Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- Part I Medicine and Disease: An Overview
- Part II Changing Concepts of Health and Disease
- Part III Medical Specialties and Disease Prevention
- Part IV Measuring Health
- Part V The History of Human Disease in the World Outside Asia
- Part VI The History of Human Disease in Asia
- Part VII The Geography of Human Disease
- Part VIII Major Human Diseases Past and Present
- VIII.1 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- VIII.2 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
- VIII.3 Ainhum
- VIII.4 Alzheimer’s Disease
- VIII.5 Amebic Dysentery
- VIII.6 Anemia
- VIII.7 Anorexia Nervosa
- VIII.8 Anthrax
- VIII.9 Apoplexy and Stroke
- VIII.10 Arboviruses
- VIII.11 Arenaviruses
- VIII.12 Arthritis (Rheumatoid)
- VIII.13 Ascariasis
- VIII.14 Bacillary Dysentery
- VIII.15 Beriberi
- VIII.16 Black Death
- VIII.17 Black and Brown Lung Disease
- VIII.18 Bleeding Disorders
- VIII.19 Botulism
- VIII.20 Brucellosis
- VIII.21 Bubonic Plague
- VIII.22 Carrión’s Disease
- VIII.23 Catarrh
- VIII.24 Cestode Infections
- VIII.25 Chagas’ Disease
- VIII.26 Chlorosis
- VIII.27 Cholera
- VIII.28 Cirrhosis
- VIII.29 Clonorchiasis
- VIII.30 Croup
- VIII.31 Cystic Fibrosis
- VIII.32 Cytomegalovirus Infection
- VIII.33 Dengue
- VIII.34 Diabetes
- VIII.35 Diarrheal Diseases (Acute)
- VIII.36 Diphtheria
- VIII.37 Down Syndrome
- VIII.38 Dracunculiasis
- VIII.39 Dropsy
- VIII.40 Dysentery
- VIII.41 Dyspepsia
- VIII.42 Ebola Virus Disease
- VIII.43 Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis)
- VIII.44 Eclampsia
- VIII.45 Emphysema
- VIII.46 Encephalitis Lethargica
- VIII.47 Enterobiasis
- VIII.48 Epilepsy
- VIII.49 Ergotism
- VIII.50 Erysipelas
- VIII.51 Fascioliasis
- VIII.52 Fasciolopsiasis
- VIII.53 Favism
- VIII.54 Filariasis
- VIII.55 Fungus Infections (Mycoses)
- VIII.56 Fungus Poisoning
- VIII.57 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
- VIII.58 Gangrene
- VIII.59 Giardiasis
- VIII.60 Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s Disease)
- VIII.61 Goiter
- VIII.62 Gonorrhea
- VIII.63 Gout
- VIII.64 Herpes Simplex
- VIII.65 Herpesviruses
- VIII.66 Histoplasmosis
- VIII.67 Hookworm Disease
- VIII.68 Huntington’s Disease (Chorea)
- VIII.69 Hypertension
- VIII.70 Infectious Hepatitis
- VIII.71 Infectious Mononucleosis
- VIII.72 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- VIII.73 Influenza
- VIII.74 Japanese B Encephalitis
- VIII.75 Lactose Intolerance and Malabsorption
- VIII.76 Lassa Fever
- VIII.77 Lead Poisoning
- VIII.78 Legionnaires’ Disease
- VIII.79 Leishmaniasis
- VIII.80 Leprosy
- VIII.81 Leptospirosis
- VIII.82 Leukemia
- VIII.83 Lupus Erythematosus
- VIII.84 Lyme Borreliosis (Lyme Disease)
- VIII.85 Malaria
- VIII.86 Marburg Virus Disease
- VIII.87 Mastoiditis
- VIII.88 Measles
- VIII.89 Meningitis
- VIII.90 Milk Sickness (Tremetol Poisoning)
- VIII.91 Multiple Sclerosis
- VIII.92 Mumps
- VIII.93 Muscular Dystrophy
- VIII.94 Myasthenia Gravis
- VIII.95 Nematode Infections
- VIII.96 Onchocerciasis
- VIII.97 Ophthalmia (Conjunctivitis and Trachoma)
- VIII.98 Osteoarthritis
- VIII.99 Osteoporosis
- VIII.100 Paget’s Disease of Bone
- VIII.101 Paragonimiasis
- VIII.102 Parkinson’s Disease
- VIII.103 Pellagra
- VIII.104 Periodontal Disease (Pyorrhea)
- VIII.105 Pica
- VIII.106 Pinta
- VIII.107 Plague of Athens
- VIII.108 Pneumocystis Pneumonia (Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia, Pneumocystosis)
- VIII.109 Pneumonia
- VIII.110 Poliomyelitis
- VIII.111 Protein-Energy Malnutrition
- VIII.112 Protozoan Infections
- VIII.113 Puerperal Fever
- VIII.114 Q Fever
- VIII.115 Rabies
- VIII.116 Relapsing Fever
- VIII.117 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
- VIII.118 Rickets and Osteomalacia
- VIII.119 Rickettsial Diseases
- VIII.120 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and the Spotted Fever Group Diseases
- VIII.121 Rubella
- VIII.122 St. Anthony’s Fire
- VIII.123 Scarlet Fever
- VIII.124 Schistosomiasis
- VIII.125 Scrofula (Scrophula)
- VIII.126 Scurvy
- VIII.127 Sickle-Cell Anemia
- VIII.128 Smallpox
- VIII.129 Streptococcal Diseases
- VIII.130 Strongyloidiasis
- VIII.131 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
- VIII.132 Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome (Asian)
- VIII.133 Sweating Sickness
- VIII.134 Syphilis
- VIII.135 Syphilis, Nonvenereal
- VIII.136 Tapeworm
- VIII.137 Tay-Sachs Disease
- VIII.138 Tetanus
- VIII.139 Tetanus, Neonatal
- VIII.140 Tetany
- VIII.141 Toxoplasmosis
- VIII.142 Trematode Infections
- VIII.143 Trench Fever
- VIII.144 The Treponematoses
- VIII.145 Trichinosis
- VIII.146 Trichuriasis
- VIII.147 Tuberculosis
- VIII.148 Tularemia
- VIII.149 Typhoid Fever
- VIII.150 Typhomalarial Fever
- VIII.151 Typhus, Epidemic
- VIII.152 Typhus, Murine
- VIII.153 Typhus, Scrub (Tsutsugamushi)
- VIII.154 Urolithiasis (Renal and Urinary Bladder Stone Disease)
- VIII.155 Varicella Zoster
- VIII.156 Whooping Cough
- VIII.157 Yaws
- VIII.158 Yellow Fever
- Indexes
- References
VIII.34 - Diabetes
from Part VIII - Major Human Diseases Past and Present
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Edited by
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- Part I Medicine and Disease: An Overview
- Part II Changing Concepts of Health and Disease
- Part III Medical Specialties and Disease Prevention
- Part IV Measuring Health
- Part V The History of Human Disease in the World Outside Asia
- Part VI The History of Human Disease in Asia
- Part VII The Geography of Human Disease
- Part VIII Major Human Diseases Past and Present
- VIII.1 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- VIII.2 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
- VIII.3 Ainhum
- VIII.4 Alzheimer’s Disease
- VIII.5 Amebic Dysentery
- VIII.6 Anemia
- VIII.7 Anorexia Nervosa
- VIII.8 Anthrax
- VIII.9 Apoplexy and Stroke
- VIII.10 Arboviruses
- VIII.11 Arenaviruses
- VIII.12 Arthritis (Rheumatoid)
- VIII.13 Ascariasis
- VIII.14 Bacillary Dysentery
- VIII.15 Beriberi
- VIII.16 Black Death
- VIII.17 Black and Brown Lung Disease
- VIII.18 Bleeding Disorders
- VIII.19 Botulism
- VIII.20 Brucellosis
- VIII.21 Bubonic Plague
- VIII.22 Carrión’s Disease
- VIII.23 Catarrh
- VIII.24 Cestode Infections
- VIII.25 Chagas’ Disease
- VIII.26 Chlorosis
- VIII.27 Cholera
- VIII.28 Cirrhosis
- VIII.29 Clonorchiasis
- VIII.30 Croup
- VIII.31 Cystic Fibrosis
- VIII.32 Cytomegalovirus Infection
- VIII.33 Dengue
- VIII.34 Diabetes
- VIII.35 Diarrheal Diseases (Acute)
- VIII.36 Diphtheria
- VIII.37 Down Syndrome
- VIII.38 Dracunculiasis
- VIII.39 Dropsy
- VIII.40 Dysentery
- VIII.41 Dyspepsia
- VIII.42 Ebola Virus Disease
- VIII.43 Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis)
- VIII.44 Eclampsia
- VIII.45 Emphysema
- VIII.46 Encephalitis Lethargica
- VIII.47 Enterobiasis
- VIII.48 Epilepsy
- VIII.49 Ergotism
- VIII.50 Erysipelas
- VIII.51 Fascioliasis
- VIII.52 Fasciolopsiasis
- VIII.53 Favism
- VIII.54 Filariasis
- VIII.55 Fungus Infections (Mycoses)
- VIII.56 Fungus Poisoning
- VIII.57 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
- VIII.58 Gangrene
- VIII.59 Giardiasis
- VIII.60 Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s Disease)
- VIII.61 Goiter
- VIII.62 Gonorrhea
- VIII.63 Gout
- VIII.64 Herpes Simplex
- VIII.65 Herpesviruses
- VIII.66 Histoplasmosis
- VIII.67 Hookworm Disease
- VIII.68 Huntington’s Disease (Chorea)
- VIII.69 Hypertension
- VIII.70 Infectious Hepatitis
- VIII.71 Infectious Mononucleosis
- VIII.72 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- VIII.73 Influenza
- VIII.74 Japanese B Encephalitis
- VIII.75 Lactose Intolerance and Malabsorption
- VIII.76 Lassa Fever
- VIII.77 Lead Poisoning
- VIII.78 Legionnaires’ Disease
- VIII.79 Leishmaniasis
- VIII.80 Leprosy
- VIII.81 Leptospirosis
- VIII.82 Leukemia
- VIII.83 Lupus Erythematosus
- VIII.84 Lyme Borreliosis (Lyme Disease)
- VIII.85 Malaria
- VIII.86 Marburg Virus Disease
- VIII.87 Mastoiditis
- VIII.88 Measles
- VIII.89 Meningitis
- VIII.90 Milk Sickness (Tremetol Poisoning)
- VIII.91 Multiple Sclerosis
- VIII.92 Mumps
- VIII.93 Muscular Dystrophy
- VIII.94 Myasthenia Gravis
- VIII.95 Nematode Infections
- VIII.96 Onchocerciasis
- VIII.97 Ophthalmia (Conjunctivitis and Trachoma)
- VIII.98 Osteoarthritis
- VIII.99 Osteoporosis
- VIII.100 Paget’s Disease of Bone
- VIII.101 Paragonimiasis
- VIII.102 Parkinson’s Disease
- VIII.103 Pellagra
- VIII.104 Periodontal Disease (Pyorrhea)
- VIII.105 Pica
- VIII.106 Pinta
- VIII.107 Plague of Athens
- VIII.108 Pneumocystis Pneumonia (Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia, Pneumocystosis)
- VIII.109 Pneumonia
- VIII.110 Poliomyelitis
- VIII.111 Protein-Energy Malnutrition
- VIII.112 Protozoan Infections
- VIII.113 Puerperal Fever
- VIII.114 Q Fever
- VIII.115 Rabies
- VIII.116 Relapsing Fever
- VIII.117 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
- VIII.118 Rickets and Osteomalacia
- VIII.119 Rickettsial Diseases
- VIII.120 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and the Spotted Fever Group Diseases
- VIII.121 Rubella
- VIII.122 St. Anthony’s Fire
- VIII.123 Scarlet Fever
- VIII.124 Schistosomiasis
- VIII.125 Scrofula (Scrophula)
- VIII.126 Scurvy
- VIII.127 Sickle-Cell Anemia
- VIII.128 Smallpox
- VIII.129 Streptococcal Diseases
- VIII.130 Strongyloidiasis
- VIII.131 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
- VIII.132 Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome (Asian)
- VIII.133 Sweating Sickness
- VIII.134 Syphilis
- VIII.135 Syphilis, Nonvenereal
- VIII.136 Tapeworm
- VIII.137 Tay-Sachs Disease
- VIII.138 Tetanus
- VIII.139 Tetanus, Neonatal
- VIII.140 Tetany
- VIII.141 Toxoplasmosis
- VIII.142 Trematode Infections
- VIII.143 Trench Fever
- VIII.144 The Treponematoses
- VIII.145 Trichinosis
- VIII.146 Trichuriasis
- VIII.147 Tuberculosis
- VIII.148 Tularemia
- VIII.149 Typhoid Fever
- VIII.150 Typhomalarial Fever
- VIII.151 Typhus, Epidemic
- VIII.152 Typhus, Murine
- VIII.153 Typhus, Scrub (Tsutsugamushi)
- VIII.154 Urolithiasis (Renal and Urinary Bladder Stone Disease)
- VIII.155 Varicella Zoster
- VIII.156 Whooping Cough
- VIII.157 Yaws
- VIII.158 Yellow Fever
- Indexes
- References
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder characterized by the lack or insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas. DM has been recognized as a disease for at least two millennia, but only since the mid–1970s has there been a consensus on its classification and diagnosis. The primary diagnostic criterion for DM is elevation of blood glucose levels during fasting or at 2 hours following a meal. Normal plasma glucose values for adults in the fasting state are 80 to 120 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 4.4 to 6.7 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Definition of unequivocal DM requires a 2-hour postingestion plasma glucose level equal to or greater than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) for the appearance of classical symptoms of diabetes. These symptoms, which include excessive urination, urine containing sugar, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and weight loss, are common to all types of DM.
Classification
Today the designation type I DM, or insulindependent diabetes, has replaced terms such as ketosis-prone, juvenile-onset, brittle, and so forth, whereas type II DM, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes, has replaced the terms ketosis-resistant, maturity-onset, and mild diabetes. Many terms were also used for impaired glucose tolerance, a condition that may be a precursor to overt diabetes. Some of these earlier terms include latent, sub-clinical, and chemical diabetes, or prediabetes. Other variants of DM include maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY), tropical or J-type diabetes, which shows characteristics of both insulin dependence and non-insulin dependence, and gestational diabetes, which occurs during the latter part of pregnancy Approximately 90 to 95 percent of all individuals with DM may be classified as non-insulin-dependent, and about 5 percent as classically insulindependent.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge World History of Human Disease , pp. 665 - 676Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1993
References
, et al. 1976. National collaborative study on epidemiology of diabetes in India. Excerpta Medica 400.Google Scholar
, , and . 1986. Incidence and differences in urban–rural seasonal variation of type I (insulin–dependent) diabetes in Wisconsin. Diabetologia 29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, et al. 1976. Epidemiologic studies in diabetes in the Pima Indians. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 32.Google ScholarPubMed
1983. Diabetes in developing countries and unusual populations. In Diabetes in epidemiological perspective, ed. , , and . Edinburgh.Google Scholar
, , and . 1978. Relationship of obesity to diabetes: Some facts, many questions. In Advances in modern nutrition, Vol. 2: Diabetes, obesity, and vascular disease, ed. and . New York.Google Scholar
. 1855. Sur le mécanisme de la formation du sucre dans le foie. Centre de la Recherche de l’Academie de Science 41.Google Scholar
, and . 1985. Epidemiological aspects of the natural history of childhood diabetes. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica [Supplement] 320.Google ScholarPubMed
, and . 1985. The relationship of diabetes with race, sex and obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and . 1951. Plasma insulin in human diabetes mellitus. British Medical Journal 2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and , eds. 1987. Fat distribution during growth and later health outcomes: Current topics in nutrition and disease, Vol. 17. New York.Google Scholar
, et al. 1979. Diabetes, blood lipids, lipoproteins and change of environment: Restudy of “New immigrant Yemenites in Israel.” Metabolism 28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1954. Diabetes mellitus among Indians of the American Southwest: Its prevalence and clinical characteristics in a hospitalized population. Annals of Internal Medicine 40.Google Scholar
1951–. (Journal).
1977–. (Journal).
, and . 1987. The diabetic foot and peripheral vascular complications. International Diabetes Federation Bulletin 32.Google Scholar
1987. Diabetic complications in Africa. International Diabetes Foundation Bulletin 32.Google Scholar
, and . 1924. Diabetes mellitus: A contribution to its epidemiology based chiefly on mortality statistics. Archives of Internal Medicine 34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1985. Incidence and risk factors in non–insulin-dependent diabetes. In Diabetes in America, ed. National Diabetes Data Group. Washington, D.C..Google Scholar
, and . 1987. Diabetes neuropathy: Recent developments and future trends. International Diabetes Foundation Bulletin 32.Google Scholar
. 1982. Pattern of body fat may predict occurrence of diabetes. Research Resources Reporter 6.Google Scholar
1983. Diabetes in affluent societies. In Diabetes in epidemiological perspective, ed. , , and . Edinburgh.Google Scholar
, and . 1981. Evidence for a food additive as a course of ketosis-prone diabetes. Lancet ii.Google Scholar
1935–6. Diet and the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 2.Google Scholar
1921. The prevention of diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Medical Association 76.Google Scholar
, , and . 1933. Studies on diabetes mellitus: 1. Characteristics and trends of diabetes mortality throughout the world. American Journal of Medical Sciences 186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1935. Studies in diabetes mellitus: 3. Interpretation of the variations in diabetes incidence. American Journal of Medical Sciences 189.Google Scholar
, and . 1987. Complications of diabetes: A soluble problem. International Diabetes Federation Bulletin 32.Google Scholar
1987. Management of diabetic eye disease. International Diabetes Federation Bulletin 32.Google Scholar
, et al. 1981. Diabetes incidence in Pima Indians: Contributions of obesity and parental diabetes. American Journal of Epidemiology 113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
1988. Diabetes and obesity in elderly black Americans. In Research on aging black populations, ed. . New York.Google Scholar
, et al. 1974. Diabetes mellitus among 10,000 adult men: 1. Five year incidence and associated variables. Israeli Journal of Medical Science 10.Google Scholar
, 1975. Major factors in the development of diabetes mellitus in 10,000 men. Archives of Internal Medicine 135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
1987. Renal disease in diabetes mellitus. International Diabetes Federation Bulletin 32.Google Scholar
1913. Diabetes in infancy and childhood. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, eds. 1983. The prevention and treatment of five complications of diabetes. Washington, D.C.
. 1985. Diabetes in America. Washington, D.C.
1962. Diabetes mellitus: a “thrifty” genotype rendered detrimental by “progress.” American Journal of Human Genetics 14.Google Scholar
, et al. 1985. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a large group of South African Indians. South African Medical Journal 67.Google Scholar
1987. Mortality and survival in type 2 (non–insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
1798. The history, nature and treatment of diabetes mellitus. In Causes of the diabetes mellitus, ed. and . London.Google Scholar
1977. Nature and nurture in the expression of diabetes mellitus and its vascular manifestations. American Journal of Diseases of Children 131.Google ScholarPubMed
, et al. 1985. Screening for diabetes mellitus. Journal of the Florida Medical Association 72.Google ScholarPubMed
, et al. 1985. Prevalence of known diabetes in Asians and Europeans. British Medical Journal 291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1857. Mitteilungen von Herrn Professor Schiff in Bern. Archiv für Physiolgische Heilkunde 1.Google Scholar
1958. Incidence of diabetes mellitus in the Swedish county of Kristianstad. Incidence and coincidence of diabetes mellitus and pulmonary tuberculosis in a Swedish county. Acta Medica Scandinavian [Supplement] 335.Google Scholar
1968. Diabetes in the families of diabetics. Canadian Medical Association Journal 98.Google ScholarPubMed
. 1983. Epidemiology of diabetes and coronary heart disease among Mexican-Americans. Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America 67.Google Scholar
, et al. 1987. Absence of diabetes in a rural West African population with a high carbohydrate/cassava diet. Lancet i.Google Scholar
, and . 1983. Migrant studies and diabetes epidemiology. In Diabetes in epidemiological perspective, ed. , , and . Edinburgh.Google Scholar
1980. Research on diabetes mellitus. In Biomedical research in Latin America: Background studies, ed. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Washington, D.C..Google Scholar
, and , 1889. Diabetes mellitus nach Pankrease stirpation. Zentrablatt für klinische Medizin 10.Google Scholar
1986. Insulin-dependent diabetes in a Scottish region: Incidence and urban/rural differences. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1697. Of the diabetes or pissing evil. In Pharmaceutics rationalis, Chap. 3. London.Google Scholar
. 1964. Statistical yearbook: epidemiology and vital statistics report 17:. Geneva.
. 1972. World health statistics annual, 1970–1972. Geneva.
. 1980. Expert committee on diabetes mellitus, 2d Report. Technical Report Series No. 646. Geneva.
. 1984. World health statistics annual, 1978–1983. Geneva.
. 1985. Multinational study of vascular diseases in diabetes: Prevalence of small vessel and large vessel disease in diabetic patients from 4 countries. Diabetologia 28.
- 3
- Cited by