Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Preface
- CHAPTER I Trade and Industry in Barbarian Europe till Roman Times
- CHAPTER II Trade and Industry under the Later Roman Empire in the West
- CHAPTER III Byzantine Trade and Industry
- CHAPTER IV The Trade of Medieval Europe: the North
- CHAPTER V The Trade of Medieval Europe: the South
- CHAPTER VI Asia, Africa and the Trade of Medieval Europe
- CHAPTER VII Trade and Industry in Eastern Europe Before 1200
- CHAPTER VIII The Trade of Eastern Europe in the Later Middle Ages
- CHAPTER IX The Woollen Industry
- CHAPTER X Mining and Metallurgy in Medieval Civilisation
- CHAPTER XI Building in Stone in Medieval Western Europe
- CHAPTER XII Coinage and Currency
- Appendix A Table of Medieval Money
- Bibliographies
- Map 1: The Empire under Diocletian
- Map 7: Eastern Europe in the Later Middle Ages
- References
CHAPTER II - Trade and Industry under the Later Roman Empire in the West
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Preface
- CHAPTER I Trade and Industry in Barbarian Europe till Roman Times
- CHAPTER II Trade and Industry under the Later Roman Empire in the West
- CHAPTER III Byzantine Trade and Industry
- CHAPTER IV The Trade of Medieval Europe: the North
- CHAPTER V The Trade of Medieval Europe: the South
- CHAPTER VI Asia, Africa and the Trade of Medieval Europe
- CHAPTER VII Trade and Industry in Eastern Europe Before 1200
- CHAPTER VIII The Trade of Eastern Europe in the Later Middle Ages
- CHAPTER IX The Woollen Industry
- CHAPTER X Mining and Metallurgy in Medieval Civilisation
- CHAPTER XI Building in Stone in Medieval Western Europe
- CHAPTER XII Coinage and Currency
- Appendix A Table of Medieval Money
- Bibliographies
- Map 1: The Empire under Diocletian
- Map 7: Eastern Europe in the Later Middle Ages
- References
Summary
In the year of our Lord 301, ‘aroused justly and rightfully by the abuse of immoderate prices and an uncurbed passion for gain, which is lessened neither by abundant supplies nor by fruitful years’, the Emperor Diocletian issued an edict in which, after analysing the evils of the times (in curiously pompous and tortuous Latin), he laid down for their improvement a tariff of maximum prices, to be observed on pain of death throughout the whole Empire. This edict is significant not so much for its results (which were trivial), but as a symbol of the change that had come over the life of the Mediterranean world since the setting up of the principate by Augustus three hundred years earlier. A world of free, private economic activity had given place to one of state control. Machinery had been devised for the organisation of production and trade. Forms of free association had been transmuted into organs of rigid regimentation. The imperial authorities, once content merely to provide facilities for the trader, to act as ‘night–watchman for the business–man’, now sought to direct his whole life and his very movements from place to place.
The process of this transformation was involved. It had its ramifications in every branch of social and economic life; and it embraced the provinces no less than Italy, the original core of the Empire. Its beginnings can be traced in the earliest period of the principate; but unfortunately the critical time when the new outlines were solidifying is one of the most obscure in the whole history of Rome.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1987
References
, ‘Collegium-Organisationen in Intercisa.’ Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, VI (1958).Google Scholar
and , Finanzgeschichte der Spätantike.
Frankfurt, 1957.
, ‘Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung römischen Deutschlands.’ Hist. Zeitsch., CXLI (1930).Google Scholar
, Vom Altertum zum Mittelalter.
Munich, 1949.
, ‘Negotiatores e mercatores frumentarii nel periodo imperiale.’ R. Instituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. Rendiconti, CI (1967).Google Scholar
, Slavery in the Roman Empire.
London, 1928.
, ‘M. Pirenne and the Unity of the Mediterranean World.’ Journal of Roman Studies, XIX (1929).Google Scholar
, The H.A., its date and purpose. Oxford, 1926.
, ‘Un Port fluvial de cabotage. Aries et l'ancienne marine à voile du Rhône.’ Ann. d'hist. sociale, II (1940).Google Scholar
, ‘Tendenze di fondo nell'economia del tardo impero romano.’ Studi giuridici e sociali in memoria di E. Vanoni, Pavia, 1961.Google Scholar
, ‘L'Empire romain de l'avènement des Sévères au concile de Nicée.’ Histoire romaine, IV, 1. Paris, 1938.Google Scholar
, La metallurgia ai tempi dell'impero romano.
Rome, 1946.
, ‘Notes sur l'édit du maximum,’ Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, LXXVII (1954).Google Scholar
, Les rapports entre les dépôts monétaires et les évènements militaires.
Paris, 1936.
, Manpower Shortage and the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West.
Ann Arbor, 1955.
, ‘Die Frage der Kontinuität zwischen Altertum und Mittelaiter im Spiegel der fränkischen Funde des Rheinlandes.’ Trierer Zeitschrift., XIX (1950).Google Scholar
, ‘Der solidus.’ Acta instituti Romani regni Sueciae, ser. 2, 1 (1939) (Δρᾶγμα Nilsson).Google Scholar
, State and Currency in the Roman Empire to A.D. 300.
Stockholm, 1958.
. Fynden av romerska mynt i det fria Germanien.
Lund, 1926.
, La Navigation intérieure de la Gaule à l'époquegallo-romaine.
Paris, 1913.
, La Distribution de l'or et les raisons économiques de la division de l'empire romain.
Paris, 1938.
, ‘Colonies d'orientaux en occident au commencement du moyen âge.’ Byzantinische Zeitsch., XII (1903).Google Scholar
, ‘Trade between the Roman Empire and the Free Germans.’ Journal of Roman Studies, XXVI (1936).Google Scholar
, Roman Gaul.
London, 1953.
, The Romanization of Africa Proconsularis.
Baltimore, 1929.
, Die Diokletianische Taxordnung vom Jahre 301. (Tübing. Beiträge z. Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1922). Originally appeared in Zeitsch f. die gesamte Staatswissensch., 1 (1894)).
. ‘Heavy Transport in Classical Antiquity.’ Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XIII (1960–1).Google Scholar
. Craftsmen in Greek and Roman Society.
London, 1972.
, History of the late Roman Empire from the death of Theodosius I to the death of Justinian (A.D. 395–A.D. 565). 2 vols. London, 1923.
, ‘La Fonction monétaire dans la société romaine sous l'empire.’ Ve Congrès internat. d'histoire économique.
Leningrad, 1970.Google Scholar
, La Politique monétaire des empereurs romains.
Paris, 1969.
and , ‘Diocletian's Price-Edict at Ptolemais (Cyrenaica).’ Journal of Roman Studies, XLV (1955).Google Scholar
, ‘Produzione agricola e produzione ceramica nell'Africa di età imperiale. Appunti sull'economia della Zeugitana e della Byzacena.’ Studi miscellanei, XV (1970).Google Scholar
, ‘The Size of Ancient Merchant Ships.’ Studi in onore di A. Calderini e R. Paribeni, 1. Milan, 1956.Google Scholar
, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World.
Princeton, 1971.
, Travel in the Ancient World.
London, 1974.
, Aufstieg u. Niedergnng der römischen Welt (Berlin-New York
1972) (hereafter ANRW), II, 2.
, ‘Observations on the Transformation of the Roman World in the Third Century.’ Aufstieg und Neidergang der römischen Welt, ed. and . Berlin–New York, 1972– II, 2.Google Scholar
, The Lost Province or the Worth of Britain.
Cardiff, 1949.
, Trade Routes and Commerce of the Roman Empire, 2nd edn. Cambridge, 1926.
, Fouilles et documents d'archéol. antique en France. I. La Céramique gallo–romaine d' Argonne du IVe Siècle et la terre sigillée décorée à la molette.
Mâcon, 1941.
, Cisalpine Gaul: Social and Economic History from 49 B.C. to the Death of Trajan.
Oxford, 1941.
, The Roman Colonate.
New York, 1925.
, (ed.). Studies in Roman Economic and Social History in Honour of A. C. Johnson.
Princeton, 1951.
, Les Antiquités de la Rhénanie.
Paris, 1927.
, (with ). Roman Britain and the English Invasions, 2nd edn, Oxford, 1937.
and , ‘The Publication of the Prices Edict: a new inscription from Aezani.’ Journal of Roman Studies, LXV (1975).Google Scholar
, ‘Puteoli in the second century of the Roman Empire: a social and economic study.’ Journal of Roman Studies, LXIV (1974).Google Scholar
, Commerce and Social Standing in Ancient Rome.
Cambridge, Mass., 1981.
and , (ed.). The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome. (Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 36.) Rome, 1980.
, Roman Mines in Europe.
Oxford, 1935.
, Aspects de la vie sociale et économique sous Auguste et Tibère.
Brussels, 1944.
, Portorium, Étude sur l'organisation douanière chez les romains surtout à l'époque du Haut Empire.
Bruges, 1949.
, Il diritto associativo romano. (Storia delle corporazioni, 1, 1.) Bari, 1938.
, Il fenomeno associativo nel mondo romano dai collegi delta reppublica alle corporazioni del basso impero.
Naples, 1955.
, La Capitation du Bos-Empire. Mâcon, 1945. (Cf. review by Piganiol, Journ. des Savants (1946)).
, Roman Society in the last Century of the Western Empire, 2nd edn. London, 1899.
, ‘Frühmittelalterliche u. spätantike Wirtschaft.’ Verfassungs-u. Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Mittelalters
Vienna, 1928.Google Scholar
, Naturalwirtschaft und Geldwirtschaft in der Weltgeschichte.
Vienna, 1930.
, Wirtschaftliche u. soziale Grundlagen der europäischen Kulturentwicklung aus der Zeit von Cäsar bis auf Karl den Grossen.
2 vols. 2nd edn. Vienna, 1923–4. (A condensed translation of this work appeared as The Economic and Social Foundations of European Civilisation. London, 1937.)
, Ancient Oil Mills and Presses.
Copenhagen, 1932.
, Westdeutschland zur Römerzeit, 2nd edn. Leipzig, 1919.
, ‘Die Sekundinier von Igel und die Woll– und Textilindustrie in Gallia Belgica: Fragen und Hypothesen.’ Trierer Zeitschrift, XL–XLI (1977–8).Google Scholar
, The Economy of the Roman Empire: quantitative studies, 2nd edn. Cambridge, 1982.
, The Economy of the Roman Empire.
Cambridge, 1974. App. 17, ‘Diocletian's Price-Edict and the Cost of Transport.’Google Scholar
, Papers of the British School at Rome, xxxiii (1965).
, ‘Zur Geschichte des römisch–germanischen Handels.’ Acta archaeologica(Copenhagen), VI (1935).Google Scholar
, ‘Das Leben der kleinen Leute: neue Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen auf dem Magdalensberg.’ Anzeiger der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Phil.–Hist. Klasse, XC (1953).Google Scholar
, Der römische Import im freien Germanien.
Hamburg, 1951.
, ‘The Aphrodisias Copy of Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices.’ Journal of Roman Studies, LXIII (1973).Google Scholar
and . ‘The Copy of Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices from Aphrodisias in Caria.’ Journal of Roman Studies, LX (1970).Google Scholar
, . and , ‘Diocletian's Currency Reform: a new inscription.’ Journal of Roman Studies, LXI (1971).Google Scholar
, Die Technik der Antike u. des Mittelalters.
Potsdam, 1931.
, ‘Les Échanges de l'lnde et de l'empire romain aux premiers siècles de l'ère chrétienne.’ Rev. Hist., CCI (1949).Google Scholar
, JRS, XLVIII (1958) ;
, ‘Technical Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World.’ Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XVIII (1965).Google Scholar
, The Ancient Economy.
London, 1973.
, (ed.). Slavery in Classical Antiquity.
Cambridge, 1960.
, Studies in Ancient Technology, vols. 1–9. Leiden, 1955–1964.
and , ‘Sitometreia. The role of grain as a staple food in classical antiquity.’ Chiron, XII (1982).Google Scholar
, ‘On the export tax of Spanish harbours.’ American Journal of Philology, LVII (1936).Google Scholar
, ‘Rome and Italy of the Empire,’ in his Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, V. Baltimore, 1940.Google Scholar
, Economic History of Rome, 2nd edn. Baltimore, 1927.
, (ed.). Economic Survey of Ancient Rome.
5 vols, and index. Baltimore, 1933–40.
, Jouml of Roman Studies (hereafter JRS), LXV (1975).
, Britannia, a History of Roman Britain.
London, 1967.
and , Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms. 10th edn, 4 vols. Leipzig, 1919–23. Translated into English from 7th edn as Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire.
London, 1910–13.
, (ed.). Non-Slave Labour in the Greco-Roman world. (Cambridge Philological Society Supplement Volume 6.) Cambridge, 1980.
and , (eds.). Trade and Famine in Classical Antiquity. (Cambridge Philological Society Supplement Volume 8.) Cambridge, 1983. (See especially , ‘La Céramique comme indice du commerce antique’; , ‘The Roman Army and Long Distance Trade’; , ‘Models, Ships and Staples’; , ‘Trade and Frontiers of the Roman Empire,’.)Google Scholar
, and , (eds.). Trade in the Ancient Economy.
London, 1983. (See especially , ‘Grain for Rome’; , ‘Urban Elites and Business in the Greek Part of the Roman Empire’; , ‘Pottery and the African Economy’; , ‘Late Roman Trade and Traders’.)Google Scholar
, Antikes Geldwesen.
Leipzig, 1938.
, Les Voyages, l'hospitalité, et le port des lettres dans le monde chrétien des IVe et Ve siècles.
Paris, 1925.
, Roman Imperial Money.
London, 1954.
, ‘The significance of two new fragments of the Edict of Diocletian.’ Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, LXXI (1940).Google Scholar
, Kleinasien und der Ostbalkan in der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung der römischen Kaiserzeit.
Uppsala–Leipzig, 1941.
, Manuel d'archéologie (ed. Déchelette), v and vi; Archéologie gallo–romaine.
Paris, 1931–4.
, ‘Collegien u. Zwangsgenossenschaften im iii. Jahrhundert.’ Viertel-jahrsch. f. Sozial- u. Wirtschaftsgesch., II (1904).Google Scholar
, ‘Il primo frammento scoperto in Italia dell'editto di Diocleziano.’ Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archaeologia: Rendiconti, XVI (1940).Google Scholar
, Der römische Gutsbetrieb als wirtschaftlicher Organismus nach den Werken des Cato, Varro und Columella. Klio, Beiheft 5. Leipzig, 1906.
, Die Fronden der Kolonen (Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlin- gar, L.3). Helsinki, 1907–8.
, Die südgallische Terrasigillata–industrie nach den Graffiti aus La Graufesenque (Comm. hum. lit. iii). Helsinki, 1932.
, Roman Glass from Karanis.
Ann Arbor, 1936.
, Le Patronat sur les collectivités publiques des origines au Bas-Empire.
Paris, 1957.
, Ein Kapitel vom spätantiken und frühmittelalterlichen Staate.
Stuttgart, 1913. Translated into English with notes by , as The Early Medieval State: Byzantium, Italy and the West.
London, 1949.
and , The Romanization of Roman Britain, 4th edn. Oxford, 1923.
, ‘Some Traces of Serfdom in Cicero's Day.’ American Journal of Philology, LIV (1933).Google Scholar
, The Myth of Rome's Fall.
New York, 1958.
, ‘A Quantitative Analysis of Roman Imports in Europe North of the Limes (0–400 a.d),’ in and , (eds.), New Directions in Scandinavian Archaeology. Lyngby, 1977.Google Scholar
, ‘New Light on Currency and Inflation in Hellenistic and Roman Times.’ Economic History review (Suppl. to Econ. Journ.), Feb. 1935.Google Scholar
, ‘Welthistorische Gesichtspunkte zu den vormittelalterlichen Wirtschaftsepoken.’ Schmollers Jahrb., CVI (1933).Google Scholar
, ‘Zur Währungskrise des romischen Imperiums im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr.’ Klio, XXVI (1933).Google Scholar
, Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Altertums vom Paläolithikum bis zur Völkerwanderung der Germanen, Slaven und Araber.
2 vols. Leiden, 1938.
, ‘Mint and Financial Administration under Diocletian, his Colleagues and his Successors, A.D. 305–324.’ Journal of Roman Studies, LXII (1972).Google Scholar
, and , Die Römer in Württemberg, 3 vols. Stuttgart, 1928–32.
, ‘Gli scavi della missione archaeologies italiana ad Afrodisiade nel 1937.’ Monumenti antichi pubblicati per cura della reale Accademia dei Lincei
XXXVIII (1939).Google Scholar
, ‘Capitatio and iugatio.’ Journal of Roman Studies, XLVII (1957). (= , The Roman Economy: Studies in ancient economic and administrative history, ed. . Oxford, 1974.)Google Scholar
, ‘Asian trade in antiquity.’ , The Roman Economy: Studies in ancient economic and administrative history, ed. . Oxford, 1974.Google Scholar
, ‘Inflation under the Roman Empire’ Economic History Review, 2nd ser. V (1953). (Expanded version in , The Roman Economy: Studies in ancient economic and administrative history, ed. . Oxford, 1974.)Google Scholar
, ‘Numismatics and History.’ Essays presented to Harold Mattingly. Oxford, 1956. (, The Roman Economy: Studies in ancient economic and administrative history, ed. . Oxford, 1974. with bibliography by .)Google Scholar
, ‘Over-Taxation and the Decline of the Roman Empire.’ Antiquity, XXXIII (1959) (= , The Roman Economy: Studies in ancient economic and administrative history, ed. . Oxford, 1974.)Google Scholar
, ‘The Cloth Industry under the Roman Empire.’ Economic History Review, 2nd ser, XIII (1960) (= , The Roman Economy: Studies in ancient economic and administrative history, ed. . Oxford, 1974).Google Scholar
, ‘The Economic Life of the Towns of the Roman Empire.’ Recueil de la Société Jean Bodin, VII (1955) (= , The Roman Economy: Studies in ancient economic and administrative history, ed. . Oxford, 1974).Google Scholar
, The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian.
Oxford, 1940.
, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602.
3 vols., Oxford, 1964.
, The Roman Economy: studies in ancient economic and administrative history, ed. . Oxford, 1974.
, Histoire de la Gaule, VII and VIII. Paris, 1926.
, Das wirtschaftliche Gesicht Griechenlands in der Kaiserzeit.
Berne, 1954.
, Die wirtschaftliche Lage Grossgriechenlands in der Kaiserzeit.
Wiesbaden, 1960.
, Das Finanzwesen des frühbyzantinischen Staates.
Munich, 1958.
, The Decline of Rome and the Rise of Mediaeval Europe.
Ithaca, 1955.
, Sklavenarbeit und technischer Fortschritt im römischen Reich.
Wiesbaden, 1969.
, Die Römer in Deutschland, 3rd edn. Bielefeld–Leipzig, 1926.
, ‘Die unsichtbaren Grenzen des römischen Kaiserreichs’, on pp. 96ff of Staaten, Völker, Männer.
Leipzig, 1934.Google Scholar
, Weltgeschichte des Mittelmeerraumes von Philipp II von Makedonien bis Muhammed
II. Munich, 1949.
, Studien zur Geschichte des antiken Seewesens. Klio. Beiheft 32. Leipzig, 1934.
, ‘Der Übergang von der vordiokletianischen Währung ins vierte Jahrhundert: Randbemerkungen zu Schriften von G. Mickwitz.’ Byzantinische Zeitsch., XXXV (1935).Google Scholar
, ‘Foreign Groups in Rome during the First Centuries of the Empire.’ Harvard Theological Review, XX (1926).Google Scholar
, Engineering in the Ancient World.
London–Berkeley–Los Angeles, 1978.
, ‘Quelques aperçus concernant la dépopulation dans l'antiquité.’ Rev. Hist., CLXXVII (1936).Google Scholar
, Diokletians Preisedikt. Berlin, 1971.
, Die römische Schifffahrt im Stromgebiet des Rheines. Kulturgeschichtlicher Wegweiser durch das röm.–germ. Zentralmuseum, no. 12. Mainz, 1930.
. De la marine antique à la marine moderne.
Paris, 1935.
. l'Attelage: le cheval de selle à travers les âges.
Paris, 1931.
, ‘Money Economy and Taxation in Kind in Syria in the Fourth Century A.D.’ Rheinisches Museum, CIV (1961).Google Scholar
, Industry and Commerce of the City of Rome (50 B.C.–A.D. 200). Baltimore, 1938.
, La fin du monde antique et le début du moyen âge.
Paris, 1927.
, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, 2 vols. Princeton, 1950.
, ‘The Monetary Systems of the Roman Empire from Diocletian to Theodosius I’ (with full bibliography). Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society
6, vi (1946).Google Scholar
, Roman Coins.
London, 1928.
and , (and others). The Roman Imperial Coinage. 8 vols. London, 1923–81.
, Lotte sociali e restaurazione autoritaria nel terzo secolo d.
, 1970.
, Aspetti sociali del quarto secolo: ricerche di storia tardo-romana.
Rome, 1951.
, Roman Ostia. 2nd edn, Oxford, 1973.
, ‘The Edict of Diocletian: a study of price fixing in the Roman Empire.’ Canadian Journ. of Econ. and Pol. Sci., XIII (1947).Google Scholar
, ‘Der Verkehr auf dem westlichen Mittelmeer um 600 n. Chr.’ Festschrift Dopsch, 1938.Google Scholar
, ‘Le Problème de l'or dans le monde antique.’ Ann. d'hist. économique et sociale, VI (1934).Google Scholar
, ‘Ueber die Kupfergeldinflationen in den Jahren der Thronkämpfe nach Diokletians Abdankung.’ Trans. Internat. Numism. Cong. 1936 (Oxford, 1938).Google Scholar
, Die Kartellfunktionen der Zünfte. (Societas scientiarum Fennica: com mentationes humanarum literarum, VIII, 3.). Helsinki, 1936.
, Die Systeme des römischen Silbergeldes im IV. Jahrhundert. (Comm. hum. lit. vi, 2). Helsinki, 1935.
, Geld und Wirtschaft im römischen Reich des IV. Jahrhunderts nach Chr. (Comm. hum. lit. iv, 2). Helsinki, 1932.
, The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire, 29 b.c.–A.D. 641. Oxford, 1969.
, ‘Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire: a new inscription from Pisidia.’ Journal of Roman Studies, LXVI (1976).Google Scholar
, Secondo contributo alla storia degli studi classici. Rome, 1960.
, ‘Die Provinzen von Caesar bis Diokletian.’ Römische Geschichte, 4th edn, V. Berlin, 1894. Translated into English as The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian.
London, 1909.Google Scholar
, Geschichte des römischen Münzwesens.
Berlin, 1860 (reprinted Graz, 1956).
, Grain-mills and Flour in Classical Antiquity.
Oxford, 1958.
. and . Der Rundbau in Aezani mit dem Preisedikt des Diokletian und das Gebäude mit dem Edikt in Stratonikeia. Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Beiheft 10. Tübingen, 1973.
, ‘Kaiserzeitliche Südweinexport nach dem freien Germanien.’ Acta antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, XXV (1954).Google Scholar
, ‘Danish Imports of Roman and Roman Provincial Objects in Bronze and Glass.’ Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, 1949, Durham, 1952.Google Scholar
Notitia dignitatum (ed. , 1876)
, ‘The Economic Life of the Empire.’ Cambridge Ancient History, XII (1939) (bibl.) (cf. 724–5; note on ‘Inflation in the second and third centuries’).Google Scholar
, ‘The Economic Unification of the Mediterranean Region: industry, trade and commerce.’ CAM, X (1934) (bibl.).Google Scholar
, Vita economica di Aquileia in età romana.
Aquileia, 1957.
, A History of the Roman World (A.D. 138–337). London, 1935.
, Die Nationalität der Kaufleute im römischen Kaiserreich.
Breslau, 1909.
, ‘Gli aumenti del soldo militare da Commodo a Massimino.’ Athenaeum, N.S. XIV (1946).Google Scholar
, ‘Sulla pretesa rivoluzione dei prezzi durante il regno di Commodo.’ Studi in onore di Gino Luzzatto. Milan, 1949.Google Scholar
, Linee di storia romana in et`a imperiale.
Milan, 1949.
, ‘Gold coinage of the reign of Theodosius I.’ Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, 5, xviii (1938).Google Scholar
, ‘The vota-legends on the Roman coinage.’ Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, 5, xvii (1937).Google Scholar
, ‘Studien zur römischen Währungs- und Finanzgeschichte von 161 bis 235 n. Chr.’ Historia, VIII (1959).Google Scholar
, Staat und Manufaktur im römischen Reiche.
Lund, 1923.
, ‘Essai sur le cursus publicus sous le Haut-Empire romain.’ Mém. présentés à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, XIV (1940).Google Scholar
, The Theodosian code and novels, and the Sirmondian constitutions. Princeton, 1952; reprint, Westport, 1970.
, ‘L'Annone romaine et les corps de naviculaires particulièrement en Afrique.’ Rev. de l'Afrique française, IV (1886).Google Scholar
, Mahomet et Charlemagne, 3rd edn. Paris, 1937.
, and , (eds.). Trade and Market in the Early Empires: economics in theory and practice.
Chicago, 1957.
, The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome.
Oxford, 1980.
, ‘Citès ou citadelles? Les enceintes romaines au bas empire d'apr`es l'exemple de Paris.’ Revue des études anciennes, LIII (1951).Google Scholar
, ‘The Decay of the Ancient World and its Economic Explanations.’ Economic History Review, 11 (1929–30).Google Scholar
, Caravan Cities.
Oxford, 1932.
, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. 2nd edn revised by . 2 vols. Oxford, 1957.
, ‘La Navigation hivernale sous l'Empire romain.’ Revue des études anciennes, LIV (1952).Google Scholar
, Recherches sur l'organisation du commerce maritime en Méditerrannée sous l'Empire romain.
Paris, 1966.
, ‘Ebrei e orientali nell'Italia settentrionale fra il iv e il vi secolo d. Cr.’ Studia et documenta historiae et iuris, XXV (1959).Google Scholar
, ‘Stato e associazioni professionali nell'età imperiale romana.’ Akten der VI. Internat. Kongr.f. griech. u. lat. Epigraphik. Munich, 1972.Google Scholar
, Economia e società nell'Italia annonaria. Rapporti fra agricoltura e commercio dal IV al VI sec. d. Cr.
Milan, 1961.
, Population et dépopulation dans l'empire romain.
Collection Latomus. Brussels, 1974.
, ‘Flusschifffahrt und Flusshandel im Altertum.’ Festschrift f. die 400. Jakr-Feier des Alten Gymnasiums in Bremen, 370ff. Bremen, 1928.Google Scholar
, Vom Tauschhandel zum Welthandel.
Leipzig, 1931.
, Die Händler im römischen Kaiserreich in Gallia, Germania and den Donauprovinzen Rätien, Noricum und Pannonien.
Amsterdam, 1974.
, Drogen und Drogenhandel im Altertum.
Leipzig, 1924.
, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Bergbaurechts.
Münch. Beitr. z. Pap.-Forsch. u. ant. Rechtsgesch. XII. Munich, 1929.
, Siedelungs– und Kulturgeschichte der Rheinlande. II: Die römische Periode.
Mainz, 1923.
, ‘The gold supply in ancient and mediaeval times, and its influence on history.’ Greece and Rome, V (1936).Google Scholar
, ‘Die Münzpolitik Diokletians u. seiner Nachfolger.’ Zeitsch.f. Numismatik, XVII (1890).Google Scholar
, ‘Die Schatzungsordnung Diokletians.’ Zeitschr.f. Sozial- u. Wirtschaftsgesch., IV (1895).Google Scholar
, Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt, 4th edn, 2 vols, and 2 vols, of notes. Stuttgart, 1921.
, Metrologia e circolazione monetaria degli antichi.
Bologna, 1928.
, , and , A History of Technology. Vol. 2: The Mediterranean Civilization and the Middle Ages, 700 B.C.–A.D. 1500.
Oxford, 1956.
, ‘Denarii and aurei in the time of Diocletian.’ Journal of Roman Studies, LVI (1966).Google Scholar
, ‘Costs of Living in Roman Palestine IV.’ Journ. of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, XIII (1970).Google Scholar
, Die Schweiz in römischer Zeit, 3rd edn. Basle, 1948.
and , Central Gaulish Potters.
Oxford, 1958.
. The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World from the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquest.
London, 1981.
, ‘Ancient Greek and Roman Maritime Loans’ in , , (eds.). Essays in Honour of W. T. Baxter.
London, 1974
Google Scholar
, Geschichte des spätrömischen Reiches, 1. Vienna, 1928.
, Histoire du bas-empire, II: de la disparition de l'empire d'Occident à la mart de Justinien (476–565). Bruges, 1950.
, Spätrömische und byzantinische Zünfte. Klio, Beih. 9. Leipzig, 1911.
, Untersuchungen zur römischen Reichsprägung des zweiten Jahrhunderts, 3 vols. Stuttgart, 1931–7.
, Weströmische Studien.
Berlin, 1915.
, Ammianus and the Historia Augusta. Oxford, 1968.
, ‘Prices and wages in the western provinces of the Roman Empire.’ Acta antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, XI (1963).Google Scholar
, Studien über den Bergbau der römischen Kaiserzeit.
Uppsala, 1937.
Theodosiani libri XVI cum constitutionibus Sirmondianis, ed. . Berlin, 1905.
, ‘La Population des villes gallo-romaines.’ Rev. archéologique de l'est et du centre–est.
III (1952).Google Scholar
, Essai sur la province romaine de Bétique.
Paris, 1940.
, The Economic Life of the Ancient World.
New York, 1930.
and , Historia de la Hispania Romana.
Madrid, 1975. (Especially pp. 192–348 with bibliography.)
, Les Distributions de blé et d'argent à la plèbe romaine sous l'empire.
Geneva, 1939.
, ‘The Public Works of Africa in the Reign of Diocletian.’ Classical Philology, XXV (1930).Google Scholar
, ‘Diocletian and the Decline of the Roman Municipalities.’ Journal of Roman Studies, XXVIII (1938).Google Scholar
, ‘Contributions to the late Roman military economy and agrarian taxation.’ Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, XIV (1962).Google Scholar
, Kéörómai hadügyek, etc. (Late Roman Military Affairs and their Social Basis: the last century of the Roman Empire, 376–476).
Budapest, 1961.
, ‘Notes sur la mine des villes de la Gaule d'après quelques auteurs contemporains des invasions germaniques.’ Mélanges Bidez, II (1934).Google Scholar
, ‘Social and economic conditions of the Roman Empire in the fourth century.’ Cambridge Medieval History, I, 2nd edn. 1924 (bibl.).Google Scholar
, The Growth of the Manor, 2nd edn. London, 1911.
, Die Römer in Bayern, 4th edn. Munich, 1928.
, The Awful Revolution.
Liverpool, 1967.
, Taxation in Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian.
Princeton, 1938.
and , Die Krise des römischen Reiches. Bericht über die Forschungen zur Geschichte des 3.Jahrh. (193–284 n. Chr.) von 1939 bis 1959.
Berlin, 1962.
, Étude historique sur les corporations professionelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu'à la chute de l'Empire de l'Occident. 4 vols. Louvain, 1895–1900.
, The North African Provinces from Diocletian to the Vandal Conquest.
Cambridge, 1954.
, The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India.
Cambridge, 1928.
, Grundriss der Sozialökonomik: III. Abteilung: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 2nd edn. Tübingen, 1928.
, ‘Commercial Syria under the Roman Empire.’ Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, LV (1924).Google Scholar
, ‘The Coinage of Diocletian and the Edict of Prices.’ Studies in Roman Economic and Social History (ed. ). Princeton, 1951.Google Scholar
, ‘The Roman Gold Standard and the Ancient Sources.’ American Journal of Philology, LXII (1941).Google Scholar
, Gold and Silver Coin Standards in the Roman Empire. (Numismatic notes and monographs, 94.) New York, 1941.
, Roman Britain: the Objects of Trade.
Oxford, 1931.
, Roman Gaul: the Objects of Trade.
Oxford, 1935.
, and , Currency in Roman and Byzantine Egypt.
Princeton, 1944.
, ‘On Inland Transportation and Communication in Antiquity.’ Pol. Sci. Quart., XLIII (1928).Google Scholar
, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity.
Philadelphia, 1955
, ‘Roman Contact with India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.’ Essays presented to O. G. S. Crawford. London, 1951.Google Scholar
, Rome beyond the Imperial Frontiers.
London, 1954.
, and , ‘Arikamedu, an Indo–Roman Trading Station on the East Coast of India.’ Ancient India, 1946.Google Scholar
, ‘Technology and Industry in the Roman Empire. A study of the interrelations between science, technology and industrial activity in the Roman Empire.’ Acta classica (Cape Town), 11 (1959).Google Scholar
, ‘Inflation and the Economy in the Fourth Century A.D.’ in , (ed.). Imperial Revenue, Expenditure and Monetary Policy in the Fourth Century A.D. B.A.R. Suppl. 76, 1–26. Oxford, 1980.Google Scholar
, ‘l'Échange commercial entre la Pologne méridionale et l'empire romain.’ Archeologia (Warsaw), VIII (1956).Google Scholar
, Dalmatia.
London, 1969.
, Neue Untersuchungen über die römische Bronzeindustrie von Capua und von Nieder-Germanien.
Hanover–Leipzig, 1907.
, ‘Studies in the Social and Economic History of Ostia.’ Annual of the British School at Athens.
XIII (1935); XIV (1938).Google Scholar
, ‘Development of Roman Plantations and Marketing of Farm Products.’ Finanzarchiv (Tübingen), XIII (1952).Google Scholar
, ‘Land and Sea Transportation in Imperial Italy.’ Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, LXXVII (1946).Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by