The interest in the United States expressed by the Cuban slaves of the mid-nineteenth century was reciprocated by the interest that US slaveholders had in Cuba. To some Americans, Manifest Destiny meant moving not only west but also south (May 1973). In 1854 United States President Franklin Pierce authorized an emissary to offer Spain $130 million for Cuba, resulting in the famous Ostend (Belgium) Manifesto that declared the geopolitical inevitability of the US domination of Cuba. Some expansionists went even further, proposing an eventual “golden circle” of US slave states along the Mexican Gulf Coast, Central America, and then north through the Antilles, forming altogether an economic colossus of subtropical agricultural production (McPherson 1988: 103–16).

United States-Caribbean economic ties had, of course, predated US political independence, Yankee traders often penetrating illegally the controlled commerce between European nations and their Caribbean colonies.