Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T23:34:52.274Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - The Avars

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

Samuel Szádeczky-Kardoss
Affiliation:
University of Szeged
Denis Sinor
Affiliation:
Indiana University
Get access

Summary

The written sources

Although our sources concerning the Avars are rather poor and their historical interpretation is not beyond dispute, the clearest picture that can be drawn of the European destinies of the Avars must rely, above all, on the testimony of Greek and Latin and – to a smaller extent – on the evidence provided by Oriental (Syriac, Armenian, Coptic, Arabic) and Slavic sources. In spite of the fact that these sources view the Avars from the outside and represent a one-sided, Byzantine, Langobard or Frank point of view, they still constitute the most solid base for an approach to Avar history. There are no Avar records of any importance, and one must make do with such sources that are available. A survey of Avar history best begins with a conspectus of the main data culled from the available written sources.

As early as the 6th century B.C. a shaman-like wonderpriest called Abaris is known in the Hellenic tradition. It is however very questionable whether that name – supposedly a personal name of steppe origin – may be directly connected with the ethnic name of the Avars. The palimpsest of the Vatican, deciphered lately, seems to suggest the ethnonym “Aparnoi” which occurs in some manuscripts of Strabo may be a corrupted reading; and should not be considered a reference to the Avars. It is Priscus, chronicler of the great Eurasian migrations of about A.D. 463, who among the known Greek and Latin authors is the first to mention with certainty the name of the Avar people.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aalto, PenttiPekkanenTuomo, , 1975, Latin Sources on North-Eastern Eurasia, Asiatische Forschungen vol. 44 (Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Avenarius, A., 1974, Die Awaren in Europa (Amsterdam-Bratislava).Google Scholar
Bakay, K., 1973, “Az avarkor időrendjéről,” Somogyi Múzeumok Közleményei I.Google Scholar
Banner, JánosJakabfryImre, , 1954–68, Archäologische Bibliographie des Mittel-Donaubeckens (Budapest).Google Scholar
Barišić, F., 1953, Čuda Dimitrija (Beograd).Google Scholar
Barišić, F. 1954, “Le siège de Constantinople par les Avares et les Slaves,” Byzantion 24.Google Scholar
Barkóczy, L., 1968, “A Sixth–Century Cemetery from Keszthely–Fenékpuszta”, Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 20.Google Scholar
Beševliev, Veselin, 1963, Die protobulgarischen lnschriften (Berlin).Google Scholar
Bibliographia Archaeologica Hungarica, compiled by Németh, E., Fejér, Mária F., Jakabfry, Imre, published in Archeológiai Értesitő, 98 (1971); 99 (1972); 100 (1973); 101 (1974); 102 (1975); 103 (1976); 104 (1977); 104 (1978); 105 (1978); 106 (1979); 107 (1980).
Böhmer, J. F.Mühlbacher, , E.–Lechner, J. 1908, Regesta Imperii, I. Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern: 751–918 (Innsbruck).Google Scholar
Bóna, I., 1971, “Ein Vierteljahrhundert Völkerwanderungsforschung in Ungarn (1945–1969),” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 23.Google Scholar
Bóna, I., 1971a, “Ein Vierteljahrhundert Völkerwanderungsforschung in Ungarn (1945–1969),” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 23.Google Scholar
Bóna, I., 1971b, A népvándorlás kora Fehérmegyében (Székesfehérvár).Google Scholar
Bóna, I., 1973 VII. századi avar települések és Árpád–kori magyar falu Dunaujvárosban (Budapest).Google Scholar
Bóna, I., 1979, “A Szegvár–sápoldali sír,” Archeológiai Értesitő, 106.Google Scholar
Charanis, P. 1953, “On the Slavic Settlement in the Peloponnesus,” Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comşa, M., 1972, “Directions et étapes de la pénétration des Slaves vers la Péninsule Balkanique aux VIe–VIIe siècles (avec un regard spécial sur le territoire de la Roumanies,” Balcanoslavica I.Google Scholar
Csallány, Dezső, 1956, Archäologische Denkmäler der Awarenzeit in Mitteleuropa (Budapest). A complete bibliography up to 1955. To be complemented by Kollautz, 1965.Google Scholar
Csallány, Dezsö, 1939, “Kora–avarkori sirleletek – Grabfunde der Frühawarenzeit,” Folia Archeologica 12.Google Scholar
Csallány, Dezsö, 1956, Archäologische Denkmäler der Awarenzeit in Mitteleuropa (Budapest). [A complete bibliography up to 1955. Complemented by Kollautz 1965, cited above, p. 000].Google Scholar
Czeglédy, K., 1983, “From East to West: the Age of Nomadic Migrations in Eurasia,” Arcbivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi III. Translated from Hungarian by Golden, P. B..Google Scholar
Deér, Joseph, 1965, “Karl der Grosse und der Untergang des Awarenreiches” in Karl der Grosse, herausgegeben von Braunfels, W., vol. 1 (Düsseldorf).Google Scholar
Dujčev, Ivan, 1976, Cronaca di Monemvasia (Palermo). [An important work concerning the penetration of the Avars and Slavs into Hellas].Google Scholar
Eisner, J., 1952, Devinske Nová Ves (Bratislava).Google Scholar
Erdélyi, István, 1982, Az avarság és kelet a régészeti források tükrében (Budapest). [Russian summary].Google Scholar
Fritze, W. H., 1963, 1965, 1967, “Slaven und Awaren im angelsächsischen Missionsprogramm,” Zeitschrift für Slavische Pbilologie 31; 32; 33.Google Scholar
Fritze, W. H., 1979, “Zur Bedeutung der Awaren für die slawische Ausdehnungsbewegung im frühen Mittelalter,” Zeitschrift für Ostforschung 28.Google Scholar
Fülöp, Gy., 1978, “La survivance des Avars au IXe siècle,” Alba Regia, 16.Google Scholar
Genning, V.F., Khalikov, A. Kh., Rannie bolgary na Volge (Moskva, 1964), p..Google Scholar
Gerevich, L.Erdélyi, I.Salamon, A.. (editors), 1972, Les questions fondamentales du peuplement du bassin des Carpathes du VIIIe au Xe siècle (Budapest).Google Scholar
Göckenjan, H., Hilfsvölker und Grenzwächter im mittelalterlichen Ungarn (Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des ostlichen Europa, vol. 5, Wiesbaden, 1972).Google Scholar
Grafenauer, B., 1950, “Quelques problèmes relatifs à l'époque des Slaves du Sud,” Zgodovinski Casopis 4. [In Slovenian with a French summary].Google Scholar
Hajdú, Péter, Finnugor népek és nyelvek (Budapest, 1962).Google Scholar
Hajdú, Péter, Eng. trans.: Finno-Ugrian Languages and Peoples, trans. Cushing, G. F. (London, 1975).Google Scholar
Halasi-Kun, Tibor, “A magyarság kaukázusi története” in Ligeti, L. (ed.), A magyarság őstörténete (Budapest, 1943).Google Scholar
Hampl, F. 1964, “Neue awarenzeitliche Funde aus Niederösterreich,” Archaeologia Austriaca 35.Google Scholar
Hartmann, , Geschichte Italiens im Mittelalter, 1900, 1903, II, I, II, 2 (Leipzig).Google Scholar
Haussig, H. W., 1953, “Theophylakts Exkurs überdie skythischen Völker,” Byzantion 23.Google Scholar
Haussig, H. W., 1956, “Die Quellen über die zentralasiatischen Herkunft der europäischen Awaren,” Central Asiatic Journal 2.Google Scholar
Herrmann, E., 1965, Slawisch-germanische Beziehungen im südostdeutschen Raum von der Spätantike bis zum Ungarnsturm. Ein Quellenbuch mit Erläuterungen (München).Google Scholar
Horedt, K., 1958, “Das archäologische Fundgut Siebenbürgens von 450–650 u. Ztr.,” in Untersuchungen zur Frühgeschichte Siebenbürgens (Bucharest).Google Scholar
Horedt, K., 1968, “Das Awarenproblem in Rumänien,” Študijné Zvesti Archeologického Ustavu Slovenskoj Akadémie Vied 16.Google Scholar
Horedt, K., 1975, “The Gepidae, the Avars and the Romanic Population in Transylvania,” in: Relations Between the Autochtonous Population and the Migratory Populations on the Territory of Romania edited by Constantinescu, M. et al. (Bucharest).Google Scholar
Huszár, L., 1954–1955, “Das Münzmaterial in den Funden der Völkerwanderungszeit im Mittleren Donaubecken,” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 5.Google Scholar
Ibn, Ḥawqal, Kitāb Ṣurat al-Arḍ Opus Geographicum auctore Ibn Ḥauḳkal “Liber Imaginis Terrae” ed. Kramers, J. H. (Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum., ii 2, 2 vols., Leiden, 1938–9).Google Scholar
Jakabfry, Imre, 1981, Archäologische Bibliographie des Mitteldonaubeckens 1967–1977, (Budapest).Google Scholar
Kőhalmi, Katalin U, 1972, A steppék nomádja lóháton, fegyverben (Budapest).Google Scholar
Kollautz, A. 1965, “Awaren, Langobarden und Slaven im Noricum und Istrien,” Carinthia I.Google Scholar
Kollautz, A. 1966, “Awaren, Franken und Slawen in Karantanien und Niederpannonien und die fränkische und byzantinische Mission,” Carinthia I, 156.Google Scholar
Kollautz, A. 1970, Denkmäler byzantinischen Christentums aus der Awarenzeit der Donauländer (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Kollautz, A. 1979, “Völkerbewegungen an der unteren und mittleren Donau im Zeitraum von 558/562 bis 582 (Fall von Sirmium),” Zeitschrift für Ostforschung 28.Google Scholar
Kollautz, A.Miyawaka, Hisayuki, 1970, Geschichte und Kultur eines völkerwanderungszeitlichen Nomadenvolkes. Die Jou–jan der Mongolei und die Awaren in Mitteleuropa (Klagenfurt).Google Scholar
Kollautz, Arnulf, 1965, Bibliographie der historischen und archäologischen Veröffentlichungen zur Awarenzeit Mitteleuropas und des fernen Ostens mit Berichtigungen und Ergänzungen zu der von Dezsö Csall´ny in der “Archäologischen Denkmälern der Awarenzeit in Mitteleuropa,” Budapest 1956, angeführten Literatur (Klagenfurt).Google Scholar
Kovačević, J., 1966, “Avari na Jadranu,” in Materijali III, Simpozijum praistorijske i srendjevekovne sekcie Arkheološkog Društva Jugoslavie, Novi Sad 1965, (Beograd).Google Scholar
Kovačević, J., 1977, Avarski Kaganat (Beograd).Google Scholar
Kovrig, I., 1955, “Contribution au problème de l'occupation de la Hongrie par les Avars,” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 6.Google Scholar
Kovrig, I., 1963, Das awarenzeitliche Gräberfeld von Alattyán (Budapest).Google Scholar
Kürti, Béla, 1980, “Avarkori sírleletek a Békés megyei Gerláról,” Muzeumi kutatások Csongrád megyében.Google Scholar
Kuznetsov, V. A., 1984, “The Avars in the Nart Epos of the Ossets,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 38.Google Scholar
László, Gy., 1955, & Eacute;tudes archéologiques sur l'histoire de la société des Avars, Archaeologica Hungarica, New Series. XXXIV (Budapest).Google Scholar
László, Gy., 1965, “Les problèmes soulevés par le groupe à la ceinture ornée de griffons et de rinceaux de l'époque avare finissante,” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 17.Google Scholar
László, Gyula, 1944, A honfoglaló magyar nép élete (Budapest).Google Scholar
László, Gyula, 1970a, A népvándorláskor művészete Magyarországon (Budapest).Google Scholar
László, Gyula, 1970b, Steppenvölker und Germanen. Kunst der Völkerwanderungszeit (Wien–Müinchen–Budapest).Google Scholar
László, Gyula, 1975, “Inter Sabariam et Carnuntum …,” Studia Slavica 21.Google Scholar
Lemerle, Paul, 1979–81, Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de Saint Démétrius, 2 volumes (Paris).Google Scholar
Ligeti, Lajos, 1986, “A pannóniai avarok etnikuma és nyelve,” Magyar Nyelv 82.Google Scholar
Lipták, P. 1957, “Awaren und Magyaren im Donau–Theiss Zwischenstromgebiet. (Zur Anthropologie des VII–XIII Jahrhunderts),” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 8.Google Scholar
Lipták, P. 1959, “The ‘Avar Period’ Mongoloids in Hungary,” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 10.Google Scholar
Magnae Moraviae Fontes Historici, edited by Havlik, L., 1966, 1967, 1969, 1971, 4 volumes (Praha–Brno).Google Scholar
Makk, Ferenc, 1975, Traduction et commentaire de l'homélie écrite probablement par Théodore le Syncelle sur le siège de Constantinople en 626 (Szeged).Google Scholar
Mohay, A., 1979, “Priskos' Fragment über die Wanderungen der Steppenvölker. (Übersicht über die neueren Forschungen),” in Studies in the Sources of Pre–Islamic Central Asia, edited by Harmatta, J. (Budapest).Google Scholar
Mongait, A.L., Rjazanskaja zemlja (Moskva, 1961).Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Gyula, 1958, Byzantinoturcica I, Die byzantinischen Quellen der Geschichte der Türkvölker, II, Sprachreste der Türkvölker in den byzantinischen Quellen, 2nd edition (Berlin). [Volume I contains a useful bibliography on the Avars which, however, contains many items not directly relevant to this people. This same volume provides an indispensable guide to the Byzantine authors in whose works the Avars are mentioned].Google Scholar
Nagy, T., 1947–8, “Studia Avarica,” [in Hungarian!] Antiquitas Hungarica I; II.Google Scholar
Németh, Gyula, 1930. A honfoglaló magyarság kialakulása (Budapest).Google Scholar
Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou, M., 1970, Συμβολή єίς τηʾν χφουολο'γησιν τῶν Ἀβαο̧ινῶυ καὶ Σλαβικῶν ἐπὶδο̧оμῶν (582–602), Symmeikta 2.
Olajos, T., 1969, “Adalék a (H)ung(a)ri(i) népnév és a késői avarkori etnikum történetéhez,” Antik Tanulmányok 16.Google Scholar
Olajos, T., 1976, “La chronologie de la dynastie avare de Baian,” Revue des études byzantines, 34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olajos, T., 1977, “Megjegyzések Maurikios császár avar háborujának utolsó éveihez Theophylaktos Simokattes elbeszélésében,” Acta Universitatis Szegediensis de Attila József Nominatae, Acta Historica 58. [Russian résumé].Google Scholar
Olajos, T., 1985, “Quelques remarques sur les évènements des dernières années de la guerre avaro–byzantine sous l'Empereur Maurice,” in From Late Antiquity to Early Byzantium, edited by Vavřinek, V., (Praha).Google Scholar
Popović, V., 1975, “Les témoins archéologiques des invasions avaro–slaves dans l'Illyricum byzantin,” Mélanges d'Archéologie et d'Histoire de l'Ecole Française de Rome 87.Google Scholar
Pritsak, Omeljan, 1982, “The Slavs and the Avars,” Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo xxx, Gli Slavi occidentali e meridionali nell'alto medioevo (Spoleto).Google Scholar
Rusu, M., 1975, “Avars, Slavs, Romanic Population in the 6th–8th Centuries,” in Relations Between the Autochtonous Population and the Migratory Populations on the Territory of Romania edited by Constantinescu, M. et al. (Bucharest).Google Scholar
Serie, A.Lateinische Namen bis 900, Bd. 1, 1977.Google Scholar
Serie, B.Griechische Namen bis 1025, Bd. I,1980.Google Scholar
Simson, BernhardAbel, Sigurd, 1888, 1883, Jahrbüicher des fränkischen Reiches unter Karl dem Grossen (Leipzig).Google Scholar
Sinor, Denis, “The Outlines of Hungarian Prehistory,” Cahiers d'histoire mondiale/Journal of World History, 4.3, esp. (1958).Google Scholar
Sinor, Denis, 1963, Introduction à l'étude de l'Eurasie Centrale, (Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Sinor, Denis, 1946–7, “Autour d'une migration de peuples au Ve siècle,” Journal asiatique.Google Scholar
Sinor, Denis, “Qapqan,” 1954, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.Google Scholar
Smirnov, A.P., “Oĉerki po istorii drevnikh bulgar,” Trudy Gosudarstvennogo IstoriceskogoMuzeja, II (1940).Google Scholar
Sós, A. Cs., 1973, “Zur Problematik der Awarenzeit in der neueren ungarischen archäologischen Forschung,” Berichte über den II. International Kongress für Slawische Archäologie 11.Google Scholar
Stein, Ernst, 1919, Studien zur Geschichte des byzantinischen Reiches vornehmlich unter den Kaisern Justinus II und Tiberius Constantinus (Stuttgart).Google Scholar
Stein, Ernst, 1968, Histoire du Bas–Empire (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Stepanov, P. D., “Burtasy i Mordva,” in Rybakov, B. A. (ed.) Etnogenez Mordovskogo naroda (Saransk, 1965).Google Scholar
Stratos, Andreas N., 1968–72, Byzantium in the Seventh Century, 1, 11 (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Szádeczky-Kardoss, Sámuel, 1972, Ein Versuch zur Sammlung und chronologischen Anordnung der griechischen Quellen der Awarengeschichte nebst einer Auswahl von anderssprachigen Quellen (Szeged).Google Scholar
Szádeczky–Kardoss, S., 1968, “Kuvrat fiának, Kubernek a története és az avarkori régészeti leletanyag,” Antik Tanulmányok 15.Google Scholar
Szádeczky–Kardoss, S., 1970a, “Kutriguroi,” Realenzyklopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, begründet, Supplementband XII.Google Scholar
Szádeczky–Kardoss, S., 1970bOnoguroi,” Realenzyklopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, begründet, Supplementband XII.Google Scholar
Szádeczky–Kardoss, S., 1975, “Über die Wandlungen der Ostgrenze der awarischen Machtsphäre,” in Researches in Altaic Languages, edited by Ligeti, L. (Budapest).Google Scholar
Szádeczky–Kardoss, S., 1978 – “Az avar történelem forrásai – Die Quellen der Awarengeschichte (Auszug),” , 105 (1978); 11, 106 (1979); 107 (1980); 108 (1981); 109 (1982); 110 (1983); 111 (1984); 113 (1986). [To be continued].Google Scholar
Szádeczky–Kardoss, S., 1986, Avarica. Über die Avarengeschichte und ihre Quellen. Mit Beiträgen von Therese Olajos (Szeged).Google Scholar
Szőke, B. M., 1980, “Zur awarenzeitlichen Siedlungsgeschichte des Kőrös–Gebietes in Südostungarn,” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 32.Google Scholar
Tirr, D. A., 1976, “The Attitude of the West Towards the Avars,” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 28.Google Scholar
Tomka, P., 1971, “Le problème de la survivance des Avars dans la littérature archéologique hongroise,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 24.Google Scholar
Vásáry, István, “The Hungarians or Mozars and the Meŝĉers/Miŝers of the Middle Volga Region,” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 1 (1975).Google Scholar
Vásáry, I., 1972, “Runiform Signs on Objects of the Avar Period,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 25.Google Scholar
Waldmüller, Lothar, 1976, Die ersten Begegnungen der Slawen mit dem Christentum und den christlichen Völkern vom VI. bis VIII. Jahrhundert. Die Slawen zwischen Byzanz und Abendland (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Wenger, S., 1975, “Paleoanthropology of the Population Deriving from the Avar Period at Fészerlakpuszta,” Anthropologia Hungarica 14.Google Scholar
Zástěrová, Bohumila, 1971, Les Avares et les Slaves dans la Tactique de Maurice (Praha).Google Scholar
Zöllner, E., 1950, “Awarisches Namensgut in Bayern und Österreich,” Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung 58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • The Avars
  • Edited by Denis Sinor, Indiana University
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • The Avars
  • Edited by Denis Sinor, Indiana University
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • The Avars
  • Edited by Denis Sinor, Indiana University
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.009
Available formats
×