Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T04:19:18.369Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

22 - A Cultures within Culture Perspective on Work and Family among United States Employees

from Part V - Cultures within Cultures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2018

Kristen M. Shockley
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Winny Shen
Affiliation:
University of Waterloo, Ontario
Ryan C. Johnson
Affiliation:
Ohio University
Get access

Summary

Research on cultural influences on the work-family interface has generally not considered the heterogeneity that may exist within a particular cultural context. In this chapter, we provide an interdisciplinary review of research on systematic differences in (1) gender-related attitudes and expectations, (2) beliefs about self-protection, violence, and loyalty, (3) religiosity, and (4) political ideology and voting patterns within various areas of the United States, with an eye toward how these differences may influence the work-family experiences of men and women.  We also provide an agenda for future research using a “cultures within culture” approach, proposing new ways of thinking about the intersection of culture, work, and family to advance work-family scholarship.
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abele, A. E. (2003). The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 768776. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.85.4.768Google Scholar
Adamczyk, A. (2013). The effect of personal religiosity on attitudes toward abortion, divorce, and gender equality—does cultural context make a difference? EurAmerica, 43, 213253. Retrieved from www.ea.sinica.edu.tw/eu_file/13663433284.pdfGoogle Scholar
Alphonso, G. M. (2016). Resurgent Parenthood: Organic Domestic Ideals and the Southern Family Roots of Conservative Ascendancy, 1980–2005. Polity, 48(2), 205223.Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (2003). Why do religious fundamentalists tend to be prejudiced? The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 13, 1728. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr1301_03Google Scholar
America’s most Bible-minded cities (2016, January 26). Retrieved from www.americanbible.org/features/americas-most-bible-minded-citiesGoogle Scholar
Barrah, J. L., Schultz, K. S., Baltes, B., & Stolz, H. E. (2004). Men’s and women’s eldercare-based work–family conflict: Antecedents and work-related outcomes. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research and Practice about Men as Fathers, 2, 305330. doi: 10.3149/fth.0203.305Google Scholar
Beggs, J. J., Haines, V. A., & Hulbert, J. S. (1996). Revisiting the rural-urban contrast: Personal networks in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan settings. Rural Sociology, 61, 306325. doi: 10.1111/j.1549–0831.1996.tb00622.xGoogle Scholar
Bendroth, M. L. (1999). Fundamentalism and the family: Gender, culture, and the American pro-family movement. Journal of Women’s History, 10, 3554. doi: 10.1353/jowh.2010.0537Google Scholar
Bernardo, R. (August 8, 2016). 2016’s best & worst states to have a baby. Retrieved from www.babycenter.com/0_surprising-facts-about-birth-in-the-united-states_1372273.bcGoogle Scholar
Brinkerhoff, M. B., & MacKie, M. (1988). Religious sources of gender traditionalism. In Thomas, D. L. (Ed.), The Religion and Family Connection: Social Science Perspectives (pp. 232237). Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. doi: 10.2307/3711579Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513531. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.32.7.513Google Scholar
Brosi, P., Spörrle, M., Welpe, I. M., & Heilman, M. E. (2016). Expressing pride: Effects on perceived agency, communality, and stereotype-based gender disparities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101, 13191328. doi: 10.1037/apl0000122Google Scholar
Campbell, K. E., & Marsden, P. V. (2012). Gender role attitudes since 1972: Are Southerners distinctive? In Marsden, P. V. (Ed.), Social Trends in American Life: Findings from the General Social Survey Since 1972 (pp. 84116). Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castle, M. A. (2011). Abortion in the United States’ Bible Belt: Organizing for power and empowerment. Reproductive Health, 8, 111. doi: 10.1186/1742–4755-8–1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clair, J., King, E. B., Anderson, A. J., Jones, K. P., & Hebl, M. (2015, April). 90210 revisited: Where you live matters in shaping work–life conflict. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Cohen, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1994). Self-protection and the culture of honor: Explaining Southern violence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 551567. doi: 10.1177/0146167294205012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, D., Nisbett, R. E., Bowdle, B. F., & Schwarz, N. (1996). Insult, aggression, and the Southern culture of honor: An “experimental ethnography.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 945960. doi: 10.1037//0022–3514.70.5.945CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, D. (1996). Law, social policy, and violence: The impact of regional culture. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 961978. doi: 10.1037//0022–3514.70.5.961CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, D. (1998). Culture, social organization, and patterns of violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 408419. doi: 10.1037//0022–3514.75.2.408CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, D., & Vandello, J. A. (2001). Honor and “faking” honorability. In Nesse, R. (Ed.), Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment (pp. 163185). New York, NY: Russell Sage. doi: 10.1086/374522Google Scholar
Colander, C., & Giles, S. (2008). The baby blanket or the briefcase: The impact of evangelical gender role ideologies on career and mother aspirations of female evangelical college students. Sex Roles, 58, 526534. doi: 10.1007/s11199-007–9352-8Google Scholar
Craig, L. & Mullan, K. (2010). Parenthood, gender and work–family time in the United States, Australia, Italy, France, and Denmark. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 72, 13441361. doi: 10.1111/j.1741–3737.2010.00769.xGoogle Scholar
D’Antonio, W. V. (1983). Family life, religion and societal values and structures. In D’Antonio, W. V. & Aldous, J. (Eds.), Families and Religions: Conflict and Change in Modern Society. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. doi: 10.2307/3710907Google Scholar
Deerman, M. E. (2012). Transporting movement ideology into popular culture: Right-wing think tanks and the case of “virgin chic.” Sociological Spectrum, 32, 95113. doi: 10.1080/02732173.2012.646151Google Scholar
den Dulk, L., & Peper, B. (2016). The impact of national policy on work–family experiences. In Allen, T. D. & Eby, L. T. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Work and Family (pp. 300314). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.17Google Scholar
Desrochers, S., Sargent, L. D., & Hostetler, A. J. (2012). Boundary-spanning demands, personal mastery, and family satisfaction: Individual and crossover effects among dual-earner parents. Marriage & Family Review, 48, 443464. doi: 10.1080/01494929.2012.677377CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillon, M., & Savage, S. (2006, Fall). Values and religion in rural America: Attitudes toward abortion and same-sex relations. Carsey Institute Issue Brief No. 1. University of New Hampshire. Retrieved from http://scholars.unh.edu/carsey/12Google Scholar
Duncan, L. E., Peterson, B. E., & Ax, E. E. (2003). Authoritarianism as an agent of status quo maintenance: Implications for women’s careers and family lives. Sex Roles, 49, 619630. doi: 10.1023/b:sers.0000003132.74897.f3Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735754. doi: 10.1037//0022–3514.46.4.735CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Dieckman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In Eckes, T. (Ed.), The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender, (pp. 123174). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. doi: 10.4324/9781410605245Google Scholar
Elazar, D. J. (1994). The American Mosaic: The Impact of Space, Time, and Culture on American Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. doi: 10.1016/s0962-6298(97)86505–5Google Scholar
Election polls—Presidential vote by groups (2016, October 31). Retrieved from www.gallup.com/poll/139880/election-polls-presidential-vote-groups.aspxGoogle Scholar
Ellison, C. G., & Bartowski, J. P. (2002). Conservative Protestantism and the division of household labor among married couples. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 950985. doi: 10.1177/019251302237299Google Scholar
Ellison, C. G., & Musick, M. A. (1993). Southern intolerance: A fundamentalist effect? Social Forces, 72, 379398. doi: 10.2307/2579853CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evers, A., & Sieverding, M. (2014). Why do highly qualified women (still) earn less? Gender differences in long-term predictors of career success. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38, 93106. doi: 10.1177/0361684313498071Google Scholar
Fetterolf, J. C., & Eagly, A. H. (2011). Do young women expect gender equality in their future lives? An answer from a possible selves experiment. Sex Roles, 65, 8393. doi:10.1007/s11199-011–9981-9Google Scholar
Flynn, C. P. (1994). Regional differences in attitudes toward corporal punishment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 314324. doi: 10.2307/353102Google Scholar
Furman, L. D., Benson, P. W., & Canda, E. R. (2004). Religion, spirituality, and geographic region in the USA: An examination of regional similarities and differences among social workers in direct practice. Social Work & Christianity, 31, 267294.Google Scholar
Furman, L. D., Benson, P. W., & Canda, E. R. (2011). Christian social workers’ attitudes on the role of religion and spirituality in U.S. social work practice and education: 1997–2008. Social Work & Christianity, 38, 175200.Google Scholar
Glymour, M. M., Avendano, M., & Berkman, L. F. (2007). Is the “stroke belt” worn from childhood? Risk of first stroke and state of residence in childhood and adulthood. Stroke, 38, 24152421. doi: 10.1037/1040–3590.4.1.26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonsoulin, M. E. (2010). Gender ideology and status attainment of conservative Christian women in the 21st century. Sociological Spectrum, 30, 220240. doi: 10.1080/02732170903496141Google Scholar
Hall, M. E., Anderson, T. L., & Willingham, M. M. (2004). Diapers, dissertations, and other holy things: The experiences of mothers working in Christian colleges and universities. Christian Higher Education, 3, 4160. doi: 10.1080/15363760490264889Google Scholar
Hate crimes by state (2016, November 3). Retrieved from http://hate-crime-state.findthedata.comGoogle Scholar
Heppen, J. (2003). Racial and social diversity and U.S. presidential election regions. Professional Geographer, 55, 191205. doi: 10.1111/0033–0124.5502007Google Scholar
Herek, G. M. (2002). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward bisexual men in the United States. The Journal of Sex Research, 39, 264274. doi: 10.1080/00224490209552150Google Scholar
Hoffman, J. P., & Johnson, S. M. (2005). Attitudes toward abortion among religious traditions in the United States: Change or continuity? Sociology of Religion, 66, 161182. doi: 10.2307/4153084Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1993). Fundamentalism, Christian orthodoxy, and intrinsic religious orientation as predictors of discriminatory attitudes. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 32, 256268. doi: 10.2307/1386664Google Scholar
Korb, S. (2010). Mothering Fundamentalism: The transformation of modern women into Fundamentalists. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 29, 6886. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies/vol29/iss2/8Google Scholar
Lanska, D. J. (1993). Geographic distribution of stroke mortality in the United States: 1939–1941 to 1979–1981. Neurology, 43, 18391851. doi: 10.1161/01.str.28.1.53Google Scholar
Lieske, J. (2010). The changing regional subcultures of the American states and the utility of a new cultural measure. Political Research Quarterly, 63, 538552. doi: 10.1177/1065912909331425Google Scholar
Lipka, M. (February 23, 2016). U.S. religious groups and their political leanings. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/23/u-s-religious-groups-and-their-political-leaningsGoogle Scholar
Markusen, A. (1989). Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory. Landam, MD: Rowmand & Littlefield.Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P., Albaugh, M., Farber, E., Daniels, J., Logan, R. L., & Olson, B. (2008). Family metaphors and moral institutions: How conservatives and liberals narrate their lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 978990. doi: 10.1037/a0012650Google Scholar
Morello, Frosh & Shenassa, E. D. (2006). The environmental “riskscape” and social inequality: Implications for explaining maternal and child health disparities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 11501153. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8930CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Partnership for Women and Families (2016a). Advancing a family-friendly America: How friendly is your state? Retrieved from www.nationalpartnership.org/issues/work–family/family-friendly-america/family-friendly-america-map.htmlGoogle Scholar
National Partnership for Women and Families (2016b). State paid family leave insurance laws. Retrieved from www.nationalpartnership.org/research-library/work–family/paid-leave/state-paid-family-leave-laws.pdfGoogle Scholar
National Right to Life (2016, October 15). Retrieved from www.nrlc.orgGoogle Scholar
Newport, F. (March 27, 2012). Mississippi is most religious state. Retrieved from www.gallup.com/poll/153479/Mississippi-Religious-State.aspxGoogle Scholar
Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2016). Cross-national work–life research: A review at the individual level of analysis. In Allen, T. D. & Eby, L. T. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Work and Family (pp. 315330). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.18Google Scholar
Poverty USA. Full screen county map (2016, November 3). Retrieved from www.povertyusa.org/wp-content/themes/poverty2012/full-screen-county-map.phpGoogle Scholar
Powers, R. S., Suitor, J. J., Guerra, S., Shackelford, M., Mecom, D., & Gusman, K. (2003). Regional differences in gender-role attitudes: Variations by gender and race. Gender Issues. 21, 4154. doi:10.1007/s12147-003–0015-yGoogle Scholar
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. doi:10.1145/358916.361990Google Scholar
Rentfrow, P. J., Gosling, S. D., Jokela, M., Stillwell, D. J., Kosinski, M., & Potter, J. (2013). Divided we stand: Three psychological regions of the United States and their political, economic, social and health correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 9961012. doi:10.1037/a0034434Google Scholar
Rose, S. (2005). Going too far? Sex, sin and social policy. Social Forces, 84, 12071232. doi: 10.1353/sof.2006.0032Google Scholar
Rubinstein, G. (1995). Right-wing authoritarianism, political affiliation, religiosity, and their relation to psychological androgyny. Sex Roles, 33, 569586. doi: 10.1007/bf01544681Google Scholar
Scanzoni, J. (1983). Shaping Tomorrow’s Family: Theory and Policy for the 21st Century. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Schute, B., & Durana, A. (2016, September). The New America care report. Retrieved from www.newamerica.org/in-depth/care-reportGoogle Scholar
Schutz, A. J., Mentz, G., Lachance, , Johnson, J., Gaines, C., & Israel, B. A. (2012). Associations between socioeconomic status and allostatic load: Effects of neighborhood poverty and tests of mediating pathways. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 17061714. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300412Google Scholar
Shockley, K. M., & Shen, W. (2016). Couple dynamics: Division of labor. In Allen, T. D. & Eby, L. T. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Work and Family (pp. 125139). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.001.0001Google Scholar
State same-sex marriage state laws map (2015, June 26). Retrieved from www.governing.com/gov-data/same-sex-marriage-civil-unions-doma-laws-by-state.htmlGoogle Scholar
Suitor, J. J., & Carter, R. S. (1999). Jocks, nerds, babes and thugs: A research note on regional differences in adolescent gender norms. Gender Issues, 17, 87101. doi: 10.1007/s12147-999–0005-9Google Scholar
Sullivan, M. K. (2003). Homophobia, history, and homosexuality: Trends for sexual minorities. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 8, 113. doi:10.1300/1137v8n02_01Google Scholar
The Huffington Post (September 5, 2013). Divorce rates by state: How does your state stack up? Retrieved from www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/05/divorce-rate_n_3869624.htmlGoogle Scholar
The Pew Research Center (June 12, 2014). Political polarization in the American public. Retrieved from www.people-press.org/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-publicGoogle Scholar
The 2016 Republican Party platform (2016, July 18). Retrieved from www.gop.com/the-2016-republican-party-platformGoogle Scholar
Twenge, J. M. (1997a). Attitudes toward women, 1970–1995: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 3551. doi: 10.1111/j.1471–6402.1997.tb00099.xGoogle Scholar
United States Census Bureau (2012). Statistical Abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved from www.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/population.htmlGoogle Scholar
Vandello, J. A., Cohen, D., Grandon, R., & Franiuk, R. (2009). Stand by your man: Indirect prescriptions for honorable violence and feminine loyalty in Canada, Chile, and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 81104. doi: 10.1177/0022022108326194Google Scholar
Vandello, J. A., Cohen, D., & Ransom, S. (2008). U.S. Southern and Northern differences in perceptions of norms about aggression: Mechanisms for the perpetuation of a culture of honor. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 162177. doi. 10.1177/0022022107313862Google Scholar
Vandello, J. A., Hettinger, V. E., Bosson, J. K., & Siddiqi, J. (2013). When equal isn’t really equal: The masculine dilemma of seeking work flexibility. Journal of Social Issues, 69, 303321. doi: 10.1111/josi.12016Google Scholar
Voydanoff, P. (2002). Linkages between the work–family interface and work, family, and individual outcomes: An integrative model. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 138164. doi: 10.1177/0192513x02023001007Google Scholar
Voydanoff, P. (2005). Social integration, work–family conflict and facilitation, and job and marital quality. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67, 666679. doi: 10.1111/j.1741–3737.2005.00161.xGoogle Scholar
Wayne, J. H., Grzywacz, J. G., Carlson, K. S., & Kacmar, K. M. (2007). Work–family facilitation: Theoretical explanation and model of primary antecedents and consequences. Human Resource Management Review, 17, 6376. doi: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.01.002Google Scholar
Weakliem, D. L., & Biggert, R. (1999). Region and political opinion in the contemporary United States. Social Forces, 77, 863886. doi: 10.1093/sf/77.3.863Google Scholar
What are the state laws that mandate arrest for DV assault? (2011, August 1). Retrieved from www.saveservices.org/dvlp/policy-briefings/what-are-the-state-laws-that-mandate-arrest-for-dv-assaultGoogle Scholar
WNYC average commute times (2013, March 5). Retrieved from https://project.wnyc.org/commute-times-us/embed.html#5.00/42.000/-89.500Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×