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11 - On Whether the Emperor Should Make an Agreement with the Italian States or the King of France

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2017

Marco Cesa
Affiliation:
University of Bologna
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Summary

Although the French defeat at Pavia and the capture of King Francis I (24 February 1525) had placed Charles V in a position of uncontested superiority in Italy, the Emperor was not inclined to proceed now to a direct subjugation of the Italian states. His chronic lack of money made it imperative to find, first of all, the necessary financial resources to pay his troops; in addition, his desire to impose an unconditional surrender on France (see above, Chapter 8.) suggested that this was not the right time to risk an open conflict with the Italians. The latter, for their part, were holding their breath. According to Guicciardini,

all the potentates of Italy who, finding themselves in a manner wholly disarmed, were struck with the greatest terror at the thoughts of Caesar having so very powerful an army in the field, without an enemy to oppose him. Nor were their fears so much allayed by what many reported of Caesar's good disposition and inclination to peace, without any desire of usurping the states of others, as they were increased on the consideration of the danger that, moved either by ambition, a passion natural to all princes, or by that insolence which commonly attends victories, and besides instigated by the forward zeal of those who had the management of his affairs in Italy or, lastly, stimulated by his Council and whole Court, he would not neglect so fair an opportunity, of itself sufficient to warm the coldest disposition, to turn his whole thoughts on making himself lord of all Italy, especially as they did not ignore how easy it was for any great prince, and much more for a Roman Emperor, to justify their undertakings under pretences which might have the appearance of reason and honour. (The History of Italy, XVI, i)

Francesco Sforza was given the Duchy of Milan back – although his position was far from solid, for the imperial army was still in Lombardy and he had not received the formal investiture yet. Simultaneously, Charles opened negotiations with Pope Clement VII and the Venetians and accepted a number of minor Italian states under his protection.

Type
Chapter
Information
Debating Foreign Policy in the Renaissance
Speeches on War and Peace by Francesco Guicciardini
, pp. 166 - 180
Publisher: Edinburgh University Press
Print publication year: 2017

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