Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T17:54:00.077Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 8 - Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Epithalamus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2018

David L. Clark ,
Nash N. Boutros  and
Mario F. Mendez
David L. Clark
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Nash N. Boutros
Affiliation:
University of Missouri, Kansas City
Mario F. Mendez
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Brain and Behavior
An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy
 , pp. 124 - 139
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Select Bibliography

Gumz, M. L. (Ed.). (2016). Circadian Clocks: Role in Health and Disease. New York NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaab, D. F. (2003–2004). The Human Hypothalamus: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Handbook of Clinical Neurology (vol. 93, 80) Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar

References

Akhter, S., Marcus, M., Kerber, R. A., Kong, M., and Taylor, K. C. (2016). The impact of periconceptional materal stress on fecundability. Ann. Epidemiology, 26(10), 710–716.e7. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.07.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amat, J., Sparks, P. D., Matus-Amat, P., Griggs, J., Watkins, L. R., and Maier, S. F. (2001). The role of the habenular complex in the elevation of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin and the changes in the behavioral responses produced by uncontrollable stress. Brain. Resh., 917, 118–126. doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02934–1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asarnow, L. D., Soehner, A. M., and Harvey, A. G. (2013). Circadian rhythms and psychiatric illness. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry, 26(6), 566–571. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328365a2faCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benarroch, E. E. (2008). Suprachiasmatic nucleus and melatonin. Reciprocal interactions and clinical correlations. Neurology, 71(5), 594–598. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000324283.57261.37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedetti, F., Barbini, B., Fulgosi, M. C., Colombo, C., Dallaspezia, S., Pontiggia, A., and Smeraldi, E. (2005). Combined total sleep deprivation and light therapy in the treatment of drug-resistant bipolar depression: acute response and long-term remission rates. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 66, 1535–1540. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16401154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beretta, C. A., Dross, N., Gutierrez-Triana, J. A., Ryu, S., and Carl, M. (2012). Habenula circuit development: past, present, and future. Neurogenesis, 6, 51. doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2012.00051Google ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, H. G., Hildebrandt, J., Dobrowolny, H., Steiner, J., Bogerts, B., and Pahnke, J. (2016). Morphometric analysis of the cerebral expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter protein ABCB1 in chronic schizophrenia: Circumscribed deficits in the habenula. Schizophr Res., 177(1–3), 52–58. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.036CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, H. G., Klix, M., Dobrowolny, H., Brisch, R., Steiner, J., Bielau, H., Gos, T., and Bogerts, B. (2012). A postmortem assessment of mammillary body volume, neuronal number and densities, and fornix volume in subjects with mood disorders. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 262(8), 637–646. doi:10.1007/s00406-012–0300-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breningstall, G. N. (1985). Gelastic seizures, precocious puberty, and hypothalamic hamartomas. Neurology, 35, 1180–1183. doi:10.1093/brain/awr235CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buijs, F. N., León-Mercado, L., Guzmán-Ruiz, M., Guerrero-Vargas, N. N., Romo-Nava, F., and Buijs, R. M. (2016). The circadian system: a regulatory feedback network of periphery and brain. Physiology, 31(3), 170–181. doi:10.1152/physiol.00037.2015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burstein, R. (1996). Somatosensory and visceral input to the hypothalamus and limbic system. Prog. Brain Res., 107, 257–267. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61869–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byne, W., Tobet, S., Mattiace, L. A., Lasco, M. S., Kemether, E., Edgar, M. A.,… Jones, L. B. (2001). The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus: an investigation of variation with sex, sexual orientation, and HIV status. Horm. Behav., 40, 86–92. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1680Google Scholar
Cajochen, C., Munch, M., Knoblauch, V., Blatter, K., and Wirz-Justice, A. (2006). Age-related changes in the circadian and homeostatic regulation of human sleep. Chronobiol. Int., 23, 461–474. doi:10.1080/07420520500545813CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danilenko, K. V., Putilov, A. A., Russkikh, G. S., Duffy, L. K., and Ebbesson, S. O. (1994). Diurnal and seasonal variations of melatonin and serotonin in women with seasonal affective disorder. Arctic Med. Res., 53, 137–145. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.020Google ScholarPubMed
Dantzer, R., O’Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., and Kelley, K. W. (2008). From inflammation to sickness and depression: When the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 9, 46–56. doi:10.1038/nrn2297CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delville, Y. U., Melloni, R. H. Jr., and Ferris, C. F. (1998). Behavioral and neurobiological consequences of social subjugation during puberty in golden hamsters. J. Neurosci., 18, 2667–2672. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9502824CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demitrack, M. A., and Gold, P. W. (1988). Oxytocin: Neurobiologic considerations and their implications for affective illness. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol., 12, S23–S51. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.pubmed/3074339CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demitrack, M. A., Lesem, M. D., Listwak, S. J., Brandt, H. A., Jimerson, D. C., and Gold, P. W. (1990). CSF oxytocin in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: Clinical and pathophysiological considerations. Am. J. Psychiatry, 147, 882–886. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2356873Google Scholar
DeMoranville, B. M., and Jackson, I. M. D. (1996). Psychoneuroendocrinology. In: Fogel, B. S., Schiffer, R. B., and Rao, S. M. (Eds.), Neuropsychiatry (pp. 173–192). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Dobolyi, A., Grattan, D. R., and Stolzenberg, D. S. (2014). Preoptic inputs and mechanisms that regulate maternal responsiveness. J. Neuroendocrinol., 26(10), 627–640. doi:10.1111/jne.12185CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellison, G. (1994). Stimulant-induced psychosis, the dopamine theory of schizophrenia and the habenula. Brain Res. Rev., 19, 223–239. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7914793Google Scholar
Elman, I., Borsook, D., and Volkow, N. D. (2013). Pain and suicidality: Insights from reward and addiction neuroscience. Prog. Neurobiol., 109, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fakhoury, M., and López, S. D. (2014). The role of habenula in motivation and reward. Adv. Neurosci., Article ID S62048. doi:10.1155/2014/862048Google Scholar
Fontes, M. A. P., Xavier, C. H., de Menezes, R. C. A., and DiMicco, J. A. (2011). The dorsomedial hypothalamus and the central pathways involved in the cardiovascular response to emotional stress. Cogn. Behav. Sys. Neurosci., 184, 64–74. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.018Google Scholar
Friedman, A., Lax, E., Dikshtein, Y., Abraham, L., Flaumenhaft, Y., Sudai, E.,… Yadid, G. (2011). Electrical stimulation of the lateral habenula produces an inhibitory effect on sucrose self-administration. Neuropharmacology, 60, 381–387. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.10.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gamble, K. L., Resuehr, D., and Johnson, C. H. (2013). Shift work and circadian dysregulation of reproduction. Front. Endocrinol., 4, 92. doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00092CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Falgueras, A., and Swaab, D. F. (2008), A sex difference in the hypothalamic uncinate nucleus: relationship to gender identity. Brain, 131(12), 3132–3146. doi:10.1093/brain/awn276CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Falgueras, A., Ligtenberg, L., Kruijver, F. P. M., and Swaab, D. F. (2011). Galanin neurons in the intermediate nucleus (InM) of the human hypothalamus in relation to sex, age, and gender identity. J. Comp. Neurol., 519, 3061–3084. doi:10.1002/cne.22666ViewCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geisler, S., and Trimble, M. (2008). The lateral habenula: No longer neglected. CNS Spectrums, 13(6), 484–489. doi:10.1017/S1092852900016710CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goel, N., Terman, M., Terman, J. S., Macchi, M. M., and Stewart, J. W. (2005). Controlled trial of bright light and negative air ions for chronic depression. Psychol. Med., 35, 945–955. doi:10.1017/S0033291705005027Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. M., Seidman, L. J., Makris, N., Ahern, T., O’Brien, L. M., Caviness, V. S. Jr.,… Tsuang, M. T. (2006). Hypothalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia: Sex effects and genetic vulnerability. Biol. Psychiatry, 61, 935–945. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hernando, V., Pastor, J., Pedrosa, M., Peña, E., and Sola, R. G. (2008). Low-frequency bilateral hypothalamic stimulation for treatment of drug-resistant aggressiveness in a young man with mental retardation. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg., 86, 219–220. doi:10.1159/000131659CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hikosaka, O. (2010). The habenula: from stress-evasion to value-based decision making. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 11, 503–513. doi:10.1038/nrn2866CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hikosaka, O., Sesack, S. R., Lecourtier, L., and Shepard, P. D. (2008). Habenula: Crossroad between the basal ganglia and the limbic system. J. Neurosci., 28(46), 11825–11829. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3463–08.2008Google Scholar
Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Stohler, R., and Hatzinger, M. (1991). Repeated administration of the combined dexamethasone–human corticotropin releasing hormone stimulation test during treatment of depression. Psychiatry Res., 38, 163–171. doi:10.1016/0165–1781(91)90041-MCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iwasaki, H., Jodo, E., Kawauchi, A., Miki, T., Kayama, Y., and Koyama, Y. (2010). Role of the lateral preoptic area and the bed nucleus of stria terminalis in the regulation of penile erection. Brain Res., 1357, 70–78. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.006Google Scholar
Kim, U., and Chang, S. Y. (2005). Dendritic morphology, local circuitry, and intrinsic electrophysiology of neurons in the rat medial and lateral habenular nuclei of the epithalamus. J. Comp. Neurol., 483(2), 236–250. doi:10.1002/cne.20410CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, B. M. (2006). The rise, fall and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight. J. Physiol. Behav., 87(2), 221–244. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koob, G. F., and Le Moal, M. (2008). Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 59, 29–53. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kostic, V. S., Stefanova, E., Svetel, M., and Kozic, D. (1998). A variant of the Kleine-Levin syndrome following head trauma. Behav. Neurol., 11(2), 105–108. doi:10.1155/1998/413989CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kremer, H. P. H. (1992). The hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus: Normal anatomy and changes in neurological diseases. Prog. Brain Res., 111, 249–261. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1362279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lecourtier, L., DeFrancesco, A. and Moghaddam, B., (2008). Differential tonic influence of lateral habenula on prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens dopamine release. European Journal of Neuroscience, 27(7), 1755–1762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lecourtier, L., and Kelly, P. H. (2007). A conductor hidden in the orchestra? Role of the habenular complex in monoamine transmission and cognition. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 31(5), 658–672. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.01.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Legros, J. J., Ansseau, M., and Timsit-Berthier, M. (1993). Neurohypophyseal peptides and psychopathology. Prog. Brain Res., 93, 455–461. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64589–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, B., Piriz, J., Mirrione, M., Chung, C., Proulx, C. D., Schulz, D.,… Malinow, R. (2011). Synaptic potentiation onto habenula neurons in the learned helplessness model of depression. Nature, 470, 535–539. doi:10.1038/nature09742CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, C., and Zhou, X. (2015). Melatonin and male reproduction. Clin. Chim. Acta, 446, 175–180. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2015.04.029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J., Hu, Z., and de Lecea, L. (2014). The hypocretins/orexins: integrators of multiple physiological functions. Brit. J. Pharmacol., 171(2), 332–350. doi:10.1111/bph.12415CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maier, S. F. and Watkins, L. R. (2010). Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in coping and resilience. Brain Resh., 1355, 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.039CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maley, J. H., Alvernia, J. E., Valle, E. P., and Richardson, D. (2010). Deep brain stimulation of the orbitofrontal projections for the treatment of intermittent explosive disorder. Neurosurg. Focus, 29(2), E11. doi:10.3171/2010.5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsumoto, M., and Hikosaka, O. (2007). Lateral habenula as a source of negative reward signals in dopamine neurons. Nature, 447, 1111–1115. doi:10.1038/nature05860CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsumoto, M., and Hikosaka, O. (2009). Representation of negative motivational value in the primate lateral habenula. Nat. Neurosci., 12(1), 77–84. doi:10.1038/nn.2233Google Scholar
McHenry, J. A., Rubinow, D. R., and Stuber, G. D. (2015). Maternally responsive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area: Putative circuits for regulating anxiety and reward. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 38, 65–72. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.04.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meye, F. J. Lecca, S., Valentinova, K., and Mameli, M. (2013). Synaptic and cellular profile of neurons in the lateral habenula. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7. 860. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00860CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, J., O’Neil, J., Janabi, M., Marks, S., Jagust, W., and Fields, H. (2012). Alcohol consumption induces endogenous opioid release in the human orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Sci. Translat. Med., 4(116), 116ra6. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002902CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Møller, M. and Baeres, F. M. M. (2002). The anatomy and innervation of the mammalian pineal gland. Cell Tissue Res., 309, 139–150. doi:10.1007/s00441-002–0580-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moura, D., Canavarro, M. C., and Figueiredo-Braga, M. (2016). Oxytocin and depression in the perinatal period – a systematic review. Arch. Womens Ment. Health, 19(4), 561–570. doi:10.1007/s00737-016–0643-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murakami, G. (2016). Distinct effects of estrogen on mouse maternal behavior: The contribution of estrogen synthesis in the brain. PLos ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150728CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadvornik, P., Sramka, M., and Patoprsta, G. 1975. Transventricular anterior hypothalamotomy in stereotactic treatment of hedonia. In : Sweet, W. H., Obrador, S., and Martin-Rodriguez, J. G. (Eds.), Neurosurgical Treatment in Psychiatry, Pain and Epilepsy. (pp. 445–450). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.Google Scholar
Pankhurst, M. W., and McLennan, I. S. (2012). Inhibin B and anti-Müllerian hormone/Müllerian-inhibiting substance may contribute to the male bias in autism. Trans. Psychiatry, 2, p. e148. doi:10.1038/tp.2012.72Google Scholar
Paredes, R. G. (2003). Medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus and sexual motivation. Scand. J. Psychol., 44(3), 203–212. doi:10.1111/1467–9450.00337CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Partch, C. L., Green, C. B., and Takahashi, J. S. (2014). Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Trends Cell. Biol., 24, 90–99. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2013.07.002Google Scholar
Pedersen, C. A. (1997). Oxytocin control of maternal behavior: Regulation by sex steroids and offspring stimuli. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 807, 126–145. doi:10.1111/j.1749–6632.1997CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, C. A., and Prange, A. J. Jr. (1979). Induction of maternal behavior in virgin rats after intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 76, 6661–6665. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/293752CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raadsheer, F. C., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Stam, F. C., Tilders, F. J. H., and Swaab, D. F. (1994). Increased number of corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinol., 60, 436–444. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7824085CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiter, R. J., Tamura, H., Tan, D. X., and Xu, X. Y. (2014). Melatonin and the circadian system: contributions to successful female reproduction. Fertil. Steril., 102(2), 321–328. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.014Google Scholar
Riemann, D., Berger, M., and Voderholzer, U. (2001). Sleep and depression: results from psychobiological studies. Biol. Psychol., 57, 67–103. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00090–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roiser, J. P., Elliott, R., and Sahakian, B. J. (2012). Cognitive mechanisms of treatment in depression. Neuropsychopharm., 37, 117–136. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.183CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenblatt, J. S. and Ceus, K. (1998). Estrogen implants in the medial preoptic area stimulate maternal behavior in male rats. Hormones Behavior, 33(1), 23–30. doi:10.1006/hbeh.1997.1430CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, E. D., and Stewart, R. M. (1981). Akinetic mutism from hypothalamic damage: Successful treatment with dopamine agonists. Neurology, 31(11), 1435–1439. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6118841Google Scholar
Rutigliano, G., Rocchetti, M., Paloyelis, Y., Gileen, J., Sardella, A., Capucciati, M.,… Fusar-Poli, P. (2016). Peripheral oxytocin and vasopressin: Biomarkers of psychiatric disorders? A comprehensive systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res., 241, 207–220. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.117CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandyk, R. (1992). Pineal and habenula calcification in schizophrenia. Internat. J. Neurosci., 67, 19–30. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1305634CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saper, C. B. (2012). Hypothalamus. In Mai, J. K., and Paxinos, G. (Eds.), The Human Nervous System (3rd edn., pp. 548–583). New York, NY: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sartorius, A., Kiening, K. I., Kirsch, P., von Gall, C. C., Haberkorn, U., Unterberg, A. W.,…. Meyer-Lindberg, A. (2010). Remission of major depression under deep brain stimulation of the lateral habenula in a therapy-refractory patient. Biol. Psychiatry, 67, e9–e11. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savic, D., Knezevic, G., Matic, G., Damjanovic, S., and Spiric, Z. (2015). Posttraumatic and depressive symptoms in β-endorphin dynamics. J. Affect. Disord., 181, 61–66. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.063CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaap, J., and Meijer, J. H. (2001). Opposing effects of behavioural activity and light on neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci., 13, 1955–1962. doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01561.xGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, M. H., Valatx, J. L., Sakai, K., Fort, P., and Jouvet, M. (2000). Role of the lateral preoptic area in sleep-related erectile mechanisms and sleep generation in the rat. J. Neurosci., 20, 6640–6647. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10964969CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sechi, G., and Serra, A. (2007). Wernicke’s encephalopathy: New clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurology, 6, 442–455. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70104–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shipley, M. T., Murphy, A. Z., Rizvi, T. A., Ennis, M., and Behbehani, M. M. (1996). Olfaction and brainstem circuits of reproductive behavior in the rat. Prog. Brain Res., 107, 355–377. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8782531CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shumake, J., Edwards., E., and Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2003). Opposite metabolic changes in the habenula and ventral tegmental area of a genetic model of helpless behavior. Brain Resh., 963, 274–281. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(02)04048–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, B. A., Mattucci, C., Krzywkowski, P., Murana, E., Illarionova, A., Grinevich, V.,… Gross, C. T. (2013). Independent hypothalamic circuits for social and predator fear. Nature Neurosci., 16, 1731–1733. doi:10.1038/nn.3573CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, J., Kim, E., Kim, C-H., Song, H-T., and Lee, J. E. (2015). The role of orexin in post-stroke inflammation, cognitive decline, and depression. Mol. Brain, 8, 16. doi:10.1186/s13041-015–0106-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Srinivasan, V., De Berardis, D., Shillcutt, S. D., and Brzezinski, A. (2012). Role of melatonin in mood disorders and the antidepressant effects of agomelatine. Exp. Opin. Investigat. Drugs, 21(10), 1503–1522. doi:10.1517/13543784.2012.711314Google Scholar
Stoléru, S., Fonteille, V., Cornélis, C., Joyal, C., and Moulier, V. (2012). Functional neuroimaging studies of sexual arousal and orgasm in healthy men and women: A review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 36(6), 1481–1509. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuebe, A. M., Grewen, K., Pedersen, C. A., Propper, C., and Meltzer-Brody, S. (2012). Failed lactation and perinatal depression: common problems with shared neuroendocrine mechanisms? J. Womans Health, 21(3), 3264–3272. doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.3083Google ScholarPubMed
Tahara, Y., and Shibata, S. (2013). Chronobiology and nutrition. Neurosci., 253, 78–88. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.049CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takeuchi, J., Handa, H., and Miki, Y. (1979). Precocious puberty due to hypothalamic hamartoma. Surg. Neurol., 11, 456–460. doi:10.4103/2230–8210.98027Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, P., and Epstein, A. N. (1962). The lateral hypothalamic syndrome: recovery of feeding and drinking after lateral hypothalamic lesions. Psychol. Rev., 69, 74–90. doi:10.1037/h0039285CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thannickal, T. C., Moore, R. Y., Nienhuis, R., Moore, R. Y., Nienhuis, R., Ramanathan, L.,… Siegel, J. M. (2000). Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron, 27, 469–474. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00058–1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tonkonogy, J. M., and Geller, J. L. 1992. Hypothalamic lesions and intermittent explosive disorder. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 4, 45–50. doi:10.1176/jnp.4.1.45Google ScholarPubMed
Ullsperger, M., and von Cramon, D. Y. (2003). Error monitoring using external feedback: Specific roles of the habenular complex, the reward system, and the cingulate motor area revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci., 23(10), 4308–4314. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764119CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urban-Kowalczyk, M., Śmigielski, J., and Strzelecki, D. (2016). Comparison of beta-endorphin and CGRP levels before and after treatment for severe schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 12, 863–868. doi:10.2147/NDT.S101647Google Scholar
Van de Poll, N. E., and Van Goozen, S. H. M. (1992). Hypothalamic involvement in sexuality and hostility: Comparative psychological aspects. Prog. Brain Res., 93, 343–361. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64584–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vázquez-Borsetti, P., Celada, P., Cortés, R., and Artigas, F. (2011). Simultaneous projections from prefrontal cortex to dopaminergic and serotonergic nuclei. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 14(3), 289–302. doi:10.1017/S1461145710000349CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veening, J. G., de Jong, T. R., Waldinger, M. D., Korte, S. M., and Olivier, B. (2015). The role of oxytocin in male and female reproductive behavior. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 753, 209–228. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velasquez, K. M., Molfese, D. L., and Salas, R. (2014). The role of the habenula in drug addiction. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8, 174. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00174Google Scholar
Villarreal, J. S., Gonzalez-Lima, F., Berndt, J., and Barea-Rodriguez, E. J. (2002). Water maze training in aged rats: effects on brain metabolic capacity and behavior. Brain Res., 939(1–2), 43–51. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(02)02545–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viswanath, H., Carter, A. Q., Baldwin, P. R., Molfese, D. L., and Salas, R. (2013). The medial habenula: still neglected. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7, 731. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00931Google ScholarPubMed
Vreeburg, S. A., Hoogendijk, W. J., DeRijk, R. H., van Dyck, R., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., and Penninx, B. W. (2013). Salivary cortisol levels and the 2-year course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 1494–1502. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.017Google Scholar
Witt, D. W. (1997). Regulatory mechanisms of oxytocin-mediated sociosexual behavior. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 807, 287–301. doi:10.1111/j.1749–6632.1997.tb51927.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, Y. H., and Swaab, D. F. (2007). Disturbance and strategies for reactivation of the circadian rhythm system in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep Med., 8, 623–636. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.11.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wulff, K., Gatti, S., Wettstein, J. G., and Foster, R. G. (2010). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 11, 589–599. doi:10.1038/nrn2868CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, L. M., Hu, B., Xia, Y. H., Zhang, B. L., and Zhao, H. (2008). Lateral habenula lesions improve the behavioral response in depressed rats via increasing the serotonin level in dorsal raphe nucleus. Behav. Brain Resh., 188, 84–90. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.10.022Google Scholar
Zhou, J. N., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J., and Swaab, D. F. (1995). A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature, 378, 68–70. doi:10.1038/378068a0Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×