender agreement in adult bilinguals and second language learners of French’, Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 3, 150–189.Google Scholar

Kupisch, T. and Barton, D. (2013), ‘Generic reference in adult German bilinguals: how bilinguals deal with variation’, Studia Linguistica 67, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kupisch, T., Belikova, A., Özçelik, Ö., Stangen, I. and White, L. (in press), ‘On complete acquisition in heritage speakers: the definiteness effect in German-Turkish bilinguals’, Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism.Google Scholar

Kupisch, T., Lein, T., Barton, D., Schröder, D., Stangen, I. and Stoehr, A. (2014), ‘Acquisition outcomes across domains in adult simultaneous bilinguals with French as weaker and stronger language’, Journal of French Language Studies 24, 347–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kwon, N., Kluender, R., Kutas, M. and Polinsky, M.(2013), ‘Subject/object processing asymmetries in Korean relative clauses: evidence from ERP data’, Language 89, 3, 537–585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Labov, W. (1966), The Social Stratification of English in New York City (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Labov, W. (1970), ‘The study of language in its social context’, Studium Generale 23, 30–87.Google Scholar

Labov, W. (1972), Sociolinguistic Patterns (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).Google Scholar

Labov, W. (1989), ‘The child as linguistic historian’, Language Variation and Change 1, 85–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (2001), Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell).Google Scholar

Labov, W. (2006), The Social Stratification of English in New York City, 2nd Edition (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (2007), ‘Transmission and diffusion’, Language 83, 2, 344–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lainio, J. (1987), ‘Language use of Finns in Sweden: implicational patterns in four domains’, Scandinavian Working Papers in Bilingualism 7, 11–28.Google Scholar

Lainio, J. (1993), ‘Sweden Finnish’ in Extra, G. and Verhoeven, L. (eds.), Immigrant Languages in Europe (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters), 21–54.Google Scholar

Laleko, O. (2008), ‘Compositional telicity and heritage Russian aspect’ in Grosvald, M. and Soares, D. (eds.), Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Western Conference on Linguistics (WECOL) 19 (UC Davis, Davis, CA), 150–160.Google Scholar

Laleko, O. (2010), ‘The syntax-pragmatics interface in language loss: covert restructuring of aspect in heritage Russian’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.Google Scholar

Laleko, O. and Polinsky, M. (2013), ‘Marking topic or marking case: a comparative investigation of heritage Japanese and heritage Korean’, The Heritage Language Journal 10, 40–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lambrecht, K. (2001), ‘A framework for the analysis of cleft constructions’, Linguistics 39, 3, 463–516.Google Scholar

Lantolf, J. and Appel, G. (eds.), (1994), Vygotskian Approaches to Second Language Research (Norwwod, NJ: Ablex).Google Scholar

Lantolf, J. and Thorne, S. (2006), Sociocultural Theory and the Genesis of Second Language Development (New York, NY: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Lanza, E. (2004), Language Mixing in Infant Bilingualism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective (New York, NY: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Laoire, M. (2005), ‘The language planning situation in Ireland’, Current Issues in Language Planning 6, 251–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lardiere, D. (2007), Ultimate Attainment in Second Language Acquisition: A Case Study (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum).Google Scholar

Lardiere, D. (2009), ‘Some thoughts on the contrastive analysis of features in second language acquisition’, Second Language Research 25, 173–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lardiere, D. (2011), ‘Who is the interface hypothesis about?’, Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1, 48–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Larmouth, D. (1974), ‘Differential interference in American Finnish cases’, Language 50, 356–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Larsson, I. and Johannessen, J. (2014), ‘Embedded word order in heritage Scandinavian’ in Hilpert, M., Östman, J.-O., Mertzlufft, C., Rießler, M. and Duke, J. (eds.), New Trends in Nordic and General Linguistics (Berlin: De Gruyter), 239–264.Google Scholar

Larsson, I. and Johannessen, J. (2015), ‘Incomplete acquisition and verb placement in heritage Scandinavian’ in Page, R. and Putnam, M. (ed.), Moribund Germanic Heritage Languages in the Americas: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings (Leiden: Brill), 153–189.Google Scholar

Leal Méndez, T., Rothman, J. and Slabakova, R. (2014), ‘A rare structure at the syntax-discourse interface: heritage and Spanish-dominant native speakers weigh in’, Language Acquisition 21, 4, 411–429. doi: 10.1080/10489223.2014.892946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leal Méndez, T., Slabakova, R. and Rothman, J. (2015), ‘Discourse-sensitive clitic-doubled dislocations in heritage Spanish’, Lingua 155, 85–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, H. (1990), ‘Logical relations in the child’s grammar: relative scope, bound variables, and long-distance binding in Korean’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Irvine.Google Scholar

Lee, H. and Wexler, K. (1987), ‘The acquisition of reflexives and pronouns in Korean: from a cross-linguistic perspective’, Paper presented at the 12th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, November 3–4.Google Scholar

Lee, S.-B. (2006), ‘A pragmatic analysis of accusative case-marker deletion’, Discourse and Cognition 13, 69–89.Google Scholar

Lee, T. (2011), ‘Grammatical knowledge of Korean heritage speakers: early vs. late bilinguals’, Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1, 149–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Legate, J. and Yang, C. (2007), ‘Morphosyntactic learning and the development of tense’, Language Acquisition 14, 315–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lenneberg, E. (1967), Biological Foundations of Language (New York, NY: Wiley).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leopold, W. F. (1939–1949), Speech Development of a Bilingual Child: A Linguist’s Record, 4 vols. (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press).Google Scholar

Levelt, W. (1989), Speaking: From Intention to Articulation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar

Lewis, G. (2008), ‘Current challenges in bilingual education in Wales’, AILA Review 21, 87–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, M.-C. (2012), ‘The acquisition of tense and agreement by early child second language learners’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar

Li, W. (1994), Three Generations, Two Languages, One Family (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters).Google Scholar

Lidz, J. (2009), ‘The abstract nature of syntactic representations’ in Hoff, E. and Shatz, M. (eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Language Development (Malden, MA: Blackwell), 277–303.Google Scholar

Lidz, J., Waxman, S. and Freedman, J. (2003), ‘What infants know about syntax but couldn’t have learned: experimental evidence for syntactic structure at 18-months’, Cognition 89, B65–B73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lieven, E. and Tomasello, M. (2008), ‘Children’s first language acquisition from a usage-based perspective’ in Robinson, P. and Ellis, N. (eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition (New York, NY: Routledge), 216–236.Google Scholar

Lightbown, P. M. (1998), ‘The importance of timing in focus on form’ in Doughty, C. and Williams, J. (eds.), Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 177–196.Google Scholar

Lightfoot, D. (in press), ‘Imperfect transmission and discontinuity’ in Ledgway, A. and Roberts, I. (eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Historical Syntax (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Lipski, J. (1994), Latin American Spanish (New York, NY: Longman).Google Scholar

Lo Bianco, J. (2008), ‘Policy activity for heritage language connections with representation and citizenship’ in Brinton, D., Kagan, O. and Bauckus, S. (eds.), Heritage Language Education: A New Field Emerging (New York, NY: Routledge), 53–70.Google Scholar

Long, M. (1990), ‘Maturational constraints on language development’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12, 251–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Long, M. (1996), ‘The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition’ in Ritchie, W. and Bhatia, T. (eds.), Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), 413–468.Google Scholar

Long, M. (2003), ‘Stabilization and fossilization in interlanguage development’ in Doughty, C. and Long, M. (eds.), The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (Malden, MA: Blackwell), 487–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Long, M. (2007), Problems in SLA (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum).Google Scholar

López, D. (1996), ‘Language: diversity and assimilation’ in Waldinger, R. and Bozorgmehr, M. (eds.), Ethnic Los Angeles (New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation), 139–163.Google Scholar

Lukyanchenko, A. and Gor, K. (2011), ‘Perceptual correlates of phonological representations in heritage speakers and L2 learners’, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press), 414–426.Google Scholar

Lynch, A. (1999), ‘The subjunctive in Miami Cuban Spanish: bilingualism, contact and language variability’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.Google Scholar

Lynch, A. (2003), ‘Toward a theory of heritage language acquisition: Spanish in the United States’ in Roca, A. and Colombi, M. C. (eds.), Mi Lengua: Spanish as a Heritage Language in the United States (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press), 25–50).Google Scholar

Maandi, K. (1989), ‘Estonian among immigrants in Sweden’ in Dorian, N. (ed.), Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), 227–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mackey, A. and Gass, S. (eds.), (2012), Research Methods in Second Language Acquisition: A Practical Guide (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell).Google Scholar

Mackey, A. and Goo, J. (2007), ‘Interaction research in SLA: a meta-analysis and research synthesis’ in Mackey, A. (ed.), Conversational Interaction in Second Language Acquisition (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 407–452.Google Scholar

Mackey, W. (1962), ‘The description of bilingualism’, Canadian Journal of Linguistics 7, 51–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacWhinney, B. (1987), ‘The competition model’ in MacWhinney, B. (ed.), Mechanisms of Language Acquisition (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum), 249–308.Google Scholar

MacWhinney, B. (1992), ‘Transfer and competition in second language learning’ in Harris, R. (ed.), Cognitive Processing in Bilinguals (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 371–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacWhinney, B. (2006), ‘Emergentism – use often and with care’, Applied Linguistics 27, 729–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mahajan, G. (2009), ‘Ongoing deficits in heritage Hindi’, Paper presented at the Third Annual Heritage Language Institute, Urbana Champaign, June 12–20.Google Scholar

Mai, Z. (2012), ‘Properties of the (Shi) . . .de focus construction in adult L2 acquisition and heritage language acquisition of Mandarin Chinese’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar

Major, R. (1992), ‘Losing English as a first language’, The Modern Language Journal 76, 190–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mansouri, F. (2005), ‘Agreement morphology in Arabic as a second language: typological features and their processing implications’ in Pienemann, M. (ed.), Cross-linguistic Aspects of Processability Theory (Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins), 117–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maratsos, M. (1988), ‘The acquisition of formal word classes’ in Levy, Y., Schlesinger, I., Braine, M. (eds.), Categories and Processes in Language Acquisition (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum), 31–44.Google Scholar

Marinova-Todd, S., Marshall, D. and Snow, C. (2000), ‘Three misconceptions about age and L2 learning’, TESOL Quarterly 34, 9–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marrero, V., Aguirre, C. and Albalá, M. J. (2007), ‘The acquisition of diminutives in Spanish’ in Savickienė, I. and Dressler, W. (eds.), The Acquisition of Diminutives: A Crosslinguistic Perspective (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 155–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, C. (2013), ‘Assessing the oral proficiency of heritage speakers according to the ACTFL Proficiency guidelines 2012 – Speaking’, The Heritage Language Journal 10, 73–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martínez, G. (2013), ‘Policy and planning research for Spanish as a heritage language: from language rights to linguistic resource’ in Beaudrie, S. and Fairclough, M. (eds.), Spanish as a Heritage Language in the United States (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press), 61–78.Google Scholar

Mason, M. (1942), ‘Learning to speak after six and one half years of silence’, Journal of Speech Disorders 7, 295–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mayberry, R. (1993), ‘First language acquisition after childhood differs from second language acquisition: the case of American sign language’, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 36, 1258–1270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mayberry, R. (2010), ‘Early language acquisition and adult language ability: what sign language reveals about the critical period for language’ in Marschark, M. and Spencer, P. (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, vol. 2 (New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 281–291.Google Scholar

Mayberry, R. and Fischer, S. D. (1989), ‘Looking through phonological shape to lexical meaning: the bottleneck of non-native sign language processing’, Memory and Cognition 1, 740–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar