Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Introduction
- I 1870–1914
- 1 Positivism, Idealism, and Pragmatism
- 2 Psychology and Philosophy
- 3 Logic, mathematics, and judgement
- 9 Logic: revival and reform
- 10 Foundations of mathematics
- 11 Theories of judgement
- 12 The logical analysis of language
- 4 Philosophy and the new physics
- 5 The idea of social science
- 6 Ethics, politics, and legal theory
- 7 Philosophy of religion and art
- Interlude
- II 1914–1945
- Biobibliographical appendix
- Bibliography
- INDEX
- References
11 - Theories of judgement
from 3 - Logic, mathematics, and judgement
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Edited by
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Introduction
- I 1870–1914
- 1 Positivism, Idealism, and Pragmatism
- 2 Psychology and Philosophy
- 3 Logic, mathematics, and judgement
- 9 Logic: revival and reform
- 10 Foundations of mathematics
- 11 Theories of judgement
- 12 The logical analysis of language
- 4 Philosophy and the new physics
- 5 The idea of social science
- 6 Ethics, politics, and legal theory
- 7 Philosophy of religion and art
- Interlude
- II 1914–1945
- Biobibliographical appendix
- Bibliography
- INDEX
- References
Summary
THE COMBINATION THEORY OF JUDGEMENT
Introduction
The theory of judgement most commonly embraced by philosophers around 1870 was what we might call the ‘combination theory’. This was, more precisely, a theory of the activity of judging, conceived as a process of combining or separating certain mental units called ‘concepts’, ‘presentations’, or ‘ideas’. Positive judging is the activity of putting together a complex of concepts; negative judging is the activity of separating concepts, usually a pair consisting of subject and predicate, related to each other by means of a copula.
The combination theory goes hand in hand with an acceptance of traditional syllogistic as an adequate account of the logic of judging. In other respects, too, the theory has its roots in Aristotelian ideas. It draws on Aristotle’s intuition at Categories (14b) and Metaphysics (1051b) to the effect that a conceptual complex may reflect a parallel combination of objects in the world. It had long been assumed by the followers of Aristotle that the phenomenon of judgement could be properly understood only within a framework within which this wider background of ontology is taken into account. The earliest forms of the combination theory were accordingly what we might call ‘transcendent’ theories, in that they assumed transcendent correlates of the act of judgement on the side of objects in the world. Such views were developed by Scholastics such as Abelard (e.g. in his Logica Ingrediendibus) and Aquinas (De Veritate 1, 2), and they remain visible in the seventeenth century in Locke (Essay IV, V) as well as in Leibniz’s experiments in the direction of a combinatorial logic, for example at Nouveaux Essais, IV.5.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge History of Philosophy 1870–1945 , pp. 157 - 173Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2003
References
(1987). ‘Die Begründung von Wahrheit durch Evidenz. Der Beitrag Brentanos’ in Gewissheit und Gewissen. Festschrift für Franz Wiedmann zum 60. Geburtstag, Würzburg: Koenigshausen and Neumann.Google Scholar
(1837). Wissenschaftslehre, 4 vols., Sulzbach: Seidel. Trans. 1972 , Theory of Science, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
(1862). Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristotle, Freiburg i. B.: Herder. Trans. 1975 , On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
(1874). Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt, Leipzig: Duncker and Humblot: 2nd edn 1924. Trans. 1973 , , and , Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1928). Vom sinnlichen und noetischen Bewusstsein. Vol. III of Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt, Leipzig: Meiner. Trans. 1981 , Sensory and Noetic Consciousness, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1930). Wahrheit und Evidenz, Leipzig: Meiner. Trans. , , and , The True and the Evident, London: Routledge, 1966.Google Scholar
(1933). Kategorienlehre, Leipzig: Meiner. Trans. 1981 and , The Theory of Categories, The Hague: Nijhoff.Google Scholar
(1976). Philosophische Untersuchungen zu Raum, Zeit, und Kontinuum, Hamburg: Meiner. Trans. 1987 , Philosophical Investigations on Space, Time, and the Continuum, London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
(1982). Deskriptive Psychologie, Hamburg: Meiner. Trans. 1995 , Descriptive Psychology, London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1895/97). ‘Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre’, as reprinted in Cantor 1966. Trans. 1915 , Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers, New York: Dover.Google Scholar
(1966). Gesammelte Abhandlungen Mathematischen und Philosophischen Inhalts, Hildensheim: Olms.Google Scholar
(1988). Ursprünge der analytischen Philosophie, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. English version: The Origins of Analytic Philosophy, London: Duckworth, 1993; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
(1879). Begriffsschrift, Halle. Trans. in (ed.), From Frege to Gödel. A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
(1975). Roman Jakobson’s Approach to Language: Phenomenological Structuralism, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
(1900/1). Logische Untersuchungen, Halle: Niemeyer. Trans. 1970 Logical Investigations, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1913). Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie, in Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, vol. I. Trans. 1982 , Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, The Hague: Nijhoff.Google Scholar
(1929). ‘Formale und transzendentale Logik’ in Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung 10. Trans. 1969 , Formal and Transcendental Logic, The Hague: Nijhoff.Google Scholar
(1931). Meditationes cartesiennes, Paris: Colin. Trans. 1973 , Cartesian Meditations, The Hague: Nijhoff.Google Scholar
(1936). ‘Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie’, Philosopia 1. Trans. 1970 as The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Philosophy, Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
(1929). Elementy teorii poznania, logiki formalnej i metodologii nauk, Lvov: Ossolineum. Trans. 1966 , Gnosiology: The Scientific Approach to the Theory of Knowledge, Oxford: Pergamon Press and Wrocław: Ossolineum.Google Scholar
(1955). Traktat o dobrej robocie, Warsaw: PWN. Trans. 1965 , Praxiology: An Introduction to the Science of Efficient Action, Oxford: Pergamon Press; Warsaw: PWN.Google Scholar
(1958). ‘Fazy rozwoju konkretyzmu’ (‘The Development Stages of Concretism’), Studia Filozoficzne, 4 (7).Google Scholar
(1913b). ‘Krytyka logicznej zasady wyłaczonego środka’, Przeglad Filozoficzny, 16. Trans. 1992 and , ‘The Critique of the Logical Principle of the Excluded Middle’ in 1992.Google Scholar
(1916). Podstawy ogólnej teorii mnogości, Moscow: Drukarnia Poplawskiego. Trans. 1992 , ‘Foundations of the General Theory of Sets’ in 1992.Google Scholar
(1927). ‘O podstawach matematyki’, Przeglad Filozoficzny, 30. Trans. 1992 ‘On the Foundations of Mathematics’, in 1992.Google Scholar
(1913a). ‘Czy prawda jest tylko wieczna, czy też wieczna i odwieczna?’, Now Tory, 18. Trans. 1992 and , ‘Is All Truth Only True Eternally or Is it also true Without a Beginning’ in 1992.Google Scholar
(1874). Logik: Drei Bücher vom Denken, vom Untersuchen, und vom Erkennen, 2nd edn Leipzig: . Trans. 1884 (2nd edn 1887) , Logic in Three Books: Ontology, Cosmology and Psychology, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
and (1930). ‘Untersuchungen über den Aussagenkalkül’ in Comptes rendus de la Société des Sciences et des Lettres de Varsovie, cl. Iii, 23. Trans. 1956 , ‘Investigations into the Sentential Calculus’ in (1956), Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. New edn (ed.), 1983, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.Google Scholar
(1909). ‘O prawdopodobieństwie wniosków indukcyjnych’ (‘On Probability of Inductive Conclusions’), Przeglad Filozoficzny, 12.Google Scholar
(1910). O zasadzie sprzeczności u Arystotelesa (On the Principle of Contradiction in Aristotle), Cracow: PAU. New edn 1987, ed. , Warsaw: PWN.Google Scholar
(1913). Die logische Grundlagen der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung, Cracow. Trans. 1970 , ‘Logical Foundations of Probability Theory’ in , Selected Works, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1970.Google Scholar
(1920). ‘O logice trójartościowej’, Ruch filozoficzny, 5. Trans. 1970 , ‘On Three-Valued logic’ in , Selected Works, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1970.Google Scholar
(1922). ‘O determinizmie’ in his (1961) Z zagadnień logiki i filozofi, Warsaw: PWN. Trans. 1967 ‘On Determinism’ in , Polish Logic 1920–1939, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
(1951). Aristotle’s Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(1894). Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen zur Werttheorie (Psychological-ethical investigations in value theory), Graz: Leuscher and Lubensky.Google Scholar
(1899). ‘Über Gegenstände höherer Ordnung und deren Verhältnis zur inneren Wahrnehmung’ (‘Objects of higher order and their relation to inner perception’) in Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, 21.Google Scholar
(1902). Über Annahmen, Leipzig: Barth. 2nd edn 1910. Trans. 1983 , On Assumptions, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.Google Scholar
(1904). ‘Über Gegenstandstheorie’ in (ed.), Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie, Leipzig: Barth. Trans. 1960 by , ‘The Theory of Objects’ in (ed.), Realism and the Background of Phenomenology, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
(1915). ÜberMöglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit (On Possibility and Probability), Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
(1917). ‘Über emotionale Präsentationen’, Sitzungsberichte der philosophischhistorischen Klasse der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 183/2. Trans. , On Emotional Presentations, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
(1965). Philosophenbriefe (Philosophical Correspondence), Graz: Akademische Druckund Verlagsanstalt.Google Scholar
(1986). ‘Propositions and States of Affairs in Austrian Philosophy before Wittgenstein’in (ed.), From Bolzano to Wittgenstein: The Tradition of Austrian Philosophy, Vienna: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky.Google Scholar
(ed.) (1987). Speech Act and Sachverhalt. Reinach and the Foundations of Realist Phenomenology, Dordrecht, Boston and Lancaster: Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1973). Theories of the Proposition. Ancient and Medieval Conceptions of the Bearers of Truth and Falsity, Amsterdam and London: North-Holland.Google Scholar
(1911). ‘Zur Theorie des negativen Urteils’ as repr. in , Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Ausgabe mit Kommentar, vol. I, 1989. Munich: Philosophia. Trans. 1982 ‘On the Theory of the Negative Judgment’ in (ed.), Parts and Moments: Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology, Munich: Philosophia.Google Scholar
(1913). ‘Die apriorischen Grundlagen des bürgerlichen Rechts’, Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung 1. Trans. , ‘The A Priori Foundations of the Civil Law’ in Aletheia 3 (1983).Google Scholar
(1994). ‘Wahrheit und Evidenz bei Franz Brentano’ (‘Brentano on Truth and Evidence’), Brentano Studien 5.Google Scholar
(1998). ‘Truth-Bearers from Twardowski to Tarski’ in and (eds.), The Lvov-Warsaw School and Contemporary Philosophy, Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
(1999). ‘Why Should a Physical Object Take on the Role of Truth-Bearer?’ in and (eds.), Alfred Tarski and the Vienna Circle, Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
(1980). Exploring Meinong’s Jungle and Beyond, Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
(1987). ‘On the Cognition of States of Affairs’ in (ed.), Speech Act and Sachverhalt: Reinach and the Foundations of Realist Phenomenology, Dordrecht: Nijhoff.Google Scholar
(1989b). ‘Logic and Formal Ontology’ in and (eds.), Husserl’s Phenomenology: A Textbook, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1989.Google Scholar
(1990). ‘Towards a History of Speech Act Theory’ in (ed.), Speech Acts, Meanings, and Intentions: Critical Approaches to the Philosophy of John R. Searle, Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
(1992). ‘Sachverhalt’ in and (eds.), Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie, Basle: Schwabe & Co, vol. VIII.Google Scholar
and (eds.) (1995). The Cambridge Companion to Husserl, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1982). Parts and Moments. Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology. Munich: Philosophia.Google Scholar
(1873). Über den psychologischen Ursprung der Raumvorstellung (The Psychological Origin of Our Presentation of Space), Leipzig: Hirzel.Google Scholar
(1907). ‘Zur Einteilung der Wissenschaften’ (‘The Classification of the Sciences’) in Abhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil-hist. Kl.Google Scholar
(1891). Idee und Perzeption; eine erkenntnis-theoretische Untersuchung aus Descartes (Idea and Perception; An Epistemological inquiry into Descartes), Diss. Vienna: W. Konogen.Google Scholar
(1894). Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen: Eine psychologische Untersuchung, Vienna: Hölder, Trans. , On the Content and Object of Presentations, The Hague: Nijhoff, 1977.Google Scholar
(1900). ‘O tak zwanych prawdach wzglȩdnych’ (‘On So-Called Relative Truths’) in Ksiȩga Pamiakowa Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego ku uczczeniu piȩćsetnej rocznicy fundacji Jagiellońskiej Uniwersytetu krakowskiego, Lvov: Nakładem Senatu Akademickiego Uniwersytetu lwowskiego. Trans. 1998 in and (eds.), Kasimir Twardowski. Selected Writings, Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
(1912). ‘O czynnościach i wytworach’ in Ksiȩga pamiatkowa Uniwersytetu lwowskiego ku uczczeniu 250-tej rocznicy zalłożenia Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego przez króla Jana Kazimierza, Lvov: Uniwersytet Lwowski. Partly trans. 1979 , ‘Actions and Products’ in (ed.), Semiotics in Poland 1894–1969, Dordrecht: Reidel and Warsaw: PWN. Trans. 1998 in and (eds.), Kasimir Twardowski. Selected Writings, Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
(1919–20). ‘O jasnym i niejasnym stylu filozoficznym’ in Ruch Filozoficzny, trans. 1979 , ‘On Clear and Obscure Styles of Philosophical Writings’ in (ed.), Semiotics in Poland 1894–1969, Dordrecht: Reidel and Warsaw: PWN. Trans. 1998 in and (eds.), Kasimir Twardowski. Selected Writings, Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
and (1989). ‘De Veritate: Austro-Polish Contributions to the Theory of Truth from Brentano to Tarski’ in (ed.), The Vienna Circle and the Lvov-Warsaw School, Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989). Logic and Philosophy in the Lvov-Warsaw School, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998). ‘Theories of Truth in Austrian Philosophy’ in (ed.), Rationalistic Epistemology (Reports on Philosophy, No. 18), Cracow: Jagellonian University Press.Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by